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2018届 二轮复习 名词性从句——主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功能同名词一样。
一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋名词＋从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) it is ＋形容词＋从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
(4) it ＋过去分词＋从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)
(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)
Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)
4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that 则不然。例如：
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：
I heard that he joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
1) She did not know what had happened.
2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介词的宾语
例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容词的宾语
例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. It 可以作为形式宾语
It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month.
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有
allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：
I admire their winning the match. (right)
I admire that they won the match. (wrong)
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句”结构中，常见的有
envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)
否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）
三．表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四．同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）
名词性从句精讲精析（2）
——由连接词引导的名词性从句
一、 引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that,whether,if （不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, which.
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句且在句首，如：Whether he will come is not clear.
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
二、名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分， 本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.
约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.
事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：
The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.
你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
三、 名词性wh-从句
1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括
who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外， 还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.
书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.
在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.
我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to.
她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语： I have no idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.
我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。
2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married.
他们何时结婚依然不明。
四、 if, whether引导的名词从句
1）yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.
这一计划是否可行还有待证实。
宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.
请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.
问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.
她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如：
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.
请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.
我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
五、 否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.
我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。
(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语)
蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。
高考题真题回放
A组 2016～2014年各省市高考题（改编）
1．(2016·全国Ⅰ，短文改错)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I love.________
2．(2016·全国Ⅰ，阅读B)We now realize ________ important family is and how important to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.
3．(2016·全国Ⅱ，短文改错)The summer holiday is coming.My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.________
4．(2016·全国Ⅱ，阅读B)Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.________ finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.
5．(2016·全国Ⅱ，阅读D)The journey was intended to achieve more than ________Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.
6．(2016·北京，24)Your support is important to our work.________you can do helps.
7．(2016·北京，29)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is________one can be entirely dust.
8．(2016·四川，七选五)Scientists are still not exactly sure ________genes influence aging, but they believe that they do.
9．(2016·江苏，21)It is often the case________anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
10．(2015·江苏，25)________ Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won't accept it.
11．(2015·湖南，26)You have to know ________ you're going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
12．(2015·北京，33)I truly believe ________ beauty comes from within.
13．(2015·北京，35)________ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
14．(2015·浙江，6)If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate ________ is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.
15．(2015·重庆，8)We must find out ________ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.
16．(2015·陕西，19)Reading her biography，I was lost in admiration for ________Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.
17．(2015·四川，8)The exhibition tells us________we should do something to stop air pollution.
18．(2015·安徽，25)A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not________ships are built for.
19．(2015·福建，29)—I wonder ________ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
—By working out every day.
20．(2014·大纲全国，24)Exactly ________ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain，but it was probably around 1565.
21．(2014·陕西，15)________ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
22．(2014·天津，14)I think ________ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.
23．(2014·北京，33)Some people believe ________ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.
24．(2014·福建，34)Pick yourself up.Courage is doing ________ you're afraid to do.
25．(2014·山东，7)It is difficult for us to imagine ________ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.
26．(2014·江苏，26)—What a mess！You are always so lazy!
—I'm not to blame，mum.I am ________ you have made me.
27．(2014·北京，30)The best moment for the football star was ________ he scored the winning goal.
28．(2014·浙江，8)“Every time you eat a sweet，drink green tea.”This is ________ my mother used to tell me.
29．(2014·四川，2)Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“That's ______ I was born.”
30．(2014·湖南，24)As John Lennon once said，life is ________ happens to you while you are busy making other plans.
31．(2014·重庆，12)—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah，but I have no idea ________ he did it；that's one of his favorite universities.
B组 两年模拟精选改编(2016～2015)
1．(2016·绵阳中学质检)Many people can’t learn any lessons from the mistakes they’ve made________they get hurt somehow.
2．(2016·天水一中模拟)________Chai Jing said in her video about the smog has caused public concern.
3．(2016·济宁模拟)It suddenly occurred to him________he had left his keys in the office.
4．(2016·福建泉州三月质检)With piles of work at hand, Jane doubts________she can pass the coming driving test.
5．(2016·广州六校调研)To be honest，I am not the person deserving the honor；it should be given to ________ we think has made the greatest contribution.
6．(2016·湖北八校联考)Our English teacher told us to find out ________ the differences between American English and British English lie.
7．(2016·兰州一中月考)The question was brought to life again ________ a person has the right to end his or her own life and a doctor has the right to assist.
8．(2015·辽宁鞍山联考)One day，he came up with an idea ________ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.
9．(2015·广西南宁二中月考)________ is important is that we let others know we care about them.
10．(2015·内蒙古师大附中月考)Over the next several months，my professor taught me ________ one story was so much better than the other.
11．(2015·河南开封四模)A study found ________ girls who ate five or more family meals a week had a much healthier relationship with food in later life.
12．(2015·四川成都七中二诊)Perhaps ________my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind.
13．(2015·山西太原五中月考)Even more upsetting was the fact ________ the driver didn’t stop afterward.
14．(2015·黑龙江双鸭山一中月考)Well，there is a rumor going around ________ the head of the Department is leaving.
15．(2015·甘肃兰州一中月考)There is a new market near my house.My mother often goes there and buys ________we need for our meals.
16．(2015·河北衡水中学月考)The pandas are very dear to human beings.So people have been doing ________ they take to save them.
17．(2015·山西大学附中月考)To tell the truth，________ you do rather than what you say matters.
18．(2015·辽宁东北育才中学月考)What the government cares about most is ________ action they are going to take.
19．(2015·黑龙江牡丹江一中月考)I need to put a cross on the map to show ________ that famous hotel is.
20．(2015·河北邯郸市一模)We’ve got to remember this group wants to look at how the Internet is being used in the classroom.That’s ________they are coming for.
参考答案
A组 2016～2014年各省市高考题（改编）
1．that→where 由句子结构可知，介词to之后为宾语从句。从句谓语是不及物动词live。故用where引导。]
2．how 考查宾语从句的连接词。根据后面的how important可以看出此处也是填how。]
3．how→what 考查疑问词的用法。我和同学们正在谈论假期里做什么。固定表达what to do，如何用how结构为how to do sth。]
4．whoever 考查名词性主句中的主语从句。句意：无论是谁发现了他们的书，都去那儿，并记录下他们是在哪儿发现的书。]
5．what 考查名词性从句，引导词在从句中做had done的宾语，故用what。]
6．whatever 考查名词性从句。句意：你的支持对我们很重要，无论你们做什么都会有帮助。从句动词do需要宾语，且引导主语从句，故用whatever。]
7．that 考查名词性从句。句意：雨季最令人愉快的事情是人可以完全免于尘埃。分析句子结构可知is后的表语从句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，故选D ]
8．how 句意：科学家仍然不确定基因是如何影响人的年龄的，但是他们相信会影响。用how最为贴切。]
9．that 考查主语从句的引导词。句意：通常情况下，对于那些坚持希望的人来说，一切皆有可能。本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的名词性从句，从句结构完整，不缺成分也不缺意义，故要用that引导。]
10．Where 句意：李白，一个伟大的中国诗人，其出生地是众所周知的，但也有一些人不接受它。从句where Li Bai was born作该句子的主语。]
11．where 句意：如果你要计划到达某地的最佳路线，你必须首先知道你想要去哪？where引导宾语从句，在从句中用作地点状语。]
12．that 句意：我真的相信美来自人的内心。宾语从句意思完整只缺连接词，故用that。]
13．How 句意：我们怎样理解事物与我们所感觉到的东西有很大关系。分析句子结构可知“________ what we understand things”为主语从句，结合句意可知要用how。]
14．what 句意：如果你在河里或湖里游泳的话，务必调查清楚水面之下有什么。水中经常隐藏着石头或树枝。根据后面rocks and branches可知，此处要用what来引导。]
15．when 句意：我们必须知道他什么时候来，以便我们能给他预定房间。根据后面的so we can book a room for him可知这里指时间，故用when引导。]
16．what 句意：读了多丽丝·莱辛的传记，我很钦佩她在文学上获得的成就。考查名词性从句。考查宾语从句的连接词。在介词for后的是宾语从句，从句中缺少achieve的宾语，故用what引导。]
17．why 考查宾语从句。句意：这个展览告诉了我们，我们为什么要阻止空气污染。宾语从句缺少状语，根据意义为why。]
18．what 句意：船停放在海港里是很安全的，但这并非建造船的目的。该题考查表语从句。isn't后跟从句作表语，表语从句中的for后缺少宾语，用what引导，what与for连用，表示目的。What在句中既作连接词又作从句的中for的宾语。]
19．how 句意：——我想知道玛丽这些年是如何保持了那么好的身材。——通过每天锻炼。考查宾语从句的连接词。根据回答by doing可知是问的方式。]
20．when 考查名词性从句。句意：马铃薯被引入欧洲的确切时间是不确定的，但是大约是在1565年。根据句意when引导一个主语从句，且在从句中作时间状语。故填when。]
21．When 考查主语从句。句意：延误的航班什么时候起飞很大程度上取决于天气。根据句意，需要时间概念When。]
22．what 考查名词性从句。句意：我认为他的绘画给我印象最深的就是他所使用的颜色。根据结构该空所填词汇引导主语从句，引导词是物，在其中做主语，故用what。]
23．whatever 考查主语从句。句意：有些人相信，无论以前发生过什么，或者现在发生着什么，都会在未来重现。主语从句中缺少主语，用whatever做主语。]
24．what 考查名词性从句。句意：跌倒后再站起来。勇气是做你不敢做的事情。这里含有一个宾语从句，引导词在从句中作do的宾语，所以用what。]
25．what 考查宾语从句。句意：对我们来说很难想象古代奴隶的生活像什么样子。what引导的从句是宾语从句，在宾语从句中what作介词like的宾语。]
26．what 考查名词性从句。句意：——这么一团糟！你总是那么懒惰！——妈妈，该受责备的不是我，是你让我成了这个样子。根据结构分析，所填词汇在句中引导表语从句，且在从句中担当宾语补足语，此处指目前的这种状况，指事物，故用what。]
27．when 考查表语从句。句意：这位足球明星最好的时刻就是他射进了决胜的一球的那一刻。因为前面有moment，所以根据表语从句的含义应填when。]
28．what 考查表语从句。句意：每次吃糖时，喝点绿茶。这是妈妈过去常对我说的话。]
29．where 考查表语从句。根据前面hospital一词及从句结构可知，表语从句中缺少地点状语。]
30．what 考查名词性从句。句意：正如John Lennon曾经说过的一样，生活就是当你忙着制订其他计划而发生在你身上的一切。所填词汇在句中引导表语从句，引导词在从句中做主语，指物，用what。]
31．why 考查同位语从句。由题意可知：耶鲁大学是Mike最喜爱的大学之一，可他却拒绝入学，真不知道他为什么会这样。因此可知why为最佳答案。]
B组 两年模拟精选改编(2016～2015)
1．unless 句意：如果不遇到挫折，许多人不会从他们所犯的错误中吸取教训。根据句意可知填unless如果不，除非。]
2．What 考查名词性从句。句意：柴静在她的视频说的烟雾引起了公众的关注。主语从句作主语，从句缺宾语，缺引导词，故填what。]
3．that 句意：他突然想起了他把钥匙漏在了办公室里。 “it occurs/occurred to sb＋that从句”是固定句型，意思是某人突然想起……。that引导主语从句。]
4．whether 考查宾语从句连接词。本句考查doubt引导宾语从句时连接词的选择。在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后面接that引导的宾语从句。在肯定句中，doubt后面一般接whether或if引导的宾语从句。句意：有很多工作要做，Jane很怀疑自己是否能通过即将到来的驾驶考试。]
5．whoever 考查名词性从句。句意：说实话，我并不是应该获得这份荣誉的人，它应该给做出最大贡献的人。此处是宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，根据句意，应该是无论是谁，做出最大的贡献，我们应该把荣誉给他。所以用whoever。]
6．where 考查名词性从句。根据句意：我们英语老师让我们找出美国英语和英国英语的不同之处。用where引导宾语从句。]
7．whether 考查同位语从句。句意：一个人是否有权利结束他自己的生命或者医生是否有权利协助自杀，这个问题又一次被提了出来。从句是对question内容的解释说明，且从句完整，需要“是否”的含义，故whether是正确答案。]
8．that 考查同位语从句的引导词。因后面是一个完整的句子，且该句是说明空格前面an idea的具体内容，所以是同位语从句。从句结构完整，故要用that引导。]
9．What 考查主语从句的引导词。根据句子结构可知，系动词is前的句子缺少主语，表示“重要的事情”要用what。]
10．why 考查宾语从句的引导词。教授教给我的是为什么一个故事比另一个更好。根据句意可知此处要用why引导宾语从句。]
11．that 考查宾语从句的引导词。谓语动词found后为宾语从句，宾语从句中不缺少成分，故要用that引导。]
12．what 考查主语从句的引导词。妈妈说的话深深地扎根于我的思想中。系动词was前为主语从句，从句中缺少宾语，故要用what引导。]
13．that 考查同位语从句。the fact后面是同位语从句，要用that来引导。]
14．that 考查同位语从句。有一个谣言说，部门的领导马上就要走了。that引导的是名词rumor的同位语从句。]
15．what 考查宾语从句。我的妈妈经常去那买我们吃饭所需要的东西。what引导宾语从句作动词buy的宾语。]
16．whatever 考查宾语从句。熊猫对人类来说很宝贵，因此人们一直在做任何需要做的事情来保护它们。whatever引导宾语从句，表示“无论什么”，相当于anything that。]
17．what 考查主语从句。说实话，是你所做的而不是你所说的真正起作用。rather than连接的并列主语从句，主语从句均缺宾语，所以用what。]
18．what 考查表语从句。政府最关心的是他们将采取何种行动。what action什么行动。]
19．where 考查宾语从句。我需要在地图上放个十字来表明这个饭店的位置。]
20．what 考查表语从句的引导词。这就是他们为什么而来。what在表语从句中作介词for的宾语，for what相当于why。]
