- 908.50 KB
- 2021-04-27 发布
I.
动词不定式
（
infinitive）
在句中可
作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语
，除谓语外可作其他任何成分，动词不定式还可有自己的宾语、状语， 构成不定式短语。
1
.
To learn a foreign language
is very important now.
It is necessary
to keep healthy.
(
主语）
常用
it
作形式主语，把真正主语
inf
.
放后
2.
My wish is
to become a college student
.
You seem
to be ill today
.
（
表语）
3.
We want
to be useful people
.（
宾语）
1) promise, agree, plan, refuse, hope, wish, expect, dare, want, manage, pretend …
等及物动词后
只能
跟不定式作宾语
2)
也可跟在下面动词后
：
like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, forget, regret
等后
3)
不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只在极少数介词后才用，如
except, but,
He had no choice but to wait.
We could
do
nothing but go on foot.
4）“
疑问词 ＋不定式”结构可以用作宾语
Please give me some advice on
how to learn a foreign language
.
I was thinking of
how to work out the problem.
I am teaching
how to use infinitive.
We don’t know
when to have the meeting
.
不定式句法功能
——
宾语
5）
think/ consider/ believe/ suppose/ feel/ find/ make
等
+it +adj./n. +to do
Eg. We made it a rule to read English every day.
4.
宾语补足语
1)
He asked me
to help him with English
.
常见的
want, wish, ask, order, beg, tell, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, require, permit, call on, wait for,…
2) His joke made us
laugh
.
不带
to
5
看
3
室
2
厅
1
感觉
如改为被动语态，则须带
“
to”
He was seen to run out of the room.
5.
I have something
to tell you
. (
定语)
不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系
Do you have anything to wash today?
Do you have anything to be washed today?
(
区别主被动）
不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容
常见的有：
ability, idea, fact, promise, answer, way, reason, attempt.
等
I have no chance
to go there.
Do you know the way
to solve
the problem?
3)
用来修饰被序数词，最高级或
all, no, any
等限定的中心词，且与中心词为主动关系
She is the last to
leave
the room.
不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词
He is looking for a room
to live in.
6．
状语
1)
表目的
He came
to tell us
the good news.
You should speak English
to improve it
.
(
相当于用
in order (not) to
so as (not) to
引导的目的状语
.
)
He walked quietly in order not to / so as not to wake up the baby.
In order to catch up with you, she studies very hard now. (
不能把
so as to
在句首
)
2)
表结果
常用
enough to，only to，never to，
so
+
形容词/副词
+
as to,
such
+
名词
…
as to do
引导
。
You are old
enough to make a decision
.
Would you be
so kind as to step
this way, please?
I tried the door,
only to find
it locked inside.
I’m not
such a fool as to believe
that.
3）
作修饰表语形容词的状语
The room is comfortable
to live in.
English is difficult
to learn
. （
注意语态
）
(
easy, hard, difficult,…)
We are afraid
to go out.
否定式
not
/never
+
不定式
She seems
not to have solved
the problem.
He pretended
to be sleeping
when we came in.
They told us
not to make any noise
.
不定式形式
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
现在式
完成式
一般式
完成式
to do
to be
doing
to have
done
to be
done
to have
been done
不定式的完成式
表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作
先于主句的谓语动词
发出的动作
。
The novel was said
to have been
published.
I regret not
to have been
with you for so many years.
seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported
等动词常用于上面句型。
此外
，
glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed…
后有时也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别
。
I
’m sorry
to keep
you waiting for a minute
.
对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）
I’m sorry
to have kept
you waiting.
对不起，让你久等了。
（说话时已等了很久）
1. Hello, I’m glad _____(see) you .
2. goodbye, I’m glad _____(see) you.
3. When I came in, he pretended _____(read) books.
4. I'm sorry _____(keep) you waiting for a long time.
keys: to see; to have seen;
to be reading; to have kept
1.
You were silly not ____ your car.
to lock B. to have locked
C. locking D. having locked
2. I don’t know whether you happen ____,but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September .
A．to be heard B．to be hearing
C．to hear D．to have heard
3. -- Is Bob still performing?
-- I'm afraid not. He is said__the stage already as he has become an official .
to have left B. to leave
C. to have been left D. to be left
不定式的省略现象
1.不定式在感官动词和使役动词
(5
看
3
室
2
厅
1
感觉
)
后作宾语补足语时, 不定式省略
to
。
I watched him disappear in the distance
.
2.介词
but ,except
后接不定式作宾语时，介词前有行为动词
do
,
不定式要省去
to
。
We did nothing but/except wait then.
3
. 不定式符号
to
作表语时的省略
。当主语部分有行为动词
do
,
作表语的不定式
to
可省略
。
What I want to
do
now
is find
some books to read.
1.
A computer does only what thinking people _________.
A. have it do B. have it done
C. have done it D. having it
done
2. We’ve missed the last bus. I’m afraid we have no choice but _____ a taxi.
A. to take B. taking
C. take D. taken
4. 不定式后动词的省略
动词
love, mean, want, hate, like,
wish, expect, hope，try, intend, plan, refuse, prefer, seem
及
be glad (pleased, delighted, happy) to
等后面接不定式时，为避免重复，常省略与上文相同的动词，只保留
to
不定式符号
。
Would you love to join us? Yes I’d
love to
.
1.--
Would you like to go to the Great Theatre with me tonight?
-- ______.
A. Yes, I would like to go to the Great Theater with you tonight .
B. I’d love to, but I have an exam tomorrow.
C. No, I wouldn’t
D. That’s all right
2.-- Does your brother intend to study German?
-- Yes, he intends ________.
A. / B. to C. so D. that
5. 句式
would have done …, should have done…, ought to have done…, needn’t have done …, used to be
…
等省略形式为
would have , should have , ought to have, needn’t have , used to be
,
要保留不定式后的
be
或
have
。
---
Are you a sailor ?
--- No, but I used
to be
(a sailor )
.
---
Did you tell him the news?
--- No. But I think I
should have
.
1.He asked me to help him repair his radio, but I don’t know ___.
to do it B. how to C. what to do it D. how to do
2. His voice made me _____ terrible.
To feel B. feel C. feels D. felt
3. My parents told me ____ people when they are in trouble.
never laugh at B. not to laugh at
don’t laugh at D. not laugh at
4. It’s bad manners ____ rude to people.
to be B. are C. be D. to being
5. It’s interesting _____ us to take part in the games.
A. of B. to C. for D. at
6.
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ___ it more difficult.
A not make B not to make
C not making D do not make
7.I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ___ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect
C to be expecting D expects
8.Paul doesn’t have to be made ____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
9. I would love ___ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going
D. having gone
1
.
定语
A
barking
dog seldom bites.
Don’t wake up the sleeping baby.
This is the
reading
room.
( used for…)
Don’t go to the sleeping car.
The young man
singing the song
is one of the most popular stars.
放在名词前，表示主动、正在进行或者说明名词用途
a waiting room= a room for waiting
a sleeping car= a car for sleeping
An operating table= a table for operating
2
．
主语
Smoking is a bad habit.
也可以用
it
作形式主语， 记住句型：
It is no use / no good
/ no reason/a waste of time
doing…
It is no use talking with him.
3
．
宾语
She enjoys singing.
1
）
只能跟动名词作宾语的常见的动词有
：
2
）
有些动词可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作宾语，差别大
:
动名词的主动形式表被动意思。主要有：
need need
want (
需要
)
＋
doing = want to be done
require require
be worth doing = be worthy to be done
of being done
it is worthwhile doing / to do sth.
Sth.
doing
的复合结构：
物主代词（ 或名词的所有格） ＋
doing
Mary’s coming
late made her teacher angry.
Would you mind
my / me opening
the window?
He insisted on
his son’s / his son going
to college.
感官动词see, watch, notice, feel, find, observe, hear, smell, catch（发现）等。表示正在进行
实意动词get, have, set, leave状态
Eg. I feel my heart beating.
I caught him stealing.
The smoke set me coughing.
His words left me thinking.
Don’t have your dog running all the time.
现在分词做宾补表示动作正在进行。
不定式做宾补表示全过程。
4
.
宾语补足语
I saw a man walking across the grass.
see / watch / notice / hear / find / feel / keep / have / get sb. / sth. doing
5
.
doing做状语
形式
意义
doing
与语句中主语构成逻辑上主谓关系，语句中谓语动词动作同时发生，或没有一定的时间性。
having done
语句中主语构成逻辑上主谓关系，先于谓语动词动作发生。
Hearing the news,
he
burst into tears.
Having finished her work,
she
went home.
Be careful
when
crossing the road.
Being monitor,
he
always thinks of others first.
Not knowing how to do the job,
he
phoned me.
The students came, following their teachers.
The boy sat there, thinking
(
可转换成相应的状语从句或并列成分
）
III
.
done
只有一种形式，表
完成的
和
被动的
动作
done
在句中作用
1.
表语
He was
surprised
.
(强调状态)
They are
gone
. You look
disappointed
.
2.
定语
The road is covered with
fallen
leaves.
The money
collected
is used to help poor children.
She was the only student
chosen
to take part in the competition.
3.
宾语补足语
He is going to have his bike repaired.
You must make yourself understood.
have, make, get, keep, want, hear, see, find, feel, watch, …
4.
状语
Seen
from the top of the building,
our school
looks like a garden.
When asked
why he was absent,
he
said he was ill.
Encouraged
by his mother,
the boy
tried again.
Compared with
what he used to be,
he
has made great progress.
1．______
with the size of the whole earth
,
the biggest ocean does not seem big at all .
A．Compare B．When comparing
C．Comparing D．When compared
2. ________ in the mountains for a week
,
the two students were finally saved by the local police
A. Having lost B. Lost
C. Being lost D. Losing
3.
Don’t leave the water______ while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
4. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents
.
worried B. to worry
C. worrying D. worry
5.
You should understand the traffic rule by now. You've had it _______ often enough.
A. explaining B. to explain
C. explain D. explained
现在分词和过去分词的区别：
1.
现在分词表
主动、进行
的意思。
developing
发展中国家 （进行）
the rising sun
冉冉升起的太阳 （进行）
an exciting match
一场令人兴奋的比赛（主动
）
a moving speech
感动人的演讲（主动）
过去分词表
被动
的（及物动词）、
完成
的（及物 、不及物动词）意思
developed country
发达国家（完成）
the risen sun
升起的太阳 （完成
）
the excited audience
激动的观众 (被动、 被引起激动的)
the fallen leaves
落叶（完成
）
固定搭配
Generally speaking,
Judging from,
To begin with;
To tell you the truth;
Compared with / to
…
;
Lost in thought,
…
现在分词， 有一般式、完成式、被动式、完成被动式
doing, having done, being done, having been done
过去分词只有一种形式即过去分词
（
done）
2．
现在分词、过去分词、不定式作宾补的区别：
see
do
I saw her
enter
the room.
hear sb./ sth. doing
We heard him
singing
.
watch done
They watched the ball
notice
kicked into
the goal
……
.
do
He had the boy
say
it clearly.
have… doing
They had their tractors
working
day and night.
.
done
You’d better have your bad tooth
pulled out
.
to do
I can’t get her
to tell
me
get sb./ sth
. everything.
doing
Can you get that old car
going again
?
done
I must get my hair
cut
.
make sb. /sth. do
The joke made us all
laugh
.
passive—
be made to do
We were all made to laugh by the joke.
make…done
( make oneself heard/seen/ understood/ known…)
Speak English and make yourself understood.
I’ll speak loudly to make myself heard.
find sb. /sth. doing
They find the fire
burning
.
done
He found his bike
stolen
.
( A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _____ in the kitchen.
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked )
3.
分词短语作状语时，
分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致
。
Walking in the park
,
we
saw a little girl crying.
Hearing the news
,
she
couldn’t help laughing.
(Hearing the news, tears came down her checks
×
)
Seen from the top
,
our school
looks like a garden.
1.
The man insisted________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.
A. find B. to find
C. on finding D. in finding
2. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _______ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had B. Having had
C. Have D. Having
高考点击
3.
I really can't stand ______ her like that.
you treat B. you to treat
C. why treat D. you treating
4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk _______ the good opportunity.
to lose B. losing
C. to be lost D. being lost
Difficult points
1.
有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语
want, wish, hope, agree, promise, decide,
manage, pretend, refuse…
2.
有些动词只能跟动名词作宾语
3.
有些动词可以跟不定式，也可以跟动名
词作宾语，差别不大
。
love, like, begin
, start, continue…
4.
有些动词可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作宾语，差别大
:
1)
remember / forget+ doing
(
动作发生在谓语动作前
)
to do
（
动作在谓语动作后
）
I remember locking the door.
He forgot / didn’t remember to take his car key, so his car was stolen.
2)
regret + doing
(
动作已在谓语动作之前发生
)
to do
(
动作在谓语动作之后发生
)
I regret having wasted so much time.
I regret to tell you that you didn’t pass the exam.
3)
try + doing
(
试做
) (
make an experiment)
to do
(
设法去做
) (
make an attempt
to do)
He tried opening the back door.
You must try to be more careful next time.
4)
mean + doing
(
意味着
)
（
主语一般是物
）
to do(
企图，打算去做)(主语一般是人
）
Missing the bus means waiting for another twenty minutes.
Sorry, I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.
5)
stop + doing
Please stopped talking.
do
They stopped
to talk
.
6)
go on + doing
She went on washing the clothes.
to do
She went on to wash the clothes
after she cleaned the room.
5．
动名词的复合结构：
物主代词（ 或名词的所有格） ＋ 动名词
Mary’s coming
late made her teacher angry.
Would you mind
my / me opening
the window?
He insisted on
his son’s / his son going
to college.
名称
语 法 功 能
主语
宾语
宾语补足语
表语
定语
状语
不定
式
√
√
√
√
√
√
动名
词
√
√
√
√
现在
分词
√
√
√
√
过去
分词
√
√
√
√
–
Can you spare me some time? –I'm afraid not. I have lots of letters _____.
doing with B. to do for
C. to deal D. to deal with
I can't understand _____ at that poor child.
you to laugh B. you laughing
C. you laugh D. why laugh
Don’t use words, expressions or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge.
being known B. having known
C. to be known D. known
_____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
Exposed
B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed
D. After being exposed
The discovery of new evidence led to _____.
the thief having caught
catch the thief
C. the thief being caught
D. the thief to be caught
Generally speaking, when _____ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
taking B. taken
C. to take D. to be taken
______
more attention,the trees could have grown better.
A.To give B.Having given C.Given D.Giving
I would love ______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A.to go B.to have gone C.going D.having gone
There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _____ road conditions need _____.
A. that, to be improved
B. which, to be improved
C. where, improving
D. when, improving
The day we looked forward to ______ .
A.come B.coming C.has come D.have come
The disc, digitally _____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party.
A. recorded B. recording
C. to be recorded D. having recorded
She set out soon after dark,____home an hour later.
A
．
arriving B
．
to arrive C
．
having arrived D
．
and arrived
The students expected there______ more reviewing classes before the final exam.
A
．
is B
．
being C
．
have been D
．
to be
_____
into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting
C. Having put D. Being put
He is rather difficult to make friends with
,
but the friendship of his
,
_____
,
is truer than any other
.
A
.
once gained B
.
when to gain C
.
after gained D
.
while gaining
The first textbooks _____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
having been written
B. to be written
C. being written
D. written
The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
having added B. to add
C. adding D. added
The bell _____ the end of the class rang, _____ our heated discussion.
indicating, interrupting
B. indicated, interrupting
C. indicating, interrupted
D. indicated, interrupted
The salesman scolded the girl caught _____ and let her off.
to have stolen B. to be stealing
C. to steal D. stealing
The old man, _________abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working
C. to have worked D. having worked
–You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
–Well, now I regret _____ that.
A. to do B. to be doing
C. to have done D. having done
Is this the watch you wish _____?
to have repaired
B. to repair it
C. to have it repaired
D. will be repaired
This is the problem _____ at the next meeting.
to discuss B. to be discussed
C. discussed D. being discussed
_____
many times, but he still couldn't understand it.
Having been told
B. Though he had been told
C. He was told D. Having told
With many troublesome problems, such as unemployment and crime _______, the mayor seems to be at a loss.
A. remained to solve
B. remaining to be solved
C. remained to be solved
D. remaining to solve
Professor Smith is said _____ another important discovery in chemistry.
having made B. making
C. to have made D. to make
They used what they had _____ for their daughter.
to buy a new dress
B. buying a new clothes
C. bought a new suit
D. buy a new clothing
The little girl came, _____ a cake with two _____ candles on it.
A. bringing; lit B. carrying; lighted
C. brought; lit D. brought; lighted
Technology has made the delivery of information less difficult, thus _____ information available to more people.
to make B. made
C. making D. to have made
His poor _____ English prevented him _____.
spoken; from understanding
B. spoken; from being understood
C. speaking; from understanding
D. speaking; from being understood
–Who are those people with the banners (
标语)?
–
A group _____ itself the league for peace. A. calling B. call
C. called D. is called
You were silly not_____your car.
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
When he came back, he found the bag he had ______ over the seat was gone.
left to hand B. left hanging
C. left hung D. to leave hanging
2.
with
的复合结构
with
+
名词
+
doing
to do
done
…
1.
I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise __________.
A. going on B. goes on
C. went on D. to go on
2．________ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor’s help to end her life.
A．Having given up hope of cure
B．With no hope for cure
C．There being hope for cure
D．In the hope of cure
With a lot of difficult problems_____, the manager felt worried all the time.
A.to settle B. settling
C. being settled D. settled
Everything____ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking
There_____ no classes yesterday, we had a rest.
was B. being C. were D. had been
It ____ Sunday, we had a rest at home.
A. was B. being C. were D. had been