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- 2021-04-21 发布
2020届二轮复习 主谓一致和特殊句式导学案
1.In any unsafe situation, simply ________ the button and a
highly
-
trained
agent will get you the help you need.
(2018·
北京卷
)
A.press
B.to press
C.pressing
D.pressed
答案
A
解析
句
意:在任何不安全的情况下,只要按下按钮,一个训练有素的代理人就会给你需要的帮助。根据句子结构可知,此处为祈使句,所以用动词原形。
2.It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house ________ we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
(2018·
天津卷
)
A.which
B.that
C.when
D.where
答案
B
解析
去掉题干的
It was
和空处后,这个句子语法结构依然完整,表示
“
只有当汽车停在我家房前的时候,我们才看到乘客座位上的莉莉
”
,因此这是一个强调句式,被强调的是
“
only
+状语从句
”
,因此选
B
。
3.It was when I got back to my apartment ________ I first came across my new
neighbors
.
(2017·
天津卷
)
A.who
B.where
C.which
D.that
答案
D
解析
句
意:当我回到我的公寓的时候,我首先遇见了我的新邻居。根据关键词
It was
开头,后面连词首选
that
,构成强调句型,但需要验证,本句中去掉
It was
和
that
,句意完整,所以确定是强调句型。故选
D
。
4.The publication of
Great
Expectations,
which ________ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
(2017·
江苏卷
)
A.is
B.are
C.was
D.were
答案
C
解析
先行
词是
Great
Expectations
,是书名,看作单数,所以定语从句的谓语也要使用单数形式;根据
“
strengthened
”
可知,说的是过去,故选
C
。句意:《远大前程》的出版获得了广泛的认可和高度的赞扬,这坐实了狄更斯作为前沿小说家的地位。
5.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ________ as one of the best
all
-
round
forms of exercise.
(2017·
天津卷
)
A.regard
B.is regarded
C.are
regarded D.regards
答案
B
解析
句意:现在骑自行车,慢跑和游泳被认为是最全面的锻炼方式之一。根据动词短语
regard...as...
把
……
看作
……
和句意确定应该用被动语态,排除
A
和
D
,再根据主语部分是由介词短语
along with
连接的三个动名词做主语,谓语动词应该与
along with
前面的名词相一致,即用单数,排除
C
,故选
B
。
6.You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel ________the coach picks up tourists.
(2016·
天津卷
)
A.who
B.which
C.where
D.that
答案
D
解析
句
意:你等错地方了,长途客车是在旅馆接游客的。分析句子结构可知,此处是一个对地点状语进行强调的强调句型,故用
that
。
一、语法一致原则
1.
动名词、动词不定式、主语从句、不定代词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。
Listening
to music
makes
me relaxed after a busy day.
听
音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。
To
love and to be loved
is
the greatest happiness in the world.
爱
和被爱是这个世界上最大的幸福。
2.
主语后接介词短语或其他插入语,如
with
,
together with
,
as well as
,
along with
,
besides
,
but
,
except
,
including
,
rather than
等,谓语动词的人称和数与主语的人称和数保持一致。
My
father
,
together with
his workmates
,
has
been to Beijing.
我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。
3. and
,
both...and...
连接两个不同的主语,谓语动词用复数形式,但是如果由
and
连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时,谓语动词需用单数形式。
A
famous writer and poet is
to give a talk.
一
位著名的作家兼诗人将要做一次报告。
4.
定语从句中关系代词作主语时,从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。在
“
It
+
be
+被强调部分+
that/who...
”
强调句型中,
be
一般用单数形式。如果强调的是主语,
that/who
后的谓语动词由被强调的主语决定。
It
is I who
am
going to be a pilot.
是
我将成为一名飞行员。
Anyone
who
has
questions to ask
,
please come to my office this afternoon.
有问题
要问的人,今天下午到我办公室来。
5.
“
more than one/many a
+单数可数名词
”
作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;
each
,
every
,
no
所修饰的名词作主语时,即使有
and
连接,谓语动词仍用单数。
Many
a
desk and
many a
bench
is
to be taken out of the hall.
许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。
Every
boy
and
every girl wishes
to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个
男生和女生都希望参加周日的聚会。
二、意义一致原则
1.
集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有:
family
,
class
,
team
,
group
,
public
,
committee
,
government
,
audience
等。
The
class
consists of
25 boys and 20 girls.
这个
班由
25
个男生和
20
个女生组成。
The
class
are doing
experiments.
全班
学生都在做实验。
2.
“
分数
/
百分数
/the majority
+
of
+名词
”
作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于
of
后名词的数以及其表示的意义:
all
,
some
,
half
,
most
,
the rest
等作主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
70
percent of the surface of our planet
is covered
by water.
我们星球的表面百分之七十都被水覆盖着。
3.
“
the
+形容词
”
表示一类人在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The
sick
have been cured
and the lost
have been found
.
病人
已被治愈,失踪的人也都找到了。
4.a quantity of
后既可接不可数名词,也可接可数名词复数,谓语动词用单数形式;
quantities of
后无论是可数名词还是不可数名词,谓语动词均用复数形式。
With
more and more forests being destroyed
,
a large quantity of good earth
is being washed away
each year.
→
With more and more forests being destroyed
,
quantities of good earth
are being washed away
each year.
随着
越来越多的森林被砍伐,每年有大量的沃土被冲走。
5.
“
a number of
+复数名词
”
作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,意为
“
许多
”
;
“
the number of
+复数名词
”
作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,意为
“……
的数量
”
。
A
number of students
have gone
for an outing.
许多
学生去远足了。
The
number of the students
is increasing
year after year.
学生的数量逐年增加。
6.
表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Three
thousand dollars
is
quite a lot of money for a boy.
对于
一个男孩来说,
3 000
美元是一笔大数目。
三、就近一致原则
1.
当
or
,
nor
,
either...or...
,
neither...nor...
,
not only...but also...
,
not...but...
等连接并列主语时,谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
Not
only the students but also the teacher
enjoys
listening to the music.
不仅
学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。
Neither
his parents nor he himself
is
a bank clerk.
他
父母和他本人都不是银行职员。
2.
在
here
,
there
置于句首的倒装句中,当主语不止一个时,谓语动词通常与其邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
There
stands
the teaching building between the two rows of trees.
教学
楼在两排树之间。
There
is
a pencil and two pens in the
pencil
-
box
.
→
There
are
two pens and a pencil in the
pencil
-
box
.
文具盒
内有一支铅笔和两支钢笔。
一、完全倒装
完全倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。这种结构须满足四个条件:
1
.
here, there, out, then, thus
等副词置于句首
2.
谓语动词常用
be, come, go, lie, run, rush
等表示来去或状态的动词
3.
主语是名词不能是代词
4.
谓语动词的时态是一般现在时或一般过去时
Out rushed
a missile from under the bomber.
轰炸机底下窜出一枚导弹。
特殊句式
1
倒装句
二、部分倒装
部分
倒装是将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词提至主语之前。这种结构有下列情况:
1.
句首为否定或半否定的词语,如
no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, in no way, not until..., hardly/scarcely...when, no sooner...than
等。
Hardly
had she gone out when
a student came to visit her.
她
刚出门,就有个学生来访。
2.so, neither, nor
位于句首时句子用部分倒装。
在
以
so, nor, neither
开头的倒装句中,
so
用于肯定句,表示
“
也一样,也这样
”
;
nor, neither
用于否定句,表示
“
同样也不,也不这样
”
。
Tom
can speak French.
So can
Jack.
汤
姆会讲法语,杰克也会。
If
you don’t go
,
neither will
I.
如果
你不去,我也不去。
3.only
修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。
Only
in this way can you
learn English well.
只有
用这种方式,你才能学好英语。
4.
其他部分倒装。
(
1)“so/such...that”
句型中的
so/such
位于句首时,需倒装。
So
frightened was he that
he did not dare to move an inch.
他
很害怕,动也不敢动。
(
2)
在虚拟语气条件句中,可将
if
省略,把
were, had, should
移到主语之前。
Were
I
you, I would try it again.
我
是你的话,就再试一次
。
(
3)as
作为
“
虽然,尽管
”
讲,引导让步状语从句时,要用倒装结构,把状语、表语或动词原形提前,通常
as
可以换成
though
。
Much as he liked
the story book, he donated it to the charity.
虽然他非常喜欢这本故事书,他还是把它捐给了慈善机构。
Try as he might
,
he can do nothing about the present situation.
尽管他会努力,但他对当前的局势也无能为力。
[
名师点津
]
(1)
当
not until
引导主从复合句且位于句首时,主句倒装,从句不倒装。注意:如否定词不在句首则不倒装。
Not until the child fell asleep
did the mother leave
the room.
直到孩子睡着,妈妈才离开房间。
(2)
当
so
引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构,意为
“
的确如此
”
。
Tom asked me to go to play football and
so I did
.
汤姆邀我去踢球,我去了。
2
强调句
1.
英语中常用的强调句型的结构为
“
It is/was
+被强调部分+
that/who
+其他部分
”
。其中,被强调部分通常是句子的主语、宾语或状语。要注意的是
that/who
后面句中的谓语动词的人称和数要与被强调部分保持一致。
It
was the culture, rather than the language, that
made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.
是
文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。
(
强调主语
)
2
.
句型变换
(1)
一般疑问句形式为
“
Is/Was it
+被强调部分+
that/who
+其他部分?
”
Was it because Jack came late for school that
Mr Smith got angry?
是因为杰克上课迟到让史密斯先生生气的吗?
(2)
特殊疑问句形式为
“
特殊疑问词+
is/was it
+
that
+其他部分?
”
When was it that
he made up his mind to take this course?
他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的?
(3)
含有
not...until
结构的强调句式为
“
It is/was not until
+被强调部分+
that
+其他部分
”
。
It is not until you’ve finished your homework that
you are allowed to go out.
直到你把作业做完才准出去。
[
名师点津
]
若强调谓语,要在谓语动词前加
do/does/did
,这种强调只适用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句。
The scientist
did devote
all his life to his research work.
这位科学家的确把他的一生献给了研究工作。
3
祈使句
1
.
祈使句的基本用法
祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。祈使句的主语一般为第二人称
(
通常省略
)
,有时也可用
everybody, someone, anybody
等不定代词。
2
.
祈使句表示假设的情况
(1)
“
祈使句+
and
+陈述句
(
一般将来时
)
”
。
①
名词词组+
and
+陈述句
名词词组中通常含有
more, another, further, earlier
等词。
One step further
and you’ll fall down.
再多走一步,你就会摔倒。
Just a little more patience
and we’ll look into it soon.
再耐心点儿,我们很快就会调查此事。
②
祈使句+破折号+陈述句
Try some of this juice
—perhaps you’ll like it.
尝尝这种果汁,也许你会喜欢它的。
(2)
“
祈使句+
or/otherwise
+陈述句
”
,相当于
“
if...not
+主句
”
。
Hurry up or
we’ll be late for the meeting.
→
If
we
don’t
hurry up, we’ll be late for the meeting.
快点儿,不然我们开会就迟到了。
[
名师点津
]
祈使句后的反义疑问句不表示反问,而表示一种语气。其结构为:
·
肯定祈使句,+
will/won
’
t you?
·
否定祈使句,+
will you?
·Let us...
,+
will you?
·Let
’
s...
,+
shall we?
Close the window
,
will/won’t you
?
关上
窗户,好吗?
Let’s go to the bookstore,
shall we
?
我们
去书店,好吗?
省略句
一、英语中一些固定的省略
结构
1.
在以
if, when, though, as if(
好像
)
等连词引导的状语从句中,若从句中的主语与主句中的主语一致且谓语动词是
be
,常将从句中的主语和动词
be
省略。
Whenever
free
,
he will come to my help.
他
一有空就来帮助我。
While
cycling
,
don’t forget the traffic lights.
骑车
时,不要忘记看红绿灯。
2.
由固定词组引导的疑问句。
What
about
having a game of chess?
下盘
棋怎么样?
How
come
they left you alone here?
他们
怎么会把你一个人留在这里呢?
What
if
it’s raining?
如果
天下雨怎么办?
Why
not
try again?
为什么
不再试试呢?
二、与不定式相关的省略
1.
通常为了避免重复,在联系密切的语境中,作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式常省略,只保留不定式符号
to
。
She
went teaching because she
wanted to
(go teaching).
她
去教书,因为她想去。
2.
如果不定式符号
to
后面是
be
时,要保留
be
。如果不定式用了完成时,要保留到助动词
have
。
The
city now is much noisier than it
used to be
.
这个
城市现在比过去喧闹多了。
3.
如果不定式作表语,用于解释
do
的内容,
to
也常可省略。
What
I did
was
(
to
) lay the table
.
我
所要做的是摆桌子。
1
分清主语、找准谓语法
做主谓一致的题目时,由于在句子中,有一些主语容易受到别的词的影响,往往造成一些理解上的错误,如主语后面接
with, together with
,
along with
,
but
,
as well as
等短语时,谓语应与前面的名词保持一致,记住:谓语动词的单复数要和主语中的中心词一致。
(1)Listening to loud music at rock concerts ________ caused hearing loss in some teenagers.
A.is B.are
C.has
D.have
答案
C
解析
动名词
短语作主语,句子的谓语动词用单数形式,由此排除
B
、
D
两项,根据主语与
caused
的主动关系,排除
A
项。
(2)Such poets as Shakespeare ________widely read
,
of whose works
,
however
,
some ________ difficult to understand.
A.are
;
are B.is
;
is
C.are
;
is D.is
;
are
答案
A
解析
主句
中的主语应为
poets
,谓语动词用复数,其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为
some of whose works
,谓语动词也应是复数。故选
A
。
2
还原法
一般说来,对于一些特殊的句型,我们可以把它还原为正常的句型,如把倒装句还原为陈述句等等。
(1)At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River ________
,
one of the ten largest cities in China.
A.lies Chongqing B.Chongqing lies
C.does lie Chongqing D.does Chongqing lie
答案
A
解析
分析
句子结构得知,此处将地点状语提前且主语为名词,故句子需用完全倒装形式,所以选
A
项。
(2)—Is everyone here?
—Not yet...Look
,
there ________ the rest of our guests!
A.come B.comes
C.is coming D.are coming
答案
A
解析
本
句中
there
放在句首,句子采用了倒装句式,谓语动词的单复数应该根据句子的主语
the rest of our guests
来判断,故答案为
A
。
3
结构分析法
答案
B
解析
本题
为强调句型,符合
It was
+被强调部分+
that...
结构。此题迷惑点在于强调部分中含有一个定语从句
that she had bought in the village
。
在一些试题中要注意区别一些特殊的句型,如倒装句、强调句、反义疑问句、祈使句等。
(1)It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village ________ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.
A.where
B.that
C.when
D.which
(2)John’s success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work ________ has made him what he is today.
A.why B.when
C.which D.that
答案
D
解析
本题
为强调句型,被强调部分为
years of hard work
,故选
D
。
4
固定句型判断法
在平时的学习中,要掌握各种句型,注意积累一些经典的句型,把它们运用到日常写作中,以达到真正掌握的目的。
—English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?
—Yes.________ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
A.Know B.Knowing
C.To know D.Known
答案
A
解析
根据
题干中的
and
和
will
就可以判断答案是
A
。本句是
“
祈使句+
and/or
+主语+
will...
”
结构,祈使句表示条件,相当于一个条件句。