高三英语二轮复习第一板块语法填空与短文改错题型二短文改错 140页

题型二 短文改错 对应学生用书 P8 短文改错主要考查语法基础知识，语篇通常取材于考生自己的习作或类似于考生的随 笔，且话题常见，篇章结构的难易程度符合高中生的认知水平，即通俗易懂，基本上无生僻 的语言障碍和怪、偏、难的语法结构。短文词数通常与书面表达一样，也是 100 词左右。 [感悟高考] A(2016·全国卷Ⅰ) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live. Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area. It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside. My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for cooking. My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in the short period of time. Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady. 答案：第一句：that→where 第二句：去掉 but 第四句：had→have 第五句：honest→honesty 第六句：or→and; using→used 第七句：dreams 后加 of; the→a 第八句：our→his; steady→steadily B(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) The summer holiday is coming. My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday. We can chose between staying at home and take a trip. If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world. If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. I thought that it is a good idea. It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot. 答案：第二句：how→what 第三句：chose→choose; take→taking 第四句：but→and 第五句：world 前加 the 第六句：your→our; knowledges→knowledge 第七句：去掉 can 或 can→should 第八句：thought→think 第九句：many→much C(2016·全国卷Ⅲ) The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. They were also the best and worse years in my life. At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself. However, my parents didn't seem to think such. They always tell me what to do and how to do it. At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. Now I am leaving home to college. At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help. 答案：第一句：year→years 第二句：worse→worst 第三句：去掉 first 前面的 the; yourself→myself 第四句：such→so 第五句：tell→told 第六句：freely→free 第七句：wear→wearing 第八句：college 前面的 to→for 第九句：need 前加 I [全国卷 3 年考情分析] 考查点 年份卷别 错词 多词、缺词 名 词 冠 词 代 词 介 词 形 容 词 副 词 时 态 语 态 非 谓 语 连 词 引 导 词 情 态 动 词 主 谓 一 致 冠 词 代 词 介 词 时 态 副 词 连 词 2016 卷 Ⅰ 1 1 1 / / 1 1 1 / 1 1 / / / / 1 / / 1 卷 Ⅱ 1 / 2 / / / 1 / 1 1 1 2 / 1 / / / / / 卷 Ⅲ 1 / 1 1 2 1 1 / 1 / / / / 1 1 / / / / 2015 卷 Ⅰ 1 / 2 1 1 / 2 / / 1 / / / 1 / 1 / / / 卷 Ⅱ 1 1 / 1 / 1 2 / 1 / 1 / / / 1 / / 1 / 2014 卷 Ⅰ 1 / 1 1 2 2 1 / / / / / / 1 / / / / 1 卷 Ⅱ 1 / 1 1 1 / 2 / / / / / 1 1 1 1 / / / 一、短文改错命题原则表——高考就考这些点 着眼点 具体思考点 词法 动词 时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气 名词 可数不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格 代词 主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词 形容词、副词 原级、比较级、最高级 冠词 不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词 介词 基本用法、固定搭配 词性误用 形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词 句法 连词(并列连词和从句引导词)、主谓一致，there be 句型与特殊句式 行文逻辑 时态一致、指代一致、逻辑一致 二、短文改错意识原则表——答题就按此法办 短文改错 10 处错误中，设错方式是有规律的，一般情况下，多、缺词 2～3 个，错词 7～8 个，做完题后，可按此规律进行查验。见右表 类型 总数(10) 具体思考点 多、缺词 2～3 be 的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句引导词、代 词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词 错词 7～8 连词、三大从句引导词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等 对应学生用书 P9 一、冠词 1．冠词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time. ________________ 分析：此处表示“在一段短暂的时间内”，并没有特指在哪一段时间，所以应该把 the 改为 a。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy in a shop window ... A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.________________ 分析：特指上文提到的商店，因此要用定冠词 the。故把第三个 a 改为 the。 ③(2014·辽宁高考)Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day. ________________ 分析：average 以元音音素开头，前面的不定冠词应为 an。故把 a 改为 an。 ④(2014· 四 川 高 考 )Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire. ________________ 分析：此处的 fire 应为特指，故把 a 改为 the。 [规律总结] ①a 和 an 的错用：元音音素前用 an，辅音音素前用 a。 ②不定冠词和定冠词的错用：表示特指时用定冠词 the；表示泛指时用不定冠词 a(n)。 注意固定搭配中冠词的使用情况。 2．冠词的缺失与多余 [单句改错] ①(2016· 全 国 卷 Ⅱ)But in that case, we will learn little about world.________________ 分析：world 是独一无二的事物，故在 world 前加 the。 ②(2016·四川高考)I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.________________ 分析：此处应指我们家的厨房，故在 kitchen 前加 the。 ③(2015·浙江高考)I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. ________________ 分析：in a hurry 为固定词组，意为“匆忙”，故在 hurry 前加 a。 ④(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.________________ 分析：表示“各种各样的花和树”时 flowers and trees 应为泛指，前面不能加定冠词。 故把 flowers 前面的 the 去掉。 [规律总结] ①单数可数名词前冠词的缺失：一般来说，单数可数名词前应有适当的冠词，表示泛指 用 a(n)，表示特指用 the。 ②冠词的多余：可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。 ③常用固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余：固定搭配中的冠词是固定的，只有记住才是硬道 理。 二、介词 1．介词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Now I am leaving home to college.________________ 分析：leave ...for ...“离开某地到另外一个地方”。故 to 改为 for。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Tony saw a toy on a shop window.________________ 分析：结合生活常识可知，这里表示在商店橱窗里摆放着一个玩具，应用 in。故 on 改 为 in。 ③(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Nearly five years ago, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes ( 圣 女 果 ) in our back garden.________________ 分析：with the help of 意为“在……的帮助下”，是固定搭配。故 by 改为 of。 ④(2014·四川高考)Today, I am going to talk with what you should do when a fire alarm goes off. ________________ 分析：句意：今天，我想谈一下火警响后你们应该做什么。talk about sth.意为“谈 论某事”，talk with sb.意为“与某人谈话”，故 with 改为 about。 [规律总结] ①介词基本用法的错用：有时我们会受汉语的影响错用介词，例如：“在墙上有一个 洞”，英语应用 in the wall 而不是 on the wall。 ②固定搭配中介词的错用：介词可与名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配，其中的介词 是固定的。有时搭配中介词不同意义也不同。 2．介词的缺失与多余 [单句改错] ①(2016· 四 川 高 考 )Dad cleaned the house, and then went on shopping.________________ 分析：go shopping 为固定短语，意为“去购物”，go on shopping 意为“继续购物”。 故去掉 on。 ②(2015·四川高考)Please help with me and give me some advice.________________ 分析：help 为及物动词，后面直接跟宾语。故去掉 with。 ③(2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired in last week. ________________ 分析：当用作时间状语的词前有 last，next 时，其前不用介词。故去掉介词 in。 ④(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.________________ 分析：listen 是不及物动词，后接宾语时要跟介词 to，故 listening 后加 to。 [规律总结] ①介词的缺失：不及物动词后跟宾语时应加相应的介词。 ②介词的多余：及物动词后直接跟宾语，无需再加介词；last，next 后跟名词表时间 时无需加介词。 三、名词 1．名词数与格的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. ________________ 分析：13 至 19 岁的那几年，year 当然要用复数形式。故 year 改为 years。 ②(2016·四川高考)Mom has a fulltime job, but she has to do most of the houseworks.________________ 分析：housework 为不可数名词，没有复数形式。故 houseworks 改为 housework。 ③(2014· 辽 宁 高 考 )We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.________________ 分析：此处 time 表示“次数”为可数名词，前面有 several，应用复数。故 time 改为 times。 ④(2016·天水一中模拟)But the problem is that there are not enough sports facilities to meet the public growing demand.________________ 分析：此处表示“满足公众的日益增长的需求”，应用所有格。故 public 改为 public's。 [规律总结] ①可数名词单复数的错用：一般考查错把复数用作单数，偶尔也考查错把单数用作复数。 ②不可数名词单复数的错用：不可数名词没有复数形式。 ③可数名词与不可数名词混淆：有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意 具体语境。 ④误把名词的普通格用作所有格：表示“……的”应用所有格形式。 2．名词与形容词、名词与动词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. ________________ 分析：主语是 key，表语与其构成同位关系，并非对主语的描述，应用名词。故 honest 改为 honesty。 ②(2013· 全 国 卷 Ⅱ) This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.________________ 分析：此处 grow 要作介词 for 的宾语，应用名词形式。故 grow 改为 growth。 [规律总结] ①误把名词用作形容词：作表语时，与主语构成同位关系一般用名词，形容词一般是对 主语的描述。 ②误把动词用作名词：在冠词、介词后一般用名词。 四、代词 1．代词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.________________ 分析：由前面的“we go on a trip”和“we can broaden”可知，应把 your 改为 our。 ②(2016· 全 国 卷 Ⅱ)It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.________________ 分析：本句中代词 much 代替不可数名词 much money 作动词 cost 的宾语，而 many 通常 代替可数名词的复数形式。故 many 改为 much。 ③(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.________________ 分析：句意：起初，我认为我什么都知道，可以自己拿主意。根据主语 I 可知，应用 myself。故 yourself 改为 myself。 ④(2015·浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.________________ 分析：此处代词 them 指代前面的 park，应是单数，所以用 it。故 them 改为 it。 ⑤(2013· 陕 西 高 考 )We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake. ________________ 分析：修饰 fishing poles 时前面应为形容词性物主代词。故 ours 改为 our。 ⑥(2016·福建省普通高中毕业班质检)I'm going to a conference in you town in May, from 16th to 20th.________________ 分析：此处指我要去你/你们的城市去开会，应把 you 改为 your。 ⑦(2016·太原五中模拟)I need to take some exercise every day and find ways to relax me. ________________ 分析：句意：我需要每天锻炼，并想法放松自己。与主语 I 相对应的反身代词是 myself。 故 me 改为 myself。 [规律总结] ①代词数的错用：人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词等都有单复数之分，要根据上下文 确定单复数。 ②物主代词的错用：形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，不能单独使用，常用来修饰名词； 名词性物主代词相当于名词，常单独使用，不能修饰名词。 ③人称代词与物主代词的错用：人称代词表示“谁”，而物主代词表示“谁的”。 ④人称代词与反身代词的错用：反身代词是指代主语的，使动作的发出者把动作反射到 本人身上。若所用代词与主语不一致，就要用人称代词而不用反身代词。 ⑤不定代词的错用：常见的有 many 与 much，some(thing)与 any(thing)，other 与 another，表示两者的 both，either，neither 与表示三者或三者以上的 all，none 等。 ⑥代词的指代错误：若文中出现代词，它所代替的词一定存在于前文的某处，要注意它 们的一致性。 2．代词的缺失与多余 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.________________ 分析：whenever 引导让步状语从句，从句缺主语，根据句意可知，“我”需要父母的 帮助，故在 whenever 后加 I。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.________________ 分析：这里指 Tony 的父母，因此 saw 后面需加 his。 ③(2016·银川市质检)Sometimes we may find difficult to follow the teacher and some students may even give up learning English.________________ 分析：本句中 find 为谓语动词，difficult 作宾补，中间缺少形式宾语 it。故 find 后加 it。 ④(2016· 洛 阳 市 模 拟 )That is the man I met him in Beijing last year. ________________ 分析：the man 后为定语从句，引导词在从句中作 met 的宾语，可以省略。此处作 met 宾语的引导词 whom/who/that 已省略，him 就不能再作 met 的宾语。故去掉 him。 [规律总结] ①代词的缺失：主要是人称代词与物主代词的缺失，若缺少主语需考虑是否用人称代词， 还要根据上下文考虑名词前是否缺少物主代词。 ②代词的多余：主要是定语从句中代词的多余。在定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作宾 语，此时就不能再用 it，him 或 them 等作宾语。 五、形容词和副词 1．形容词之间、副词之间的错用 [单句改错] ①(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Much rare animals are dying out.________________ 分析：much 修饰不可数名词，rare animals 为复数形式，故把 Much 改为 Many。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.________________ 分析：此处为 so ...that ...句式，so 和 very 表达的意思重复，故应去掉 very。 ③(2013·四川高考) I found the test difficult, but I tried hardly to do it.________________ 分析：句意：我发现测试很难，但是我努力去做。此处应用 hard 表示“努力”，而 hardly 表示“几乎不”。故 hardly 改为 hard。 [规律总结] ①意近引起的错用：例如 many 和 much 都表示“很多”，但 many 修饰可数名词，much 修饰不可数名词。 ②形近引起的错用：例如 hard 与 hardly 虽然形式相近，但词义相差甚远。 ③意思重复：例如 so 和 very 表达同一含义，故不能同时使用。 2．形容词和副词比较等级的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016· 全 国 卷 Ⅲ)They were also the best and worse years in my life. ________________ 分析：and 之前用了 best，与之并列也应用最高级，故 worse 改为 worst 表示“最糟的”。 ②(2016· 四 川 高 考 )The dishes that I cooked were Mom's favoritest.________________ 分析：favorite 本身含有最高级意义，故不再有最高级形式。故 favoritest 改为 favorite。 ③(2016·江西九江一中模拟) I'll study more harder than ever before so that I can make more money in the future. ________________ 分析：hard 的比较级为 harder，再加 more 就属于重复。故去掉 more 或 more 改为 much。 [规律总结] ①原级与比较等级的错用：比较等级一般都有比较的范围；有些词本身就含有最高级含 义，不能再用最高级，除 favorite 外，还有 wonderful，exhausted 等；有些词不与 than 连用可用于比较，如 be senior to 等。 ②比较级的重复：若形容词和副词后面加了er。前面就不能再用 more。 3．形容词与副词、形容词与名词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. ________________ 分析：句意：我曾经一度感觉我的父母不理解我，因此我希望能摆脱他们。be free from“摆脱”，故 freely 改为 free。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Dad and I were terrible worried.________________ 分析：修饰形容词 worried 应用副词。故 terrible 改为 terribly。 ③(2014· 全 国 卷 Ⅰ)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.________________ 分析：juicy 为形容词，与之并列也应用形容词，tasty 表示“美味的，可口的”。故 taste 改为 tasty。 [规律总结] ①形容词与副词的错用：一般来说，作定语和表语时用形容词；作状语修饰动词、形容 词、副词或修饰整个句子时用副词。 ②误把形容词用作名词：一般来说，对名词或代词的描述用形容词。 六、动词 1．谓语动词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.________________ 分析：句意：每天他保证用新鲜的蔬菜和优质食用油来烹制食物。fresh vegetables and high quality oil 与 use 之间为动宾关系，应用被动语态，故 using 改为 used。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.________________ 分析：suggest 在此处表示“建议”，后跟宾语从句时用虚拟语气，谓语动词为“should ＋动词原形”，should 可省略。故去掉 can 或 can 改为 should。 ③(2015· 全 国 卷 Ⅰ)We must found ways to protect our environment. ________________ 分析：表示“必须做某事”，must 后应跟动词原形。故 found 改为 find。 ④(2015· 四 川 高 考 )As I tell you last time, I made three new friends here.________________ 分析：由句中的 last time 可判定此处应用一般过去时。故 tell 改为 told。 ⑤(2015·陕西高考)I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.________________ 分析：句意：我可能明年再退休一次，以便得到更多这样的饼干。此处要用不定式作目 的状语，故在 get 前加 to。 ⑥(2014·陕西高考)Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the sky — they were looked like rain! ________________ 分析：look 为系动词，没有被动语态。故去掉 looked 前面的 were。 [规律总结] ①动词形式的错用：有些动词的过去时与过去分词是不一样的，应注意其不同点；情态 动词后一般跟动词原形，表示对过去的推测时后跟“have＋过去分词”。 ②时态的错用：应通过“时间标志词”判断；通过“时态定义”判断；通过“动作先后 关系”判断。 ③语态的错用：被动语态构成错误，其构成形式为“be＋过去分词”；系动词没有被动 语态；不及物动词或短语无被动语态。 ④虚拟语气的错用：条件从句中的虚拟语气，应注意表示与现在、过去、将来相反时从 句谓语动词的形式；宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”等词后的宾 语从句中谓语动词用“(should)＋动词原形”，被动式则为“(should) be＋过去分词”。 2．非谓语动词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2016· 全 国 卷 Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.________________ 分析：between ... and ...“在……和……之间”，是固定结构。and 前后连接的是 并列成分。and 前用了动名词 staying，and 后也应用动名词，故把 take 改为 taking。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. ________________ 分析：介词 by 后应用动名词作宾语。故 wear 改为 wearing。 ③(2016·四川高考)Mom was grateful and moving. 分析：moving 表示“令人感动的”，而 moved 表示“感动的”。故 moving 改为 moved。 ________________ ④(2015·浙江高考)I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view. ________________ 分析：enjoy 后跟动名词作宾语。故 sit 改为 sitting。 ⑤(2014· 陕 西 高 考 )He wanted teach me about animals, insects and trees.________________ 分析：want to do sth.“想要做某事”。故 wanted 后加 to。 ⑥(2014· 陕 西 高 考 )One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue.________________ 分析：两个谓语动词之间没有逗号，并非并列关系，应为现在分词作伴随状语。故 have 改为 having。 ⑦(2014·辽宁高考)It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she's outside.________________ 分析：It's difficult to do sth.“做某事有困难”。it 为形式主语，不定式为真正 的主语。故 understanding 改为 understand。 ⑧(2013·四川高考)Suddenly Mary, my best friend, asked me to let her to copy my answers.________________ 分析：let 后跟不带 to 的不定式作宾补。故去掉 copy 前的 to。 ⑨(2013·陕西高考)Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish. ________________ 分析：根据句子的结构可知，feel 与 we 之间为主谓关系，应用现在分词作状语。故 Felt 改为 Feeling。 [规律总结] ①不定式符号 to 的多余：在感官动词和使役动词(get 除外)后面跟不带 to 的不定式作 宾补。 ②不定式符号 to 的缺失：有些动词，如 want, decide, plan 等后应接带 to 的不定式 作宾语。 ③误把非谓语动词用作谓语动词：句中已有谓语动词，且另一动词不作并列谓语，则只 能用非谓语动词。 ④现在分词与过去分词的错用：现在分词表主动、进行；过去分词表被动、完成；现在 分词转化的形容词表示“令人……的”，常修饰物；而过去分词转化的形容词表示“感 到……的”，常修饰人。 ⑤介词 to 与不定式符号 to 的用法区别：不定式符号 to 后接动词原形，而介词 to 后需 跟动词的ing 形式。 3．主谓不一致 [单句改错] ①(2016· 浙 江 高 考 )He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.________________ 分析：主语是 we，故应把谓语 was 改为 were。 ②(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)My dream school look like a big garden. 分析：主语 My dream school 是单数，谓语应用单数第三人称。故 look 改为 looks。 ________________ ③(2014·辽宁高考)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. ________________ 分析：主语 The early morning barking 为单数，故把 have 改为 has。 ④(2013·陕西高考)Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.________________ 分析：there be 结构为倒装句，此处的主语为 a sudden pull，故 were 改为 was。 ⑤(2016·银川一中二模)What you have gained are the result of your hard work. ________________ 分析：主语从句为单数，故 are 改为 is。 ⑥(2016·沈阳二中模拟)Last month, I, together with my parents, were invited to my uncle's in the USA. ________________ 分析：本句的主语是 I 而不是 my parents，故 were 改为 was。 [规律总结] ①名词作主语时谓语动词单复数的错用：可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词 用单数。 ②非谓语动词或从句作主语时主谓一致错误：动名词、不定式或名词性从句作主语时， 谓语动词一般用单数。注意：名词性从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词应用复数。 ③“就近”与“就远”原则的错用：就近原则常见的有：either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...等；就远原则常见的有：together with, as well as, but, except 等。 ④倒装句的主谓一致错误：在倒装句中要找出句子的主语从而判断谓语动词的单复数。 4．时态不一致 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside. ________________ 分析：由前面的句子可知，这里吃饭时总是涌满了顾客，用的是一般现在时，根据时态 的一致性，后面的句子也应用现在时。故 had 改为 have。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) I thought that it is a good idea. It does not cost much, yet we can still learn a lot.________________ 分析：由后面的 does not cost 可知，此处用一般现在时。故 thought 改为 think。 ③(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)However, my parents didn't seem to think so. They always tell me what to do and how to do it.________________ 分析：由前句的 didn't 可判断用一般过去时。故 tell 改为 told。 ④(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.________________ 分析：此处 and 后的动词应与其前的 saw 并列，故 telling 改为 told。 ⑤(2015·浙江高考)In the mornings, it was full of students exercising. The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid.________________ 分析：根据上下文时态的一致性可知，后句应用一般过去时。故 is 改为 was。 [规律总结] ①上下文时态不一致：当上下文叙述的是同一件事情时，时态应保持一致。 ②并列句中的谓语动词时态不一致：并列连词所连接的动词时态应保持一致；并列句中 的谓语动词时态也应保持一致。 七、连词 1．并列连词的错用与多余 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area. ________________ 分析：though 和 but 不能放在同一个句子里。故去掉 but。 ②(2016· 四 川 高 考 )Both Dad or I planned to do something on Mother's Day.________________ 分析：both ...and ... 表示“……和……都”。故 or 改为 and。 ③(2015· 全 国 卷 Ⅰ)There the air is clean or the mountains are green.________________ 分析：前后句为并列关系而非选择关系，故把 or 改为 and。 ④(2015·四川高考)In fact, I don't like to go anymore, so I'm afraid I'll lose their friendship. ________________ 分析：前后句为转折关系而非因果关系，应用 but 连接。故 so 改为 but。 ⑤(2014· 陕 西 高 考 )We ran to escape but fortunately no one was injured.________________ 分析：前后为并列关系而非转折关系，故 but 改为 and。 ⑥(2016·山西省八所重点中学适应性考试)At home, children can do what they want. And at school they can't do all the things they like. ________________ 分析：前后句为转折关系而非并列关系，故把 And 改为 But。 [规律总结] ①并列连词错用：常见的并列连词有：and 表示顺承，but 表示转折，or 表示选择，so 表示因果。应根据逻辑关系选择适当的连词。 ②并列连词多余：although/though 和 but，because 和 so 不能连用，一般去掉 but 或 so；另外，一个从句只能有一个引导词。 2．定语从句引导词的错用与缺失 [单句改错] ①(2016· 四 川 高 考 )The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.________________ 分析：分析句子结构可知，dishes 后面为定语从句，从句中缺少 cooked 的宾语，故可 以使用 that/which 或省略。应把 what 改为 that/which 或去掉 what。 ②(2016·吉林省实验中学模拟)In an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm which we learned to plant potatoes.________________ 分析：a farm 后跟定语从句，引导词在定语从句中作地点状语，应用 where。故 which 改为 where。 ③(2016·青岛市统一质检)Besides, they cost a lot of paper, that is not very friendly to our environment.________________ 分析：paper 后为非限制性定语从句，不能用 that 引导。故 that 改为 which。 ④(2016·太原五中模拟)There are many people think that wealth is better than health.________________ 分析：many people 后为定语从句，缺少引导词。故 people 后加 who。 [规律总结] ①关系代词 that 与 which 的错用：在非限制性定语从句和介词后用 which；在不定代 词、最高级、序数词后用 that。特别提醒：what 不能引导定语从句。 ②关系代词与关系副词的错用：关系代词在从句中作主、宾、表和定语；关系副词作状 语。 ③关系词的缺失：主要考查在 there be 句型中，容易受汉语影响而漏用关系词 who/that/which。 3．名词性从句引导词的错用、缺失与多余 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live. ________________ 分析：close to 之后为介词 to 的宾语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，应用 where。 故 that 改为 where。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.________________ 分析：do 后缺宾语，故把 how 改为 what。 ③(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.________________ 分析：found 后为宾语从句，引导词不作句子成分只起连接作用，应用 that 引导，而 且 that 可省略。故 where 改为 that 或去掉 where。 ④(2015·四川高考)How do you think I should do？________________ 分析：后面的动词 do 后缺少宾语，do you think 为插入语，故把 How 改为 What。 ⑤(2014·四川高考)If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt, tell your teacher immediately.________________ 分析：notice 之后为 that 引导的宾语从句，when 属于多余词。故去掉 when。 ⑥(2016·陕西师大附中模拟)That he told us is right, but most of the young people haven't realized this. ________________ 分析：is 前为主语从句，引导词在从句中作宾语，应用连接代词 what。故 That 改为 What。 ⑦(2016·银川一中模拟)And you should also have a belief you are sure to succeed as long as you keep your direction all the time.________________ 分析：belief 后为同位语从句，引导词 that 不作成分，也没有任何含义，但却不能省 去。故 belief 后加 that。 [规律总结] ①连接词与连接代词的错用：连接词不作成分，而连接代词需作成分。 ②连接词与连接副词的错用：连接词不作成分，而连接副词作状语； ③连接代词与连接副词的错用：连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，而连接副词在 从句中作状语。 ④连接词 that 的缺失：that 引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时一般不能省略， 引导宾语从句时可省略。 ⑤引导词的多余：一个从句只能有一个引导词，即使这个引导词可以省略，也不能再用 其他引导词。 4．状语从句引导词的错用 [单句改错] ①(2015·陕西高考)My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up.________________ 分析：句意：我唯一的错误是在我打包的时候，把一些(饼干)掉在了地上。表示“当…… 的时候”应用 when 或 while。故 after 改为 when/while。 ②(2015·浙江高考)If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.________________ 分析：句意：尽管我在那个教室学习时只是个小孩，但我永远不会忘记。此处应用 although/though 引导让步状语从句。故 If 改为 Although/Though。 ③(2013·全国卷Ⅰ) In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.________________ 分析：during 表示“在……期间”，但它是介词，不能引导状语从句。故 during 改为 when。 ④(2016·东北三省四市教研联合体模拟)I didn't begin to like our houseparents when something happened one night.________________ 分析：句意：直到一天晚上发生了一件事情，我才开始喜欢我们的宿管。not ...until ... 为固定搭配，意为“直到……才……”。故 when 改为 until。 [规律总结] ①应根据逻辑关系判定是何种状语从句，并选择适当的连词。 ②不要把介词误用作连接词，例如 during 为介词，不能引导状语从句。 ③应注意常见的固定句式中连词的使用。 对应学生用书 P14 一、短文改错解题“6 要诀” 1．左顾右盼查名词 考生应注意搜寻名词本身出现的错误，还要看该名词前面是否缺限定词、该用何种限定 词，尤其要查名词前冠词的使用情况。当名词前面有形容词修饰时更要加倍注意。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.________________ 分析：knowledge 为不可数名词，不能用复数。故 knowledges 改为 knowledge。 ② (2015· 全 国 卷 Ⅰ )Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside.________________ 分析：城市生活与乡村生活对比，此处特指乡村，故应在 countryside 前加 the。 2．与时俱进查动词 考生应认真分析动词时态、语态的使用是否正确，是否应用非谓语动词形式。尤其要根 据上下文所提供的时间信息，仔细推敲，从而确定正确的动词时态。同时还需要考虑主谓一 致与虚拟语气。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip. ________________ 分析：情态动词后跟动词原形，chose 的原形是 choose。故把 chose 改为 choose。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there.________________ 分析：这两句话是回忆童年的事情，因此应用一般过去时。故把 think 改为 thought。 3．起承转合查连词 考生应认真分析句子结构，如果是并列句或复合句，要特别注意前后分句或主从句的关 系，确保在意义和结构上通顺流畅。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking.________________ 分析：fresh vegetables 与 high quality oil 是并列关系，不是选择关系，故将 or 改为 and。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money. ________________ 分析：it is comfortable 与 no need to spend money 为并列关系，并非转折关系， 应将 but 改为 and。 4．文通理顺查逻辑 考生应特别关注文章的“文通理顺”，“文通”指行文合乎英文词法、句法；“理顺” 指行文逻辑符合人们普遍认可的道理。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to where I live ...Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steadily.________________ 分析：由“My uncle is the owner of a restaurant ...” 可知，餐馆是“我”叔叔 的，故将 our 改为 his。 ②(2015·浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around it. Farther in the distance, I could not enjoy the view of snowy mountains.________________ 分析：根据上下文内容可知，从远处可以看到雪山。故将 could 后的 not 去掉。 5．搭配之中查介词 英语中很多短语和固定搭配都是与介词构成的，短文改错中介词的考查具有举足轻重的 地位。考生应特别关注短语或固定搭配中的介词搭配。 [单句改错] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.________________ 分析：dream of doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“梦想做某事”，故 dreams 后加 of。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.________________ 分析：句意：随着工业化的发展，环境被污染了。with 表示“随着”，符合题意。故 将 on 改为 with。 6．一见形、副思转换 遇到形容词、副词时，考生应考虑它们之间的转换。无论是短文改错还是语法填空，形 容词与副词之间的转换都是经常考查的。 [单句改错] ① (2016· 全 国 卷 Ⅰ )Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.________________ 分析：grow 在此是实义动词并非连系动词，应用副词修饰。故 steady 改为 steadily。 ② (2014· 全 国 卷 Ⅰ )We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost ！ ________________ 分析：修饰名词 tomatoes 应该用形容词形式，而不能用副词，故将 wonderfully 改为 wonderful。 二、短文改错解题“4 步走” 1．通读全文，了解大意。注意语篇结构和行文逻辑。切忌在不了解文章大意的情况下， 逐字逐行地进行修改。 2．先易后难，缩小范围。在通读全文的过程中，可以先把文中明显的错误找出来改正， 然后再根据具体语境，仔细分析判断，将注意力集中在较难的句子上。 3．把握句意，逐行判断。可依据以下口诀判断： 动词形，名词数，注意形和副； 非谓动词细辨别，习惯用法要记住； 句子结构多分析，逻辑错误须关注。 4．再次通读，复查验证。把大部分错误改正之后，如果还有拿不准的地方，就应再次 通读全文，并利用语感来做最后的判断。 三、短文改错解题“4 原则” 1．改动处以最少为原则。短文改错题要求每句最多有两处错误。改动的方法可以是增 词、删词或换词，但无论作何种改动，只能是增加一词、减少一词或将一个词改成另一个词。 2．实词以改变词形为原则。在短文改错题中，一般只是改变实词的形式，而不能改变 实词的词义，也不能将其改换成另一个实词，更不能随便增删。 3．虚词以添加或删除为原则。历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有 2 至 3 处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，不是实词(如动词、名词等)， 否则会改变句子的原意。 4．以保持句子原意不变为原则。做短文改错题时，一般不应改变句子原意。改错时， 应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改作者的原意，做到“换 词不改意，加词不增意，去词不减意”。如有多种改法，应以保持原意为条件，择其佳者而 从之。 [课堂巩固训练] What's your attitude to April Fool's Day? A survey has done in our school and it shows that there are three different opinion. About 40% of the students thought it fun to have such a specially day to play jokes on each other. Besides, it adds many pleasure to our school life. At the same time, we can take this chance to test that our classmates are clever enough. But 30% of us don't like the day because everything that seems in disorder and you don't know whom to believe or how to do. Furthermore, most jokes are boring and some even go too far, but they often cause trouble or anger. The rest think people just play jokes; don't too serious. 答案：第二句：has 后加 been; opinion→opinions 第三句：thought→think; specially→special 第四句：many→much 第五句：that→whether/if 第六句：去掉 that; how→what 第七句：but→so 第八句：don't 后加 be 高考研究课 从命题角度上探究语法填空、短文改错的考查点 一、基础保分课(第 1～5 讲) ——这些语法较简单，以练促学把分捡 第 1 讲 名词、冠词和代词 对应学生用书 P15 [语法项目(一) 名词] [自主练悟](语法填空) 1．名词的单复数 ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ________ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum — she never suspects. 分析：“every few＋复数名词”意思是“每隔……”。故应用 days。 ②(2016·四川高考)Any smell might attract natural ________ (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda. 分析：天敌不止一个，故用复数形式 enemies。 ③(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ________ (painting)． 分析：考查名词的单复数。因为该词由 so many 修饰，所以用复数形式，故填 paintings。 2．名词的所有格 (2016·昆明第一中学适应性训练)Engelbart, the inventor of the computer mouse, developed the mouse in the 1960s as a useful tool to assist the computer, obtaining a patent for it long before the ________ (mouse) widespread use. 分析：此处表示“鼠标的广泛应用”应用所有格形式，故用 mouse's。 [规律总结] 1．名词单复数的变化规则 (1)名词复数的规则变化 ①一般在名词词尾直接加 s。 friend(朋友)→friends；nation(国家)→nations；interest(兴趣)→interests； change(变化)→changes；member(成员)→members；painting(油画)→paintings ②词尾是 s, x, ch, sh 时一般加 es。 bus 公共汽车→buses；fox 狐狸→foxes；coach 教练→coaches；bush 灌木丛→bushes 注意：stomach(胃部)的复数形式是在词尾直接加 s。 ③词尾是辅音字母＋y 时，变 y 为 ies；词尾是元音字母＋y 时，直接加 s。 enemy 敌人→enemies；hobby 业余爱好→hobbies；difficulty 困难→difficulties； guy 家伙→guys；key 钥匙→keys ④词尾是 f 或 fe 时，多将 f 或 fe 变为 ves。 shelf 架子→shelves；knife 刀子→knives；wolf 狼→wolves；housewife 家庭主妇 →housewives ⑤词尾是 o 的词，以辅音字母＋o 结尾，直接加 es；以元音字母加 o 结尾，直接加 s。 tomato 番茄→tomatoes；potato 土豆→potatoes；zoo 动物园→zoos；radio 收音机 →radios 注意：外来词 piano 与缩略词 photo 直接加 s。 (2)名词复数的不规则变化 ①单复数同形的名词： sheep 绵羊；deer 鹿；aircraft 飞行器；Chinese 中国人；Japanese 日本人；means 手段；works 工厂；series 系列 ②自身有特殊变化的名词： child 孩子→children；man 男人→men；woman 女人→women；tooth 牙→teeth；foot 脚 ； 英 尺 →feet； mouse 老 鼠 →mice ； criterion 标 准 →criteria ； phenomenon 现 象 →phenomena；medium 传播媒介→media 2．名词所有格的变化规则 (1)一般情况下在名词词尾加's my uncle's new job；my sister's piano；children's books (2)以 s 或 es 结尾，直接在其后加“'” my parents' hope；the factories' workers [语法项目(二) 冠词] [自主练悟](语法填空) 1．不定冠词 ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for ________ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy. 分析：for a while 是固定搭配，意为“片刻，一会儿”。故答案为 a。 ②(2016·哈尔滨第一中学模拟)It is ________ good idea never to compete but to do your best to improve at your own rate. 分析：句意：从不与别人比而是按照自己的速度尽力提高是个好主意。此处表示泛指， 应用不定冠词。故填 a。 ③ (2016· 哈 尔 滨 市 第 六 中 学 模 拟 )People aren't used to making ________ unprepared chat with a stranger. 分析：句意：人们不习惯与陌生人作毫无准备的谈话。此处表示泛指，unprepared 以 元音开头，故填 an。 ④(2016·贵阳市模拟)And all of ________ sudden, there they were — two beautiful, tiny little girls holding hands! 分析：all of a sudden 为固定搭配，意为“突然”。故填 a。 2．定冠词 ①(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even ________ most modern of architects and engineers. 分析：考查冠词。根据句意可知此处为形容词最高级，故应在 most 前加 the。 ② (2014· 全 国 卷 Ⅰ )Now, years later, this river is one of ________ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup. 分析：在形容词最高级前用定冠词。故填 the。 ③(2014·广东高考)She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on ________ top floor. 分析：特指“在顶楼”应用定冠词。故填 the。 ④(2016·济宁市模拟)Later, Hongbao developed into more general best wishes and a blessing on ________ young. 分析：定冠词 the 与形容词连用表示一类人。故填 the。 ⑤(2016·黑龙江省实验中学模拟)They may have wanted to hurt you or they just don't see things in ________ same way. 分析：the same 为固定搭配。故填 the。 ⑥(2016·福建省普通高中毕业班质检)My parents had moved to England from India during ________ 1970s. 分析：表示年代时应用定冠词 the。故填 the。 [规律总结] 1．不定冠词 (1)不定冠词 a/an 放在单数可数名词前，泛指一个人或一个事物；也可表示“某一个”， 相当于 a certain；还可表示“每……”，多用于速度、价格等表达中。 (2)不定冠词有两种形式，当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为辅音音素(注意：不是辅音字母) 时用 a；当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为元音音素(注意：不是元音字母)时用 an。 (3)具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。 如 a success“一个成功的人或一件成功的事”。 (4)不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如 for a while, all of a sudden, as a result, a waste of 等。 (5)“a(n)＋序数词”表示“又一，再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常，很”。 2．定冠词 (1)定冠词 the 特指某人或某物。 (2)在最高级或序数词前面或由 only, very, same 等修饰的名词前面用定冠词 the。 (3)定冠词 the 和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。如 the injured“伤者”。 (4)定冠词 the 用在姓氏复数前，表示全家人或夫妻俩。如 the Greens 表示“格林一家” 或“格林夫妇”。 (5)用在年代或用于逢十的数词前。如 in the thirties“在三十年代”。 [语法项目(三) 代词] [自主练悟](语法填空) 1．人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by ________ (it) mother. 分析：mother 是名词，故此处填 it 的形容词性物主代词 its。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)A few hours before, I'd been at home in Hong Kong, with ________ (it) choking smog. 分析：考查形容词性物主代词。因为 smog 是名词，所以需要用 it 的形容词性物主代词 形式，故填 its。 ③(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh dear! It's ________ ( I )．” 分析：此处 I 如果指前面的 suitcase，此处应使用名词性物主代词 mine；如指前面的 anyone，此处应用 I 的宾格形式 me。故应填 mine/me。 ④(2016·山东省实验中学一模)Later, I received a cassette from ________， in which he recorded his apology. 分析：句意：后来，我从他那里收到了磁带，其中他录下了他的道歉。 由后面的 he 和 his 可判定此处填 him。 ⑤(2016·东北三省四市模拟) Love, wealth and opportunities — parents today do ________ (they) best to leave possessions for their kids, whether they are rich or poor. 分析：表示“尽全力”用 do one's best，故填 their。 ⑥(2016·威海市二模)At nineteen, he decided to devote ________ (he) to music. 分析：前面的主语是 he，宾语也是 he，故填反身代词 himself。 ⑦(2016·青岛市一模)In the winter of 1891, a certain college was having some trouble with ________ (it) boy students. 分析：根据句意可知，此处表示“这所大学的男生”，故用形容词性物主代词 its。 2．替代词和不定代词 ①(2015·福建高考)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but ________ contained any useful suggestions. 分析：根据空前的 but 可知本题前后两部分为转折关系，前半部分说“以这个调查为基 础，研究团队做了两个报告”，故后半部分意思应为“两个报告都不包含任何有用的建议”。 故填 neither。 ②(2016·沈阳市模拟)In comparison with the national average, Brighton has nearly a third more health food stores and personal trainers than ________ in any other city in Britain. 分析：than 后为替代词，指代前面的 health food stores and personal trainers， 应用复数形式。故填 those。 ③(2016·嘉峪关市一中模拟)I don't know whether the young man actually used the money for his breakfast or for ________ purposes. 分析：此处表示“用于他的早餐或用于别的目的”，故填 other。 ④(2016·银川九中一模)Feeling that I could not stand waiting in such a line any longer, I decided to join ________ one. 分析：表示“另外的一个”用 another。 3．it 的用法 ①(2014·辽宁高考)Raise your leg and let ________ stay in the air for seconds. 分析：根据句意可知此处应该填入指代 leg 的代词。句意：抬起腿，让它(it)在空中停 一会儿。故填 it。 ②(2016·山西阳泉模拟)So ________ is no wonder that the building was named the UK's worst building. 分析：it's no wonder that ...为固定句式，意为“难怪……”，故填 it。 ③(2016·石家庄市一模)________ is a must to get the hang of the theme if you want to fully appreciate the novel. 分析：此处 it 作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语，故填 It。 ④(2016·银川一中一模)Parents often find ________ difficult to win their children's trust and they always forget how they themselves felt when young. 分析：此处 it 作形式宾语，不定式短语作真正的宾语，故填 it。 ⑤(2016·宁大附中模拟) I will appreciate ________ if you give me a hand to solve the problems. 分析：I will appreciate it if ...为固定用法，意为“如果……，我将不胜感激”。 故填 it。 [规律总结] 1．人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 (1)人称代词第三人称的主格(he, she, it, they)与宾格(him, her, it, them)常指代 前文出现的人或物。 (2)形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)在句中作定语，常表示 物体的所属；而名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs)在句中可 以作主语、宾语和表语，但不可以作定语。 (3)反身代词(myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者，可以在句中作宾语、表语和同位语。 2．替代词和不定代词 (1)替代词 that，one 与 it tha t 可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，指代单数可数名词相当于 the one。其复数形式为 those，相当于 the ones one 指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为 ones it 特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物 (2)不定代词 both, all, either, any, neither, none 都 任何 一个 都不(全 部否定) 部分否定 两者 both either neither＝ not either both 和 not 连用 三者或 all any none＝ all 和 not 连用 三者以上 not any (3)不定代词 the other, other, another, others the other the other 可单独使用，特指两个人或物中的“另一个”；也可修饰名词表示“另 外的……” other other 不能单独使用，只能修饰名词，表示泛指意义 another 可单独使用，也可修饰名词，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代 替或修饰单数可数名词。另外 another 后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”形式， 表示“另外的……(多少)” others 单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与 some 一起出现；特 指“其他的全部人或事物”时用 the others 3．it 的用法 (1)it 可指代前面提到的同一个人或物，也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对 象；还指代环境、情形、时间、地点、距离、天气、季节、度量衡单位等。 (2)it 可作形式主语或形式宾语，用来指代不定式、动词ing 形式或从句，而把真正的 主语或宾语后置。 (3)表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词后面接 it，构成一些固定结构，这类动词有 like, love, hate, dislike, appreciate 等。 (4)it 常用于一些固定搭配中，如 it is no wonder that “难怪……”；make it“成 功；确定时间为……”；when it comes to ...“当提到……”等。 [课堂巩固训练] [单句语法填空] 一、名词专练 1．(2017·山东省临沂市质检)I was always checking the time and thinking of future plans (plan)． 2．(2016·哈尔滨第三中学模拟)Who choose to be happy must help others to find happiness (happy), for the welfare of each is bound up with the welfare of all. 3．(2016·大庆实验中学模拟)I hear Mike is likely to win all the prizes (prize) in the exams this year. 4．And now I try my best to make a good preparation (prepare) for it. 5．(2016·汕头二模) Without the proper treatment, minor injuries (injury) or burns could lead to more suffering and even loss of lives. 6．To talk before the whole class, he was terribly shy. However, he had no other choice/choices (choose), though. 7．(2017·陕西师大附中模拟)People living in different countries have made different kinds of words (word). 8．(2016·山东青岛一模) They were the kind that I did not have in my collection (collect) so I placed them carefully in my bag. 9．(2016·银川一中模拟)Every country shares things in common: we value family, cherish health, and celebrate large festivals (festival). 10．(2016·广东省揭阳市第二次模拟)Mike was dying to apply for a new job, but he was unconfident of himself, for he thought of himself as a failure (fail) and unworthy of success. 二、冠词专练 1．(2016·陕西师大附中模拟)When you meet a new word, look it up in your dictionary. 2．(2016·银川一中第一次模拟考试) If your parents see that you have a high sense of responsibility, they will give you the right to do what you want to do. 3．(2017·石家庄市高中毕业班模拟)Make sure that as you read, you make a quick note of what happens in each chapter. 4．(2016·吉林省实验中学模拟)He became one of the most popular stars of American television. 5．Many are afraid the government's“nocheating” policy may hurt their chances of entering a university. 6．(2016·平顶山调研考试)You can always keep yourself interested and it can help you have an enjoyable time if you like reading. 7．(2016·东北师大附中模拟)They consider it as a useful tool. 8．Most seriously, relying on smart phones to make friends does not give us the same advantage as making new friends in the real world. 9．(2016·江西师大附中模拟) For your generation to live in a better world, there is so much more our generation can do. 10．The first time I stood in front of a large group of students to give a speech, I felt a little nervous. 三、代词专练 1．(2016·青岛一模) My feet had hardly touched the sandy bottom when the two men jumped down, one on each side of me (I)． 2．I love cigarette because it makes me feel good and relaxed. 3．(2016·天水市一中模拟)He raised six children by himself after his wife died. 4．(2016·宁大附中模拟)Don't take it for granted that he can agree with your opinion completely. 5. This is 18yearold Musa Bockarie's story about how first aid saved his (he) life. 6．(2016·吉林省五校联考) You can also listen to its (it) “English words radio” feature while you're walking. 7．During the rush hour, I have been looking for a taxi but haven't found one yet. 8．(2016·山西省八所重点中学适应性考试)Attached to its (it) halter is a small, coppercolored bell assisting the blind friend to follow him. 9．(2016·东北三省四市教研联合体模拟)Nowadays the universities are totally different from those of the past. 10．(2016·日照一中模拟)My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me ( I ) until the bus arrived. [单句改错] 一、名词专练 1．My favorite sport is badminton, which brings me much happy. happy→happiness 2．But I think you can make it if you can follow the advices below.advices→advice 3．Besides, lots of accidents with cyclists often happen because of crowded street.street→streets 4．The farmer would lift a pig up to a nearby apples tree.apples→apple 5．Another reason why we should never give up is that we can learn from our mistake if we try hard to do something new.mistake→mistakes 6．I always have enough food to eat, a big room to live in, and beautiful cloth to wear. cloth→clothes 7 ． Firstly, it makes you look for more informations about your favorite scientists on the Internet or in the library.informations→information 8．We need to take action to develop a sound system that advocates good behavior and keep all necessary requirements in minds.minds→mind 9．Billy and I are good friends.I have some pictures of Billy's. Look at this one, how sweet he is smiling！Billy's→Billy 10．Postman Sam got present and money from the people for whom he had worked when he retired last week.present→presents 二、冠词专练 1．This is a third year that I have been in this school.a→the 2．With quiet place like this, I can relax myself well.quiet 前加 a 3．After eating two bananas, my son asked for the third one.the→a 4．We will regard it as a honor if you could attend the conference.a→an 5．We all need the clean world to live in, so we should do something to stop the pollution.第一个 the→a 6．All of a sudden, the passengers on the board let out screams, running upstairs like crazy. 去掉 board 前的 the 7．To tell the truth, he is at the loss what to do currently.第二个 the→a 8．To be honest, it is the most difficult problem indeed, but it is not the hardest in Book Three. 第一个 the→a 9．The report said that a bus went out of control on a high way the south of the city and rushed into a river. 去掉 south 前面的 the 10．My aunt, as an easygoing old lady, did give us surprise when she lost her temper at the family party yesterday.surprise 前加 a 三、代词专练 1．Mine own experience can serve as a case in point.Mine→My 2．I think I can improve me a lot in this way, because where there is a will, there is a way.me→myself 3．As time goes on, people will know yourself better and be willing to make friends with you. yourself→you 4．For quite a number of children, their teachers' advice is more acceptable than one of their parents'. one→that 5．When I have a better idea, I will choose to stick to them.them→it 6 ． Without a healthy body, you cannot do everything even if you are a millionaire.everything→anything 7．To my relief, there was something seriously wrong with me.something→nothing 8．I tell him everything, for he is a good friend of me.me→mine 9．Through these activities, we can broaden us horizons and learn about western culture. us→our 10．Although he majored in art and literature in college, he had little interest in neither subject.neither→either 第 2 讲 形容词、副词、介词和并列连词 对应学生用书 P19 [语法项目(一) 形容词、副词] [自主练悟](语法填空) 1．形容词、副词的比较等级 ①(2014·全国卷Ⅰ) Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is ________ (clean) than ever. 分析：考查形容词的比较级。分析句子结构，根据空后的 than 可知空白处应该填提示 词的比较级形式。故填 cleaner。 ②(2016·齐齐哈尔市模拟)Exercise can help you lose more weight and look ________ (good)． 分析：and 连接两个并列成分，前面为比较级，后面也应为比较级。故填 better。 ③(2016·长春市实验中学模拟)In each case, the weight of the glass doesn't change, but the ________ (long) I hold it, the heavier it becomes. 分析：考查“the more ..., the more ...”的句式。故填 longer。 ④(2016·威海市模拟)But that didn't prevent the boy from becoming one of the ________ (great) composers of all time. 分析：根据 one of 可知是表示“最……之一”，应用最高级。故填 greatest。 ⑤(2016·贵阳市第一中学模拟)After about a month in the hospital, my sisters came home. I was the ________ (happy) brother in the world! 分析：此处表示“最幸福的哥哥”，应用最高级。故填 happiest。 2．词类转换 ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ________ (regular)． 分析：考查词类转换。空格处修饰动词短语“take short breaks”，故用副词。故答 案为 regularly。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which ________ (gradual) turned into chopsticks. 分析：此处应用副词修饰动词，故填 gradually。 ③(2016·四川高考)Chinese scientists ________ (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby. 分析：根据句中结构可知，此处应用副词作状语。故填 recently。 ④(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat ________ (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house. 分析：根据空格前的“give out that heat”可知，这里应使用副词修饰动词短语，故 填 slowly。 ⑤(2016·吉林省实验中学模拟)They invited all the most ________ (experience) experts in this field to discuss and quite a few suggestions were put forward. 分析：此处表示“最有经验的专家”，应用形容词形式。故填 experienced。 ⑥(2016·河北省衡水中学模拟)Due to the hard training they had done before, their performances were very ________ (impress)． 分析：在系动词后面表示“使人印象深刻的”应用形容词形式。故填 impressive。 [规律总结] 1．形容词、副词的比较等级 (1)形容词、副词比较等级的规则变化 ①一般在词尾加er 和est strong→stronger→strongest; great→greater→greatest ②以字母 e 结尾只加r 和st late→later→latest; brave→braver→bravest ③以一个字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写这个辅音字母，再加er 和est hot→hotter→hottest; thin→thinner→thinnest ④以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，将 y 变为 i 再加er 和est；但以“元音字母＋y”结 尾的词直接加er 和est early→earlier→earliest; angry→angrier→angriest; gray→grayer→grayest ⑤其他双音节词和多音节词，在其前加 more 和 most interesting→more interesting→most interesting ； convenient→more convenient→most convenient (2)形容词、副词比较等级的不规则变化 good/well→better→best; bad/badly→worse→worst; many/much→more→most; little→less→least; far→farther/further→farthest/furthest (3)比较等级的常见句型 ①两者比较，用“比较级＋than”表示 ②表示“两者之间较……的那个”用“the＋比较级＋n.＋of the two＋n.” ③表示“越……，就越……”用“the＋比较级，the＋比较级” ④as＋adj./adv.原级＋as ...表示“和……一样” ⑤not as/so＋adj./adv.原级＋as ...表示“不如……” ⑥否定词＋比较级＝最高级 2．词类转换 (1)词类转换的类型 ①当所给词为形容词时，除了比较等级外，需要考虑是否转化为副词。 ②当所给词为名词或动词时，有时需要考虑是否转化为形容词。 (2)“形容词＋ly”构成副词的规则 ①一般情况加ly quick→quickly; immediate→immediately ②以“辅音字母＋y”结尾，将 y 改为 i 然后加ly happy→happily; busy→busily ③以le 结尾，去掉 e 加y simple→simply; gentle→gently ④以ic 结尾，加ally basic→basically; scientific→scientifically [语法项目(二) 介词] [自主练悟](语法填空) 1．介词的基本用法 ①(2016· 全 国 卷 Ⅲ) In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ________ their hands. 分析：eat with their hands“用手抓饭吃”。with 表示“用”。 ②(2016·四川高考)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years. 分析：“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。故 填 for。 ③(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away ________ car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city. 分析：乘坐交通工具可用 by 表达，而且名词原形前不用冠词。故填 by。 ④(2016·银川市模拟)________ the festival, people gather in open air, such as playgrounds or parking lots, and energetically have fun with each other all night long, as though they were never tired. 分析：“节日那一天”是一个具体的日子，表示在具体的某一天应用介词 on。故填 On。 ⑤(2016·青海省西宁市联考)He sat down ________ an empty table and waited for someone to take his order. 分析：句意：他坐在一个空桌旁，等候着有人来问他点什么菜。at a table 表示“在 桌旁”，故填 at。 ⑥(2016·山东师大附中模拟)When playing Chinese board game Go, players obtain the opponent's pieces ________ surrounding them. 分析：by doing sth.表示“通过做某事”，故填 by。 ⑦(2016·丹东市总复习测试)When Monday came, she arrived at school in Colorado, only to be told that her new hair style was ________ the school rules. 分析：此处说她的新发型不符合学校的规定。应填 against 表示“违背”。 ⑧(2016·平顶山市调研)Another good reason ________ reading books is that it is useful. 分析：在 reason 后面用 for 表示“……的原因”，故填 for。 ⑨(2016·长春外国语学校模拟)Nowadays, ________ the development of technology, online shopping is becoming more and more convenient. 分析：with the development of“随着……的发展”，with 表示“随着”，故填 with。 2．介词的固定搭配 ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ) But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on the TV show in the mid1980s, ... 分析：考查固定搭配中的介词。go back to 为固定搭配，意为“追溯到……”。故答 案为 to。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; ________ the same time, they warm up again for the night. 分析： at the same time 意为“同时”，是一个固定词组。故填 at。 ③(2015·广东高考)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby ________ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left. 分析：此处为固定搭配 exchange ...for ...。故填 for。 ④(2016· 广 西 桂 林 中 学 模 拟 )White fat stores extra energy, which results ________ weight gain. 分析：句意：白色脂肪含有额外的能量，会导致肥胖。result in“导致”，故填 in。 ⑤(2016·辽宁省部分重点高中协作校模拟)________ my view, Emma is as smart as the role she played. 分析：句意：以我来看，Emma 和她扮演的角色一样聪明。in one's view“以某人的观 点来看”，故填 In。 ⑥(2016·大庆实验中学模拟)Perhaps, recently I was busy ________ some little things both in family and work so I was completely tired. 分析：be busy with 为固定搭配，意为“忙于”。故填 with。 ⑦(2016·抚顺市模拟)In Beijing, many people suffer different kinds of illnesses because ________ air pollution. 分析：because of 为固定短语，意为“因为，由于”，故填 of。 [规律总结] 1．几组常见介词的辨析 (1)表示时间的 at, on 和 in 意义 短语 at 表示某个时间点、时刻等 at midnight“在半夜”； at sunrise/sunset“在日出/日落” on 表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上 午、下午、晚上 on a rainy night“在一个雨夜”； on Christmas Eve“在平安夜” in 表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、 月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等 in December“在十二月”； in the morning“在上午” (2)表示时间的 in 和 after 意义 比较 in 表示“在……时间之内/之后”，所在的 句中必须表示将来。 He will be back in an hour. 他一小时后就回来。 He came back after an hour. 他一小时后回来了。 after 表示“在……时间之后”，通常“after ＋时间段”与过去时连用，“after＋时 间点”与将来时连用。 (3)表示方位的 through, across 和 over 意义 短语 through 表 示 “ 从 …… 的 内 部 穿 过” through the forest“从森林穿过” across 表示“从……表面穿过” across the desert“穿过沙漠” over 表 示 “ 从 …… 的 上 面 越 过” jump over the fence“跨过篱笆墙” (4)表示方位的 in, on 和 to 意义 比较 in 表示 “在……范围内” Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国东部。(在……范围外) Beijing lies in the north of China. 北京位于中国北部。(在……范围内) Mongolia, which lies on/to the north of China, is a beautiful country. 位于中国北部的蒙古，是一个美丽的国家。(毗 邻，接壤/在……范围外) on 表示“毗 邻，接壤” to 表示 “在……范围外” (5)表示交通方式的 by, on 和 in 意义 短语 by 后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的 名词，名词前不加冠词 by sea, by air, by bike, by car, by train on/in 后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、 物主代词、指示代词等修饰语 on one's bike, in one's car (6)表示支持、反对的介词 against 和 for 意义 比较 against 意为“反对”，此外还表示“倚靠着； 逆着；以……为背景”等 Are you for the proposal or against it? 你支持这项提议还是反对？for 表示“支持，赞成”，还可表示原因、 目的等 2．其他常见的介词(with, beyond, over) (1)with 的主要含义有：(表示关系)和……一起；(表示状态)具有，带有；(表示伴随) 随着；(表示方式)用……；凭借……；(表示原因)由于，因为 Would you like to go to the theater with me? 你愿意和我一起去剧院吗？ With time going by, they have grown into big boys and big girls. 随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。 (2)beyond 的主要含义有：(表示位置)在……另一边，在……更远处；(表示程度)超出， 非……所能及 The small village is 20 miles beyond the town. 这个小村庄离城镇二十英里。 Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story. 听了她感人的故事后，每个人都被感动得无以言表。 (3)over 的主要含义有：(表示位置)在……的正上方，在……的上面；(表示方向)越过； (表示等级或数目)高于，在……之上，超过；(表示时间或过程)在……期间 The airplane flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance. 飞机飞过山头，消失在了远方。 I'm sorry I didn't phone you, but I've been very busy over the past couple of weeks. 对不起，我没有给你打电话，但我在过去的两周里一直很忙。 3．固定搭配中的介词 介词在固定搭配中的考查主要有以下几种形式：①介词与名词的搭配；②介词与动词的 搭配；③介词与形容词的搭配。近几年语法填空题考过的搭配有：at the same time, at a lower price, go back to, be focused on, exchange ... for ..., be charged for, laugh at, next to 等。 [语法项目(三) 并列连词] [自主练悟](语法填空) 1．并列连词的基本用法 ①(2016·四川高考) It was time for her to have a new baby, ________ it was also time for the young panda to be independent. 分析：前后为并列关系，应用 and 连接。 ②(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ________ some of them looked very anxious and disappointed. 分析：结合前后句可知，此处是并列关系，故填并列连词 and。 ③(2016·山东省实验中学诊断性考试)When you smile not only do you feel happy, ________ you also bring a ray of light into the lives of others. 分析：考查 not only ...but also ... “不仅……而且……”，故填 but。 ④(2016·西宁市三校联考)You can even get success, ________ you'll never get it if you wait for someone to bring it to you. 分析：前后为转折关系，故用 but。 ⑤(2016·新余市模拟)Her mother was often ill, ________ from the age of two her father took her with him to work and taught her about stocks and shares. 分析：前后为因果关系，故用 so。 2．并列连词的常用句式 ①(2015·广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass ________ it began to rain heavily. 分析：考查固定句式。be doing ... when ...“正在做……，突然/这时……”。故填 when。 ②(2016·山西省八校联考)Looking back, I know the greatest difficulty on our way to success is our fear. Overcome it, ________ we will be able to achieve our goals. 分析：考查“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”。后句句意：克服它，我们就能够达到我们的 目标。前后为顺承关系，故用 and。 [规律总结] 1．并列连词的基本类型 (1)表示并列或递进关系的有：and, both ... and ..., not only ... but also ... 等。 (2)表示选择关系的有：or, either ... or ...，not ... but ...等。 (3)表示转折或对比关系的有：but, while 等。 (4)表示因果关系的有：so, for 等。 2．并列连词的常用句式 (1)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句。当表示顺承关系时用 and，表示转折关系时用 or。 Work hard, or you will fail. 努力工作，否则你会失败。 (2)when 构成的句式：①sb. was doing sth. when ... “某人正在做某事，这时……” ②sb. was about to do sth. when ...“某人正要做某事，这时……” We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain. 我们正要出发，这时下雨了。 [课堂巩固训练] [单句语法填空] 一、形容词、副词专练 1．(2016·长春外国语学校质检)He was unhappy to see the customer walk out of the restaurant angrily (angry)． 2．I had the meanest (mean) mother in the world. 3．(2015·广东高考)Luckily (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. 4．Do you think that I'm fatter (fat) than before? 5．(2016·大庆实验中学训练)No matter who you are or how strong you are, you're certain to be weak in front of natural (nature) law. 6．First, honesty is the easiest (easy) choice that we can make. 7．(2016·哈尔滨第一中学模拟)The most important part of yoga is to breathe slowly and deeply (deep)． 8．Olivia has always dreamed of doing something to make the world's future even brighter (bright). 9．(2016·山东师大附中模拟)Staying healthy (health) while traveling can help to ensure your trip is a happy and enjoyable one. 10．(2016·银川一中模拟)Another possible reason is that on average, the British people don't take themselves too seriously (serious). 二、介词专练 1．The game was played between two teams. 2．(2016·安徽安庆模拟) Even though our eyes are closed, they move rapidly from side to side. 3．Pluto, the former member of the solar system, is too far away to be seen with the aid of a powerful telescope. 4．(2016·温州十校联考) Thanks to electronic mail, today you can send a letter halfway around the world in seconds simply by pressing a button. 5．(2016·哈尔滨第六中学模拟)On the contrary, we laugh and talk during a meal. 6．(2016·长春外国语学校质检)One thing which really upset George was that a customer complained about/of the food and sent it back to the kitchen to be done over. 7．So, if we can change our attitude to/towards things in the world, we can certainly adjust our emotions. 8．I feel interested in the report on middle school students' using cellphones on campus. In fact, more students now come to school with cellphones. 9．(2016·哈尔滨第一中学模拟) In this way, yoga helps reduce mental stress. 10．(2016·西工大附中适应性训练)When I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back at the girl, who was giving me the most optimistic, largest smile I had ever seen. 三、并列连词专练 1．(2016·江西红色七校联考) The young man wanted to help the dog, but as he approached, the dog started to bark. 2．(2016·东营市模拟) During the first three years children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school. 3．I really wanted to help, but wasn't sure if I could this time. 4．(2016·银川市质检) Some watch TV or go to the cinema. Others take part in sports. 5．(2016·青岛模拟) They quickly gave me the gun and asked me if I had heard the tiger. 6．Between February 21st and March 4th, carnival hits the streets. 7．I hope he will realize his goal, too. But I think he works too hard. 8．(2016·东北三省三校联合模拟)We were walking when I heard a voice behind me. 9．(2016·日照市模拟)You can retake the test many times as you wish, but you cannot take it more than once in a 12day period. 10．(2016·重庆市适应性测试)However, enlarging the stomach improperly may lead to permanent damage, so/and such training must be taken seriously. [单句改错] 一、形容词、副词专练 1 ． He used to be extreme shy but now he can talk freely to anyone he meets.extreme→extremely 2．The more he explained, the much confused I became.much→more 3．Not surprising, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture. surprising→surprisingly 4．Traffic tools are bad needed during May Day holiday.bad→badly 5．When he looked up, he suddenly found himself surrounded by a group of teenagers, who looked at him anxious.anxious→anxiously 6．This book isn't as cheaper as that one.cheaper→cheap 7．The Yellow River is the second longer river in China.longer→longest 8．Anyway, I'll get used to living here and hope everything will be more better soon. 去掉 more 或 more→much 9．At school, all the teachers work very hardly, encouraging us to build up our confidence. hardly→hard 10．Remember that three regular meals a day as well as a balance diet is essential for us.balance→balanced 二、介词专练 1．Sitting in front of TV all day does harm for our eyes and wastes our time.for→to 2．They are usually curious when they first arrive a foreign country.arrive 后加 in 3．In the morning of last Saturday, we went to visit a big factory in our town. In→On 4．With an old man leading the way, the scientists walked across the thick forest.across→through 5．More and more highrise buildings have been built in big cities in lack of space.第二个 in→for 6．At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.At→On/Upon 7 ． Then they talked about what they had done since they graduated a university.graduated 后加 from 8．The ice is too thin for us to skate. skate 后加 on 9．We must pay attention to the use our body makes the food.makes 后加 of 10．She fixed all the radios besides the smallest one, because there were no parts for it.besides→except 三、并列连词专练 1．Everyone was scared of her, and in fact her heart was soft. and→but 2．One morning, Mr. Green was about to take a walk while he received a call, saying that his daughter was coming at 3 o'clock by air.while→when 3．By doing so, I can not only share good ideas with others and also learn to express myself clearly. and→but 4．Although we were exhausted, but we felt fulfilled on our way back home. 去掉 but 5．I was fed up with it, and I couldn't make her stop. and→but 第 3 讲 情态动词和助动词(避免写作低级失分的语法项目) 对应学生用书 P23 情态动词和助动词在语法填空中鲜有考查，但在学生写作中经常用到，对于有些学生来 说情态动词和助动词是掌握的难点，在写作中经常犯低级错误而造成不应有的失分，因此在 二轮备考中应加强对这一部分的学习。 一、情态动词的失分点 (一)情态动词＋do(单句改错) ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)You can correcting any mistakes you find in them. correcting→correct ②(2016·北京高考书面表达)Interested in knowing more? I can found you some books! Just let me know.found→find ③(2016·江苏高考书面表达)Therefore, rules should worked out and strictly observed. should 后加 be ④(2016·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)I should available any time after school next week.should 后加 be ⑤(2016·北京高考书面表达)As for my favorite figure in Chinese history, it must Wei Yuan, a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty. must 后加 be [易错提醒] 情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和后面的实义动词或 be 动词一起构成谓语。写作时， 学生常由于低级失误而在情态动词后接动词的过去式、过去分词或现在分词；或者由于受汉 语的影响而漏掉情态动词后面的 be 动词。 (二)情态动词＋have done(单句改错) ①(2016·浙江高考单选改编)George can't have go too far. His coffee is still warm.go→gone ②(2015·福建高考单选改编)—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again. —Oh, it's too bad.You should made full preparations.made 前加 have ③(2015·天津高考单选改编)I needn't worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.worried 前加 have ④(2014·陕西高考单选改编)My book, The House of Hades, is missing. Who could taken it？taken 前加 have [易错提醒] 情态动词后跟完成时主要指过去，包括对过去的推测、表达遗憾、表示责备等。做题时， 学生会忽视情态动词之后的完成时而误用一般时，或者知道该用完成时而漏掉 have。 [题组练通] Ⅰ.单句改错(短文改错中的常考点) 1．We could have face the difficulty together, but why didn't you tell me？ face→faced 2．The climate in the south can pretty cold in winter.can 后加 be 3．Life is unpredictable; even the poorest may to become the richest.去掉 to 4 ． We needn't bought so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner.bought_前加 have 5．You couldn't have saw him just now. He has been abroad for nearly a month.saw→seen 6．You should come to the meeting. What was the reason for your absence？come 前加 have 7．You could done it better, but you didn't try your best.done 前加 have 8．No one could more generous; he has a heart of gold.could 后加 be 9．Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He must have drank too much at the party last night.drank→drunk 10．I love the weekend, because I needn't to get up early on Saturdays and Sundays. 去掉 to Ⅱ.补全句子(书面表达中的失误点) 1．我们应该采取措施与污染作斗争。 We should_take_some_measures to fight against pollution. 2．在我们的学习中，压力是不可避免的。 In our studies, pressure cannot_be__avoided. 3．毫无疑问我会取得好的成绩。 There is no doubt that I will_get_good_grades. 4．昨晚一定下雨了，因为路很泥泞。 It must_have_rained last night, for the ground is quite muddy. 5．你本不必打车来这里的，因为这里离我家很近。 You needn't_have_taken a taxi here, for it was near my home. 二、助动词的失分点 (一)do, does, did(单句改错) ①(2015·浙江高考书面表达)Without hesitation, I decided to follow them and we did had lots of fun that day. had→have ②What you always have for breakfast？you 前加 do ③She doesn't her homework in the morning but in the evening.doesn't 后加 do ④Not until the man blocked her way she notice him.way 后加 did [易错提醒] 助动词 do/does/did 主要帮助构成疑问句、否定句及部分倒装。助动词 do/does/did 后只能跟动词原形，助动词不能用作实义动词。 (二)be, being, been(单句改错) ①All the invitation must sent out today.must 后加 be ②Great changes have been taken place in my hometown since the reform and opening. 去掉 been ③Food supplies in the floodstricken area are run out. We must act immediately before there's none left.are 后加 being 或 run→running [易错提醒] 助动词 be/being/been 主要帮助构成进行时、完成进行时和各种被动语态。需注意 be 虽然没有实际意义，但却是结构中不可缺少的。 (三)have, has, had(单句改错) ①My father has always go to work by bike since then.go→gone ②It has raining every day this month.has 后加 been ③I met him often since I moved here.met 前加 have ④When we got there the football match already started.already 前加 had [易错提醒] 助动词 have/has/had 主要是帮助构成完成时态和完成进行时态。需注意其构成形式 have/has/had done 和 have/has/had been doing。 [题组练通] Ⅰ.单句改错(短文改错中的常考点) 1．She had taught us English when I attended training courses two years ago. 去掉 had 2．This experience has been shown that traveling by train actually is the safest way of making journeys.去掉 been 3．The schoolleavers are called on to give away their being used books to the students in the lower grades.去掉 being 4． Only if do you obey the rules can you prevent your eyesight becoming shortsighted.去掉 do 5．The man returned the handbag after he made sure it was belonged to her. 去掉 was 6．He said the machine was not so good as he read from our advertisement in the newspaper bought two days before.read 前加 had 7．We often think insects to harmful.harmful 前加 be 8．For years I have interested in engineering.interested 前加 been 9．He pretended to reading when his mother came in.reading 前加 be 10．The meeting room cleaned by Mary every day.cleaned 前加 is Ⅱ.补全句子(书面表达中的失误点) 1．我惊奇地发现在乡村已经发生了巨大的变化。 I was surprised to see that great_changes_had_taken_place in the countryside. 2．我们应该尽我们所能防止环境受到污染。 We must try our best to prevent the environment from being_polluted. 3．人们筹集了大量的钱送到遭受水灾的难民手中。 Large quantities of money have_been_collected to be sent to the refugees in the flooded area. 4．直到河水被严重污染了，当地政府才意识到这个问题。 Not until the river was seriously polluted did_the_local_government_realize the problem. 5．我确实珍惜这个受教育的机会，总是把这个箴言当作座右铭。 I do_cherish_the_educational_opportunity and I always adopt the motto to serve as a reminder. 第 4 讲 特殊句式和主谓一致 对应学生用书 P25 [语法项目(一) 特殊句式(倒装句、强调句型和 there be 句型)] 特殊句式在高考语法填空和短文改错中考查较少，但是作为语法中的一个重点和难点， 我们应在备考中给予足够的重视。特殊句式的重要性主要体现在书面表达之中，它们基本上 都是高级句式，它们的应用对于提升文章的档次起着举足轻重的作用。 (一)倒装句的失分点(单句改错) ①(2016·江苏高考)Not until recently did they encouraged the development of touristrelated activities in the rural areas.encouraged→encourage ②(2015·天津高考)Only when Lily walked into the office she realize that she had left the contract at home.office 后加 did ③(2015·湖北高考)Into the complete silence of the waiting class did the teacher's sweet voice came, “Good morning, children.”come→came ④(2014·陕西高考)No sooner has Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.has→had [易错提醒] 1．不要把全部倒装误用作部分倒装。当 here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首时，句子 用全部倒装。 2．不要把部分倒装误用作全部倒装。可分为四个方面： (1)当 none, neither, nor, not, never, hardly, little, seldom 等否定词，以及 由 no 构成的否定短语如 at no time, by no means 等置于句首的部分倒装。 (2)当“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。 (3)在 so ... that ...句式中，当 so 位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。 (4)当 as/though 表示“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句时用部分倒装。 (二)强调句型的失分点(单句改错) ①(2016·天津高考)You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel where the coach picks up tourists.where→that 或去掉第二个 at ②(2015·重庆高考)Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century while his musical gift was fully recognized.while→that ③(2014·四川高考)Was it because Jack came late for school why Mr.Smith got angry？why→that [易错提醒] 不要把定语从句或状语从句与强调句型混淆。强调句型的判断方法是：去掉 It is/was 和 that/who 后句子结构依然完整。否则就不是强调句型。注意：被强调的是时间、地点或 原因状语时，一律应用 that。 (三)there be 句型的失分点(单句改错) ①There have some pieces of information that I'd like to share with you.have→are ②There is going to have a sports meet next week.have→be ③It is no need to get up early tomorrow.It→There [易错提醒] 1．不要把 there be 句型误用作 there have。无论 there be 句型怎样变形，但其宗旨 不变。例如表示“过去常有”应用 there used to be。 2．在一些固定句式中，不要把 there be 中的 there 与 it 相混淆。常见的 there be 句型有：There is no use/good/sense/point/need/doubt/possibility ...；但是注意 It is no wonder/use/good ...。 [题组练通] Ⅰ.单句改错(短文改错中的常考点) 1．(2016·湖南长郡中学等四校联考)There has a big library in our school.has_→is 2．(2016·成都二次诊断)It was just then when I began to worry about my safety.when→that 3．(2016·长春外国语学校质检)Only in this way the students improve their study efficiency.way 后加 can 4．It was three years ago when the English Club was born.when→that 5．(2016·哈尔滨市第三中学模拟)Once upon a time, it was a boy whose parents named him Odd (古怪的)．it→there 6．(2017·张家口市考前模拟)It was several years ago I watched Beijing Olympics badminton games.ago 后加 that 7．There have several advantages if you consult the persons you trust.have→are 8．It was my English teacher's encouragement who helped me out.who→that 9．(2016·海口市调研测试)It is no doubt that mothers play a vital role in their children's daily life.It→There 10．(2016·河南省八市重点高中质检)It was her advice which made me a better speaker and full of confidence.which→that Ⅱ.补全句子(书面表达中的失误点) 1．没必要为此担心，因为政府正在尽一切努力提供更多的工作岗位。 There_is_no_need__to_worry_about it as the government is now making every effort to provide more jobs. 2．(2015·湖南高考满分作文)我们学生只有以这种方式才能愉快、有效地学习。 Only in this way can_we_students_study_happily and effectively. 3．直到失去了健康我们才知道它的价值。 Not until we lose health do_we_know its value. 4．是我们的父母给了我们无条件的爱，这确实值得我们感激和报答。 It's_our_parents_who/that have devoted their unconditional love to us, which indeed deserves our appreciation and reward. 5．护士们不仅想要涨工资还想减少工作时间。 Not only do_the_nurses_want a pay increase, but they want reduced hours as well. Ⅲ.句型转换(书面表达中的增分点) 1．I realized the importance of English when I entered senior high school. →It_was_when_I_entered_senior_high_school_that_I_realized_the_importance_o f_English.(强调句型) 2．The children can grow up mentally and physically healthy only in this way. →Only_in_this_way_can_the_children_grow_up_mentally_and_physically_healthy. (倒装句) 3．She danced so well that everyone applauded warmly. →So_well_did_she_dance_that_everyone_applauded_warmly.(倒装句) 4．He not only made a promise, but also he kept it. →Not_only_did_he_make_a_promise,_but_also_he_kept_it.(倒装句) 5．You needn't worry about him as he is clever and experienced. →There_is_no_need_to_worry_about_him_as_he_is_clever_and_experienced.(ther e be 句型) [语法项目(二) 主谓一致] [自主练悟](语法填空) ①(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Yangshuo ________ (be) really beautiful. A study of travels conducted by the website TripAdviser names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. 分析：根据后文时态可知这里使用一般现在时，介绍客观情况，又因为 Yangshuo 是第 三人称单数，故填 is。 ②(2014·广东高考)We ________ (tell) that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week, but for the week after. 分析：主语是 we，再联系“that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week” 可知，空格后面是我们被告知的内容，因此要用一般过去时的被动语态。故填 were told。 ③(2016·长春市实验中学模拟)The stresses and worries that appear in life ________ (be) like that glass of water. 分析：此句的主语是 The stresses and worries，为复数形式。故填 are。 ④(2016·天水市一中模拟)The third Sunday of June — which ________ (fall) on June 19 this year is Father's Day. 分析：which 作为定语从句的引导词指代的是先行词 The third Sunday of June，为单 数形式，根据后文 is 可知用一般现在时。故填 falls。 ⑤(2016·银川二中模拟) Let them know that this project is important, and so ________ (be) working as team to get it done. 分析：and 后面的句子为倒装句，其主语是 working as team，为单数形式。故填 is。 ⑥(2016·大连市模拟)Neither the teacher nor his students ________ (know) how to work out the problem. 分析：neither ...nor ...结构为就近原则，his students 离谓语最近，故填 know。 ⑦(2016·南昌市模拟)Mr. Smith, together with his wife and children, ________ (be) going to visit Beijing next month. 分析：此句的主语是 Mr. Smith，而 together with his wife and children 为介词短 语作定语修饰主语。故填 is。有人把此种用法称之为“就远原则”。 [规律总结] 1．可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语 动词用复数。 2．在定语从句中，关系代词 that，who，which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中 先行词的数一致。 3．非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。但 what 引导的主语从句表 示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。 4．就近原则：由 either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ...but also ... 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。 5．就远原则：主语后跟有 with, together with, as well as, but, except, along with, rather than 等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。 [课堂巩固训练] 单句语法填空 1．(2016·西宁市三校联考)The only thing you can do is (be) to control your attitude. 2．(2016·宁大附中模拟) Wu Changhong, a Chinese who lives in Paris, said he heard the sounds of the police response at his office, which is (be) only 3 minutes' walk to the concert hall. 3．(2016·山东师大附中模拟)You may like reading novels for fun. But you need to get organized if you are reading a novel for school. Here are (be) a few tips. 4．(2016·银川一中模拟)One British characteristic that is famous is (be) their sense of humor, particularly selfmockery (自嘲). 5．(2016·西工大附中适应性训练)However, Americans always call people they meet friends, so there is (be) many a kind of friend — work friends, playing friends, school friends and drinking friends. Ⅱ.单句改错 1．It also help me understand the proverb “Practice makes perfect”．help→helps 2．Eating snacks are a bad habit and is also a waste of money. are→is 3．You are the most considerate person who know exactly what I need in our class.know→knows 4．There are green grass and colorful flowers everywhere.are→is 5．What you have gained are the result of your hard work. are→is 第 5 讲 构词法 对应学生用书 P27 正确运用构词法知识，是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。 英语中构词法主要可以分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识，不 仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力，更能够灵活运用到语法填空和短文改错对 于词性转换的考查当中。 [一、派生法] 在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法。加 在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀，加在词根之后的为后缀。 前 缀 1．表示否定意义的前缀 (1)un unhappy 不高兴的 unusual 不同寻常的 unfortunate 不幸的 unable 不能够的 uncomfortable 不舒服的 unfit 不合适的 (2)in invisible 看不见的 inconvenient 不方便的 incorrect 不正确的 informal 不正式的 inaccurate 不精确的 incurable 不可治愈的 incomplete 不完全的 (3)im impolite 不礼貌的 imperfect 不完美的 impossible 不可能的 immoral 不道德的 impractical 不实际的 improper 不合适的，不恰 当的 (4)il illegal 违法的 illogical 不合逻辑的 (5)ir irregular 不规则的 irrelevant 不相关的 irresponsible 不负责任的 (6)non nonstop 不停的，不间断的 nonprofit 非盈利的 nonviolent 非暴力的 nonverbal 非言语的 nonsmoker 不吸烟者 nonprofessional 非专业的 (7)dis dislike 不喜欢 disappear 消失 disapprove 不赞成 disagree 不同意 dishonest 不诚实的 disorder 紊乱，混乱 disadvantage 弊端，不利条件 2．表示其他意义的常见前缀 (1)a ……的 asleep 睡着的 alive 活着的 awake 醒着的，清醒的 (2)en 使…… enable 使能够 enrich 使丰富 enlarge 扩大，使变大 endanger 危及 encourage 鼓励 (3)re 再，又 retell 复述 review 复习 reunite 团聚 (4)mis 错误 misunderstand 误解 mislead 误导 misread 误读 (5)pre 在……之前 preview 预习 prereading 读前 prehistoric 史前的 (6)fore 在……前面 forehead 前额 foretell 预言 forecast 预测，预报 (7)over 过度的，过量的 overeat 过度食用 overbook 超额预订 overweight 超重 (8)inter 在……之间，互相 international 国际的 interact 互动 interpersonal 人际的 (9)trans 转变，变换 translate 翻译 transport 运输 transform 转变，改造 后 缀 1．形容词后缀 (1)y windy 有风的 sunny 晴朗的 dusty 布满灰尘的 lucky 幸运的 healthy 健康的 (2)ly friendly 友好的 lovely 可爱的 deadly 致命的 lively 活泼的 daily 每天的 (3)al natural 自然的 national 国家的 persona l 个人的 formal 正式的 musical 音乐的 (4)ive active 积极的 attractive 吸引人的 effective 有效的 impressive 印象深刻的 (5)ic/ical historic 有历史意义的 energetic 精力充沛的 historical 历史的 (6)ous famous 著名的 dangerous 危险的 mysterious 神秘的 curious 好奇的 (7)ful wonderful 精彩的 beautiful 美丽的 hopeful 有希望的 grateful 感激的 (8)less careless 粗心的 homeless 无家可归的 helpless 无助的 endless 无止境的 (9)some tiresome 令人厌倦的 troublesome 麻烦的 (10)able comfortable 舒适的 acceptable 可接受的 reasonable 合乎情理的 adaptable 可适应的 (11)ible terrible 可怕的 possible 可能的 accessible 容易到达的，容易取 得的 responsible 负责的，有责任的 2．名词后缀 (1)表示“人”的名词后缀 ①er cleaner 清洁工 reporter 记者 employer 雇主，老板 stranger 陌生人 ②or inventor 发明者 actor 演员 visitor 游客 director 导演 editor 编辑 ③ar liar 说谎者 beggar 乞讨者，乞丐 ④ee employee 雇员 interviewee 参加面试者 trainee 受训者，学员 ⑤ess hostess 女主人 waitress 女服务员 actress 女演员 ⑥ian musician 音乐家 politician 政治家 historian 历史学家 ⑦ist artist 艺术家 scientist 科学家 pianist 钢琴家 dentist 牙科医生 ⑧ant servant 仆人 participant 参加者 assistant 助手，图书管理员 (2)表示其他意义的常见名词后缀 ①th truth 真相 strength 力量，强项 width 宽度 warmth 温暖 ②dom freedom 自由 boredom 无聊，厌烦 wisdom 智慧 ③ment development 发展 achievement 成就 amazement 惊讶 excitement 兴奋 ④ness happiness 幸福 weakness 弱点 kindness 善良 seriousness 严重性，严肃性 ⑤tion 或sion competition 竞争 construction 建设 celebration 庆祝 organization 组织 discussion 讨论 decision 决定 conclusion 结论 admission 接纳，准许入学 ⑥ance 或ence acceptance 接受 distance 距离 importance 重要性 appearance 出现，相貌 existence 存在 patience 耐心 silence 沉默 confidence 信心 ⑦(t)y difficulty 困难 loyalty 忠诚 cruelty 残忍 safety 安全 responsibility 职责，责任 ⑧al arrival 到达 approval 赞成，批准 survival 幸存 proposal 提议，建议 ⑨ure failure 失败 pressure 压力 ⑩age shortage 短缺 marriag 婚姻 storage 储存 ⑪ing hearing 听力 feeling 感觉 sufferings 痛苦 greetings 问候 3．动词、副词后缀 (1)en widen 加宽 deepen 加深 weaken 削弱 shorten 缩短 sharpen 使变尖 (2)ize apologize 道歉 emphasize 强调 memorize 记住 realize 实现 (3)ify simplify 简化 beautify 美化 purify 净化 terrify 使惊吓 (4)ly slowly 慢慢地 happily 高兴地 extremely 极其 surprisingly 令人惊讶地 [二、合成法] 把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫作合成法，以合成法构成的单词 叫作合成词，包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。 1．合成名词 (1)名词＋名词 newspaper 报纸 babysitter 保姆 birthplace 发源地 (2)形容词＋名词 greenhouse 温室 highway 公路 software 软件 (3)动名词＋名词 waiting room 等候室 freezing point 冰点 (4)名词＋动名词 handwriting 书法 sunbathing 日光浴 (5)动词＋副词 gettogether 联欢会 breakthrough 突破 (6)副词＋动词 outbreak 爆发 output 输出 (7)代词＋名词 hegoat 公山羊 shewolf 母狼 (8)其他构成 grownup 成年人 passerby 路人 soninlaw 女婿 2．合成形容词 (1)形容词/数词＋名词＋ed warmhearted 热心的 absentminded 心不在焉的 middleaged 中年的 onesided 片面的 threelegged 三条腿的 (2)名词/副词＋分词 peaceloving 热爱和平的 Englishspeaking 讲英语的 snowcovered 被雪覆盖的 newlybuilt 新建的 (3)名词＋形容词 worldfamous 世界著名的 snowwhite 雪白的 troublefree 无忧无虑的 (4)形容词＋名词 parttime 兼职的 secondhand 二手的 largescale 大规模的 (5)形容词＋分词 goodlooking 好看的 easygoing 随和的 (6)数词＋名词＋形容词 fiveyearold 五岁的 200meterlong 两百米的 100wordlong 100 词的 3．其他合成词 (1)合成动词 overcome 克服 oversleep 睡过头 undergo 经历 (2)合成副词 afterwards 后来 anywhere 任何地方 upstairs 楼上 (3)合成介词 outside 在……外边 within 在……之内 onto 到……之上 [三、转化法] 转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化 后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。 转化规则 名词→动词 动词→名词 形容词→动词 形容词→副词 例词 face(n.脸→v.面对) shoulder(n. 肩 →v. 肩 负) water(n.水→v.浇水) back(n.背→v.支持) name(n.名字→v.命名) look(v./n.)看 try(v./n.) 尝 试 dream(v./n.) 梦想 chat (v./n.)聊 天 empty(adj. 空 的→v.倒空) slow(adj.慢的 →v.减慢) dirty(adj. 脏 的→v.弄脏) warm(adj.暖的 →v.使变暖) hard(adj. 难 的 →adv.努力) high(adj. 高 的 →adv.高) deep(adj. 深 的 →adv.深) wide(adj. 宽 的 →adv.宽) 注意：high, deep, wide 表示具体，而 highly, deeply, widely 表示抽象。 [课堂巩固训练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2016·银川一中模拟)It is natural (nature) that young people are often uncomfortable (comfort) when they are with their parents. 2．(2016·玉溪一中模拟)Today's experience taught me some valuable (value) lessons in my life. 3．(2016·遵义航天学校模拟) Obviously (obvious), the story is not true, but the festival is interesting. 4．(2016·南昌市十所省重点中学模拟)The sightseeing options are endless (end), but most travelers begin on the harbor at the Sydney Opera House. 5．My first impression (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful (thought) young man. 6．The high school boys love playing basketball, and it is a useful (use) way to release their study pressure (press)． 7．When Bob was still young, his parents' marriage (marry) ended in divorce. 8．A group of robbers entered the building using equipment (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Sunday night. 9.His eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep(sleep)． 10．(2016·山东下学期综合测试)Ron had a successful (success) career and worked for Ford before retiring and leading a relaxed life. 11．He encouraged (courage) me to be a writer (write) in the future. 12．In the past few years Lucy has formed the habit of keeping a supply of candles in case of a power failure (fail)． 13．I love children very much because I always feel that they bring great happiness (happy) and excitement (excite) to my life. 14．What points can be raised in defence (defend) of this argument (argue)? 15．Only in this way can they grow up to be independent (depend) and become truly successful (success)． 16．Not knowing how to operate the computer is one of the disadvantages (advantage) in finding jobs. 17．News of the robberies frightened (fright) many people into fitting new locks to their doors. 18．I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time, because there are more meaningful (meaning) things to do. 19．Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver (drive), should be equally (equal) respected. 20．Thankfully (thank), I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end. Ⅱ.单句改错 1．In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks friend to people greeting him.friend→friendly 2．I must be getting fat — I can hard do my trousers up.hard→hardly 3．They dived deep into the forest and felt deep frightened.第二个 deep→deeply 4．Personal, I don't like him at all, but it's strange that he should be so popular among the kids.Personal→Personally 5 ． I wasn't blaming anyone; I mere said errors like this could be avoided.mere→merely 6 ． We apologized for any convenience caused by the delay.convenience→inconvenience 7 ． People with disabilities are now doing many things to rich their lives.rich→enrich 8 ． The fiveyearsold boy can sing the song very well.fiveyearsold→fiveyearold 9．Australia is an Englishspoken country.Englishspoken→Englishspeaking 10．She looked anxious. It seems that she has been involved in proper business deals.proper→improper 二、重难增分课(第 6～8 讲) ——这些语法是难点，讲细讲全重点研 第 6 讲 动词形式最常考，四步辨清“有诀窍” 对应学生用书 P31 动词在语法填空中是考查最多的考点，其中“动词形式”(包括谓语动词及非谓语动词) 又是重中之重，从近 3 年的语法填空题来看，对“动词形式”的考查占比例相当大。见下表： 年份卷别 考查点 2016 2015 2014 卷Ⅰ 卷Ⅱ 卷Ⅲ 卷Ⅰ 卷Ⅱ 卷Ⅰ 卷Ⅱ 谓语动词 (小题号) 62 63,70 62,69 61,67 68 61 65 非 谓 语 动 词 ( 小 题 号) 66,67 69 63,64 68,70 61,64,66 65 61,66,67 小计 3 3 4 4 4 2 4 而在实际考试及平时训练中，“动词形式”又是出错概率最大的项目！如何做好此类题 目从而保证语法填空题多得分、得满分呢？ 首先，在复习备考时，应多多研究高考真题，依据高考的命题思路，进行有效地训练； 其次，要选择语境合适的题目进行训练，注重分析句子结构、时态的交互和变化；第三，掌 握从句的特征效应、非谓语动词的一些特殊功能以及一些固定搭配等。在做题时，我们应遵 循以下操作步骤“一看、二找、三注意、四辨清”。 一看 看空格前后信息，准确理解句意 “动词形式”填空一般都是给动词填空，相对来说意思还是比较容易理解的。在这里既 要看空格前后所给的信息和全文文段层面的联系，也要看空格和所在句之间句子层面的联 系。 [典例] 下面一组句子中都有“坐着，写信”之意，但是你能准确理解句意，并给出正 确答案吗？试试看！记住：正确理解句意很重要哦！ ①He sat there, ________(write) a letter to his father. ②He sat there and ________ (write) a letter to his father. ③Sitting there, he ________ (write) a letter to his father right now. ④Sitting there, he ________ (write) a letter to his father just now. ⑤Sitting there, he had a letter ________ (write) to his father before doing anything else. ⑥Sitting there, he wanted to have a letter ________ (write) to his father. 分析：①由空格前后可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，应填 writing。 ②由空格前的 and 可知，此处为并列谓语，应填 wrote。 ③由空格前后可知，此处缺谓语动词，且句末有时间状语 right now，故此处应填现在 进行时 is writing(还需注意主谓一致的问题)。 ④与句③相比，要注意句末时间状语 just now，此处应填过去进行时 was writing。 ⑤此处为固定搭配：have sth.to do(有……要做)，故应填 to write。 ⑥空格处强调 have sth. done(使某事被做)，故应填 written。 1．若句中找不到谓语，则所给动词应该作谓语 谓语动词是句子的魂，—个句子无论是主句还是从句，必须要有谓语。一般来讲，空格 前是名词或代词(比较复杂的时候是动名词、不定式或主语从句)，空格所在的句子中无其他 动词，那么这个空就应填谓语动词。动词主要考查时态、语态、主谓一致等。 [语法填空] ①(2016·四川高考)The giant panda 61.________ (love) by people throughout the world. 分析：大熊猫为世界各地的人们所喜爱是个客观事实，故用一般现在时；panda 与 love 之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填 is loved。 二找 找句中“题眼”，确定是谓语动词还是非谓语动词 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)This cycle 68.________ (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures. 分析：此句中找不到谓语动词，所给动词应作谓语；全文层面为一般现在时态，又根据 主语 This cycle 可知，此处应填 goes。 [知识链接] 英语中的六种基本句式 1．主谓结构。例：He works here. 2．主谓宾结构。例：I like the book. 3．主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。例：He gave me a book. 4．主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语。例：I find him smart. 5．主系表结构。例：His father is a teacher. 6．There be 结构。例：There are many trees in our school. 2．若句中找到了谓语动词，而又找不到连词(并列连词或从句连词)时，则所给动词一 定用作非谓语动词。 若是非谓语动词就要确定是 v.ing 形式、v.ed 形式还是不定式。在这里，就需要我 们准确记忆非谓语动词的基本形式，还要准确运用一些固定搭配及常用形式。 [语法填空] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter 66.________ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 分析：when 引导的从句中已经有谓语动词 was，且从句中无其他连词，故 66 空处应填 非谓语动词。reporter 与 permit 之间是被动关系，故用过去分词表被动。过去分词短语 permitted to ...作后置定语，修饰 reporter。故填 permitted。 ②(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you'll be less likely 69.________ (bring) your work home. 分析：be likely to do sth.为固定句式，意为“可能做某事”。句意：如果你发现在 办公室之外有喜欢做的事情，你把工作带回家的可能性就小了。故填 to bring。 [知识链接] 非谓语动词的基本形式 一般式 (主动/被动) 进行式 完成式(主动/被动) 动词 不定式 to do/to be done to be doing to have done/to have been done 动词 ing 形式 doing/being done / having done/having been done 动词 ed 形式 done / / 1．要注意分析句子结构，辨清是谓语动词还是非谓语动词 [语法填空] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)It could be anything — gardening, cooking, music, sports — but whatever it is, 70.________ (make) sure it's a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about. 分析：分析破折号后的句子结构可知，whatever 引导让步状语从句，make sure ...部 分是主句。这里用动词原形开头构成祈使句。故填 make。 ②(2016·四川高考)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something 64.________ (eat)! 分析：不定式 to eat 作定语，修饰前面的不定代词 something。故填 to eat。 2．要注意掌握常见句式，记准、用对句中的动词形式 [语法填空] ①(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough 66.________ (cool) the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night. 分析：考查动词不定式用法。be＋adj.＋enough＋to do sth.是固定结构，意为“足够 做某事”。结合空格前的 cold enough 可知后面应使用动词不定式。故填 to cool。 ②(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)It took years of work 65.________ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. 分析：句中 it 是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式，故用 to reduce。该句结构为 “It＋takes＋时间＋to do sth.”。句意：减少工业污染和清理水需要数年的工作。 [知识链接] 部分常见的常考句型，要特别注意其中的动词形式 1．There is no need to do sth. 做某事没有必要 2．It is no use doing sth. 做某事没用 3．be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事 4．spend ...(in) doing sth. 花……做某事 5．be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 三注意 注意各个细节，确保记清、用对、写准确 be used to do sth. 被用来做某事 used to do sth. 曾经/过去常常做某事 6．see/find/make/have sb. do sth. 表过程 see/find/make/have sb. doing sth. 表主动，表进行 see/find/make/have sth. done 表被动，表完成 7．With sth./sb.to do/doing/done With so much work to do, I can't go out. With time going by, I understood what he said. With the work done, we went home. 3．要注意单词拼写，特别是不规则动词形式 [语法填空] ①(2015·广东高考)While making great efforts to run away, she 21.________ (fall) over the hill and died. 分析：考查时态。此处与 died 并列，指动作先后发生，应用一般过去时。故填 fell。 此题易误填 falled。 ②(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)A boy on a bike 65.________ (catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms. 分析：结合下文的时态可知用一般过去时，同时分析句意“一个骑自行车的男孩儿吸引 了我的注意”可知，应填 caught。此题易误填 catched。 请背熟“附录二：不规则动词表”，要特别记住自己平时容易写错的那些不规则动词。 四辨清 用好语法基础知识，解决“动词形式”四大问题 1．辨清信息词，解决时态问题 谓语动词和非谓语动词，其时态信息词有两类：一类是我们所熟知的“明信息”，如 so far, recently, in the last three years 等，常用于现在完成时；另一类为“暗信息”， 即文段中其他句子提供的时间信息。此时，我们一般讲究“一致”和“呼应”就好。另外， 也需注意固定句型中的动词形式问题。 [语法填空] ①(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)It was raining lightly when I 61.________ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn't care. 分析：由主句中的 was 和后一句中的 didn't 可知，这里使用一般过去时态。故填 arrived。 ②(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It 61.________ (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. 分析：事情发生在 1969 年，是一个过去的时间，故此处要用一般过去时。故填 was。 2．辨清动作执行者，解决语态问题 无论作谓语动词还是非谓语动词，我们都需要辨清句子的主语(或逻辑主语)和动词之间 的关系问题。一般来讲，对于句子来说，我们主要看主语(或逻辑主语)是动作的执行者还是 承受者。如果是执行者，我们就应该用主动形式；如果是承受者，则用被动形式。 [语法填空] ①(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might 62.________ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. 分析：筷子用金、银做成，此处用被动语态。be made of“用……制成”。含有情态动 词的被动语态为“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”，故填 be made。 ②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) 61.________ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers. 分析：由谓语动词 are admired 可知此处填非谓语动词，adobe dwellings 与 build 之 间是被动关系，应用过去分词短语作后置定语。故填 built。 3．辨清主语和附加成分，解决主谓一致问题 主语的确认并不难，一般来讲谓语动词前的名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或句子均 可以作主语。但是，一定要注意附加成分的干扰。 ① (2016· 全 国 卷 Ⅱ )Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 63.________ (be) often acceptable. 分析：本句中动名词短语作主语，为单数，故答案为 is。不要受 things 的影响而误填 are。 ②(2015·湖南高考)It is important to remember that success ________ (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often ________ (take) years to achieve. 分析：此处 success 是不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数，故答案为 is 和 takes。 4．辨清两类谓语动词，解决语气问题 (1)虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用 ①(2016·北京高考)Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week? If you ________(tell) me, I could have helped. 分析：根据题干中的 Why didn't you tell me 和 could have helped 可知，此处表达 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，所以 if 条件句的谓语动词用 had told。 ②(2015·安徽高考)It is lucky we booked a room, or we ________ (have) nowhere to stay now. 分析：本题考查了虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的运用，条件句部分在 or 中体现，相当于 If we hadn't booked a room, we would have nowhere to stay now.(主句是与现在事实 相反的虚拟语气)。故填 would have。 [知识链接] 虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用 类别 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词 与现在 事实相反 过去式(be 用 were) should/would/could/ might＋动词原形 与过去 事实相反 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/ might＋have＋过去分词 与将来 事实相反 过去式(be 用 were) should/would/could/might＋ 动词原形 should＋动词原形 were to＋动词原形 混合 条件句 有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形 式应根据它们各自表示的时间加以调整。 含蓄 条件句 有时假设的情况不以条件从句表达，而是用 but for, without 等介词(短语)表示条件。 错综 虚实句 ①用连词 otherwise, or 等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引 出后文的虚拟语气。 ②虚拟条件通过 but 暗示出来，模式为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实 情况”。 (2)虚拟语气在其他从句中的应用 ①(2015·天津高考)I wish I ________ (be) at my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then. 分析：I wish 后接从句时，从句用虚拟语气。由空后的“but I was on a business trip in New York then”可知，此处表示与过去事实相反，故谓语动词用 had been。 ②(2014·陕西高考)We would rather our daughter ________ (stay) at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer. 分析：would rather 后接从句时常用虚拟语气，由句中后半部分可知是对现在的虚拟， 故填 stayed。 [知识链接] 虚拟语气在其他从句中的应用 1．wish 后面的宾语从句：表示与现在事实相反从句用一般过去时；与过去事实相反从 句用过去完成时；与将来事实相反从句用 would/could＋动词原形。 2．would rather 后面的宾语从句：表示与现在或将来事实相反时从句用一般过去时； 表示与过去事实相反时从句用过去完成时。 3．表示主张、命令、建议、要求等词后的宾语从句和同位语从句常用“should＋动词 原形”结构，should 可省略。 4．定语从句：It's (high/about) time (that) ...句型中，从句的谓语动词用一 般过去时或 should＋动词原形(其中 should 不可省略)，意为“确实到了……的时候了”。 5．as if 引导的状语从句中：表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相 反用过去完成时。 [课堂巩固训练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2017·江西红色七校一联) It took a long time but eventually the dog stopped (stop) barking and the man was able to touch it. 2 ． (2016· 重 庆 巴 蜀 中 学 一 诊 )For more than 50 years, travelers have_used/have_been_using (use) the international driver's license to travel in foreign countries. 3．(2016·山东青岛一模) The men said they had_heard (hear) a tiger growling (虎啸) somewhere nearby, but they didn't know from which direction the noise had come. 4．Ten people were going from one village to another. On the way they had to cross a river.After crossing they wanted (want) to be sure whether all were there. 5．(2016·烟台 3 月诊断)A school in Sarajevo not only accepted a deaf student, but also taught (teach) the entire class sign language to allow them to better communicate with him. 6．(2016·咸阳市模拟)Before she could express her thanks to us my daughter gave her the food we had_bought (buy) for the trip home. 7．It is because we are different and each of us is (be) special. 8．It is the third time so far that such a meeting has_been_held (hold) in my hometown. 9．(2016·东营市一模) Researchers say that the human personality is_formed (form) during the first two years of life. 10．(2016·凉山州诊断) Childhood is a time when there are few duties. A child is_fed (feed), looked after and loved by all grownups like parents or grandparents. 11．(2016·温州十校联考) The results of the final examination will_be_made (make) known to the students soon. 12．We often hear that children wish they were (be) grownups, and that old people wish to be young. 13．(2016·金华艾青中学质检) The old lady insisted that the young man had stolen her wallet and that he _(should)__be_sent (send) to the police station. 14．(2016·汕头二模) When I was a young boy, I loved climbing (climb) trees. 15．They cheered for regaining (regain) the tenth at last all together. 16．(2016·凉山州诊断) If he still spends most of his time (in) playing (play) as he used to in childhood, he will go hungry. 17．John Snow, a personal physician of Queen Victoria, was willing to help ordinary people exposed (expose) to cholera, the deadly disease of its day. 18．(2016·东营市一模)A 13year study of early childhood development made by Harvard University has shown that, by the age of three, most children have the big potential to_understand (understand) about 1,000 words. 19 ． A woman asked the primary school in her neighborhood to accept her sixyearold son, Zejd, who has a hearing (hear) disability. 20．(2016·山西重点中学协作体二模) She forced us to grow up into educated (educate) and honest people. 21．(2016·浙江瑞安四校联考) “It's such a nice place，” Mother said as she sat at the table reserved (reserve) for customers. 22．(2016·西安中学质检) There is no easy way to success in language learning. A good memory is a great help, but it is not enough only to_memorize (memorize) rules from a grammar book. 23．(2016·江西红色七校一联) One day a young man was walking along the road when he heard a cry. It seemed to_be_coming (come) from underneath a bridge. 24．(2016·青岛自主学习) However, it was not easy to_invent (invent) such a game. 25．(2016·温州十校联考)Knowing (know) basic firstaid skills, according to the expert, will help people respond effectively to emergencies. 26．In fact, I had heard nothing, possibly because of the noise I made while sliding (slide) down the rock. 27．(2016·山西重点中学协作体二模)I believe she lay awake at night thinking (think) up mean things to do. 28．(2016·浙江瑞安四校联考)When comparing (compare) different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing many similarities. 29．When a child grows up, he can no longer expect others to_pay (pay) for his food, clothes and many other things. 30．(2016·南昌二模) Rather than write an article for homework, usually we were allowed to_work (work) with a friend to write an imaginary dialogue between two historical figures. Ⅱ.单句改错 1．Yesterday morning I went fishing, but the only thing I catch was a tree branch.catch→caught 2．He has just been sent his secretary to bring his passport and wallet here. 去掉 been 3．As he approached the door, Mike looked into the room again to see if he left anything behind.left 前加 had 4．With its rapid growth in population, the city spread in all directions in the last five years.spread 前加 has 5．Unfortunately, with the development of industrialization, the environment has polluted. polluted 前加 been 6．In the past two and a half years, our school had organized many activities. had→has 7．You can see people selling kites everywhere because our city was home to kites.was→is 8．Without your help, I can not have passed the exam.can→could 9．You must put it somewhere else. I am sure it will turn up soon.put 前加 have 10．How I wish I can study in my dream university in four months! can→could 11．Learn knowledge is the most important thing at school. Learn→Learning 12．We must know what we should do and what we should avoid leave a good impression on others in public places.avoid 后加 to 13．Comparing with letters and public phones, mobile phones and the Internet are faster and much more convenient.Comparing→Compared 14．He showed his mother the beautiful snake and begged her to let him keeping it.keeping→keep 15．A thief broke into the house at midnight, left the house in a mess. left→leaving 16．I offered give her a ride and she accepted.offered 后加 to 17．When looking around, he saw a young man standing there with his arms folding. folding→folded 18．Most children feel frighten when they first go to school, because they are not familiar with school at all. frighten→frightened 19．Email, as well as telephones, are playing an important part in daily communication. are→is 20．Talking to friends or family members first are always a good idea.are→is 第 7 讲 三大从句掌握好，三步判定“跑不了” 对应学生用书 P35 三大从句包括定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句，是高考语法项目的重点和难点之一。 考生在解题时可分三步进行： 第一步：定是否为从句 当一个句子出现两个或两个以上的谓语时，而这些谓语又非并列关系，此时，我们就应 该考虑是否为从句。 有时学生容易混淆定语从句与并列句，以至于无法判断是用人称代词还是关联词，解题 的关键是看题干中有无 and 等并列连词。试比较： ①They live in a small house, in front of which stands an orange tree.(定语 从句) They live in a small house, and in front of it stands an orange tree.(并列句) ②The team is made up of 20 scientists, most of whom_are from China.(定语从 句) The team is made up of 20 scientists, and most of them are from China.(并列 句) 第二步：定是何种从句 三大从句存在一定的关联性，应抓住关键点，确定是何从句。试比较： ①It is known to all that_the moon travels around the earth.(主语从句) As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.(定语从句) What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.(主语从句与表 语从句) ②The news (that) they won the match is true.(同位语从句) The news that/which_you told me yesterday is true.(定语从句) ③This is such a difficult problem as few of us can solve.(定语从句) This is such a difficult problem that few of us can solve it.(结果状语从句) ④He has found the book (that/which) he lost.(定语从句) He has found the book where he lost it.(地点状语从句) 确定是何种从句的三个标准 1．逗号后面通常是非限制性定语从句 [典例] (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, __67__ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the development of chopsticks. 分析：分析句子结构可知，空格处所在句子是非限制性定语从句。定语从句修饰先行词 Confucius(孔子)，且从句中缺少主语，故用 who 引导。 2．及物动词或介词之后通常是宾语从句 [典例] (2015·全国卷Ⅱ)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly __50__ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days. 分析：空格后面的 thick 是一个形容词，填 how 引导宾语从句，从句作 figured out 的宾语。 3．系动词之后通常是表语从句 [典例] (2016·北京高考)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust. 分析：分析句子结构可知，此处是表语从句，且从句中不缺任何成分，故用 that 引导。 第三步：定填何类关联词 填什么关联词由三大从句各自的特点决定。定语从句的引导词有关系代词和关系副词之 分；名词性从句连接词分为从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。状语从句的连词也有意义和结 构之分，因此，选择关联词要综合各方面因素来考虑。注意以下几点： 1．what 不能引导定语从句。 [典例] (2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit __67__ is driving your family crazy. 分析：考查定语从句的引导词。定语从句的先行词为前面的 habit，而该定语从句缺少 主语，因此要用 that 或 which 引导。注意：此处不能用 what。 2．定语从句中先行词表示地点、时间或原因时，引导词不一定是 where, when 或 why。 [典例] (2015·湖南高考)It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. 分析：句意：它确实是一个令人感到快乐的地方，它看起来一定跟 100 年前一样，有着 蜿蜒的街道和美丽的村舍。本句中先行词是 a truly delightful place，且后面的定语从 句中缺少主语，可用 which 或 that 引导；又因为前后两部分之间有逗号，所以所填词引导 非限制性定语从句，故用 which。注意：此处不能用 where。 3．that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。 [ 典 例 ] (2015· 福 建 高 考 )China Today attracts a worldwide relationship, ________ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. 分析：句意：《今日中国》吸引了世界各地的读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解 中国。此处用 which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子。注意：此处不能用 that 引导。 4．that 既可引导定语从句也可以引导同位语从句，但 that 在定语从句中可作主语、 表语和宾语，而 that 在同位语从句中不作成分，只起连接作用。 [典例 1] (2016·天津高考)The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. 分析：句意：经理提了个建议——我们应雇个助手。要做的工作太多了。分析句子结构 可知，空格后的同位语从句用来解释说明 suggestion 的具体内容，从句中不缺成分且意义 完整，故填 that。 [典例 2] (2015·全国卷Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River __64__ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 分析：根据句意和句子结构可知此处是一个定语从句，因为先行词是物，且引导词在定 语从句中作主语，所以填 that 或 which。 5．which 在定语从句中常可以替换成 that，但在名词性从句中不可以替换。 [典例 1] (2014·湖南高考)People should not do things __50__ will disturb their neighbors unnecessarily. 分析：本句中含有定语从句，先行词是 things，关系词在定语从句中作主语，可以使 用 which 或 that 引导定语从句。 [典例 2] (2013·浙江高考)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. 分析：题干的意思是：“要取得最高层次的成功，唯一的方法就是要完全相信在体育运 动领域你比其他任何人都优秀。”have total belief that ...“完全相信……”，为固定 句式。此处 belief 后接了同位语从句，从句不缺少成分，用 that 引导，应填 that 但不能 填 which。 [一、定语从句] 1．关系代词引导的定语从句(用 who, whom, whose, that, which, as 填空) ① (2016·张家口市模拟)Tu Youyou, ________ was born in 1930, is a Chinese medical scientist and educator. 分析：句意：屠呦呦出生于 1930 年，是中国的医学家和教育家。此处 ________ was born in 1930 为非限制性定语从句，引导词指人，故填 who。 ②(2016·威海一模)He smiled and told us about the funny thing ________ had happened in the cinema. 分析：句意：他笑着告诉我们发生在影院的那件可笑的事情。________ had happened in the cinema 为定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，指事物，故用 that/which。 ③(2016·广东省揭阳市模拟)Sometimes your appearance is a mirror, ________ reflects your quality in a way. 分析：句意：有时你的外表是一面镜子，能从某个方面反射出你的本质。________ reflects your quality in a way 为非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，指事物， 故用 which。 ④(2016·哈师大附中模拟)There once lived a boy named Woo Sing, ________ father brought home a mirror. 分析：句意：曾经有一个孩子叫 Woo Sing，他的父亲带回家一面镜子。此处引导词引 导定语从句且在从句中作定语，故用 whose。 2．关系副词引导的定语从句(用 when, where, why 填空) ①(2016·天津高考)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ________ the weather may be better. 分析：句意：我们将把去公园野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能更好。分析句子成分可知 定语从句中缺少时间状语，故用 when 引导。 ②(2015·广东高考)When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market ________ people from the towns met regularly. 分析：考查定语从句的关系词。从句中缺少地点状语，故用 where 引导定语从句，修饰 先行词 market。故用 where。 ③(2016·东北三省四市联考)And sometimes, the reason ________ someone gets cancer is simply an unfortunately mystery. 分析：________ someone gets cancer 为定语从句，引导词在从句中作原因状语，故 用 why。 3．关系代词与关系副词引导定语从句的比较(用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空) ①This is the factory where_I worked last year. This is the factory that/which 或不填 I visited last year. ②I will never forget the day when I worked with them. I will never forget the day that/which__或不填 I spent with them. ③This is the reason why he was absent from school. This is the reason that/which 或不填_ he explained for his absence from school. 分析：虽然两两之间的句子先行词是一致的，但由于前句的引导词在句中作地点、时间 和原因状语，故分别填 where，when 和 why；后句都作宾语，应填 that/which 且可以省略。 [课堂巩固训练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2016·东北三省四市联考)The reason why he refused to attend the meeting was that they didn't give him an invitation earlier. 2．Some people thought the artist meant to criticize the French king, who had been involved in appointing the ship's captain. 3．(2016·哈尔滨市第六中学模拟)It's not polite to burst into laughter when eating in Britain, which indicates you don't respect others. 4．(2016·吉林省实验中学模拟)There they met people from other parts of the country, who had also volunteered to help. 5．(2016·江西红色七校一联) There, lying in the muddy river bed was a little dog about two months old, whose front legs were tightly tied with ropes. 6．(2016·广东汕头二模)Sierra Leone is a country where basic health facilities are lacking and many people are struggling with poverty. 7．The heartwarming story began in September last year when a woman asked the primary school in her neighborhood to accept her sixyearold son. 8．(2016·江西赣州适应性考试) We have a living room, two bedrooms with wonderful balconies and a kitchen, where my mom always cooks great delicious food. 9．Some of the teachers at the college asked Dr. Naismith to invent a game that/which can be played indoors. 10．(2016·安徽皖北协作区联考) If the earth is poisoned, the water, the food and the animals will be poisoned, which means that we who poison the earth will be poisoned too. Ⅱ.单句改错 1．We can take part in some activities together, when I can introduce you to others. when→where 2．Generally speaking, Guoxue refers to the excellent traditional Chinese culture, that includes philosophy, literature, history, music, painting and so on.that→which 3．Which you can see, he is always ready to help others.Which→As 4 ． When I arrived, Mary took me to see the house which I would be staying.which→where 5．I wish to thank Professor Smith, without which help I would never have got this far.which→whose 6．The young man, that you often talk about, will go abroad for further study. that→whom [二、名词性从句] 1．that 引导的名词性从句 (2016·江苏高考)It is often the case ________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. 分析：句意：对于那些总是不放弃希望的人来说，发生任何事情都是有可能的，这是很 常见的。考查主语从句。本句中 it 为形式主语，“________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope”为真正的主语，该从句结构完整，故用 that。 2．whether/if 引导的名词性从句 (2016·九江一中模拟)Then she asked me ________ the restaurant was on the fifth floor. 分析：句意：然后她问我餐馆是否在五楼。引导词在从句中不作任何成分，但意为“是 否”，故填 whether/if。 3．连接代词和连接副词引导的名词性从句(用 what, who/whom, how, when, where, why, because, whever 填空) ①(2015·安徽高考)A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not ________ ships are built for. 分析：句意：船停在港口是安全的，但那不是造船的本意。从 ships are built for 来看，表语从句的引导词作 for 的宾语，故填 what。 ②(2015·湖南高考)You have to know ________ you're going if you are to plan the best way of getting there. 分析：句意：你如果要计划到达那里的最好的方法，就得知道自己要去哪里。分析句子 结构可知，know 后面是宾语从句，且引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用 where。 ③(2015·重庆高考)We must find out ________ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him. 分析：句意：我们必须查明卡尔什么时候会来，这样我们就能为他预订房间了。预订房 间当然与卡尔来的时间息息相关，因此应填 when。 ④(2015·四川高考)The exhibition tells us ________we should do something to stop air pollution. 分析：句意：这次展览告诉我们为什么我们该做些事情来阻止空气污染。此处的从句用 来作动词 tells 的宾语，因此该从句是宾语从句；这个展览告诉我们阻止空气污染的“原 因”，所以此处要用 why。 ⑤(2015·北京高考)________ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel. 分析：句意：我们怎样理解事情与我们所感受到的有很大关系。主语从句________we understand things 中主谓宾成分齐全，结合句意可知，此处作方式状语，故用 how。故填 How。 [课堂巩固训练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2016·威海一模)What it takes is a smile to make any difficulty short work, for just being happy can help others. 2．(2016·银川九中模拟)The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered what the boy would do. 3．Another possible reason is that on average, the British people don't take themselves too seriously. 4．Only you know what is best for you. 5．(2016·河南中原名校仿真模拟)I had no idea of what a stage manager actually did. 6．(2016·宁大附中模拟)We don't know how long we hid in this restaurant. 7．The happiest people enjoy what_each age gives them. 8．(2016·温州十校联考) When you are reading make a note of what you think is of great importance. 9．(2016·浙江金华艾青中学质检) If you are going to kill the snake, you have to get close to where the head is and cut it off. 10．(2016·山西重点中学协作体二模) My mother knew where we were at all times. She knew who/where our friends were. Ⅱ.单句改错 1．I know you have trouble communicating with others, and you may often feel lonely. That's why you are new here and people don't know about you.why→because 2．I believe hard work is that it takes to accomplish my goal.that→what 3．That he told us is right, but most of the young people haven't realized this. That→What 4．The reason for his success is why he worked very hard.why→that 5．If the delayed flight will take off depends on the weather.If→Whether 6 ． That you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.That→What 7． The best moment for the football star was that he scored the winning goal.that→when [三、状语从句(常考的连词)] 1．时间状语从句(用 when, while, as, since, before, after, till/until 填空) ①(2016·天津高考)________ the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for. 分析：随着人的平均寿命的延长，所以越来越多的老人需要照顾。此处表示“随着”应 填 As。 ②(2015·天津高考)We need to get to the root of the problem________ we can solve it. 分析：句意：在我们能解决问题之前，我们需要找到它的根源。由语境可知，我们在解 决问题前需要找到其根源，因此用 before 引导时间状语从句。 2．条件状语从句(用 if, unless 填空) ①(2015·北京高考)________ the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover. 分析：句意：农田一旦/如果被破坏，将需要很多年才能恢复。根据前后逻辑关系可知， 此处应该用 once/if 引导条件状语从句。故填 Once/If。 ②(2015·江苏高考)It is so cold that you can't go outside ________ fully covered in thick clothes. 分析：句意：天太冷，你不能去外面，除非你全裹在厚衣服里。________ fully covered in thick clothes 为状语从句的省略，补充完整为“unless you are fully covered in thick clothes”。故填 unless。 3．原因状语从句(用 because, since 填空) (2016·北京高考)I really enjoy listening to music ________ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day. 分析：句意：我真的喜欢听音乐，因为它帮助我放松并让我忘掉一天中的其他烦恼。此 处应引导原因状语从句，故填 because。 4．地点状语从句(用 where, wherever 填空) (2015· 安 徽 高 考 )________ he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going. 分析：句意：在他曾经想放弃的地方，现在他有决心前行，并继续走下去。这里应填连 词，表示“(在)……的地方”，故填 Where。 5．让步状语从句(用 although/though, while, as/though 填空) (2016·浙江高考)________ online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive. 分析：句意：尽管网上购物改变了我们的生活，但并非它的所有影响都是积极正面的。 此处引导词引导让步状语从句，应用 While/Although/Though。 [课堂巩固训练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2016·泰安一模) Count, but never stop until/before you find the tenth. 2．There are several reasons for sleep because we need to dream. 3．(2016·西安中学质检)If we are satisfied with only a few rules we have memorized, we are not really learning the language. 4．(2016·杭州市质检)Although/Though/While there was no conclusive evidence, most people thought he was guilty. 5．Whether you are travelling near or far, we've got tips on saving money and packing smartly. 6．(2016·银川九中模拟)If_he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong. 7．(2016·浙江名校协作体 3 月联考)When/As the wedding began, the couple nervously repeated their vows “we love each other for better, for worse, for richer, for sickness and in health”． 8．He thinks the pass rate will be higher this year, partly because students have studied more. 9．(2016·银川一中模拟)Although/Though/While we use machines that save us time, we still have less free time than our parents and grandparents. 10．(2016·聊城市模拟)If you happen to get lost in the wild, you'd better stay where you are and wait for help. Ⅱ.单句改错 1．For us students, no matter what busy we are, it is necessary to spare some time to do exercise.what→how 2．Try although she might, she could not persuade me to accept her idea that money means everything.although→as/though 3．Whether you call me to say you're not attending my birthday party, I'll see you at it.Whether→Unless 4 ． Jim is in good shape physically because he doesn't take much exercise.because→although/though 5．You will never gain success if you are fully devoted to your work.if→unless 6．The moment when I heard the voice, I knew father was coming. 去掉 when 第 8 讲 准做题目排干扰，掌握命题手段“最牢靠” 对应学生用书 P38 语法填空除具备一定的语法基础外，掌握命题人常采用的命题手段不失为一种快速解题 的捷径。掌握了命题规律，考场解题就能快人一步，高人一招。在语法填空题中，命题人常 采用以下方式对考生进行干扰。 一 词的干扰 词的干扰是指语法填空题中，提示词或篇章中的关键词给考生所造成的干扰。我们可以 归纳为意义干扰、结构干扰、修饰干扰和变化干扰。 1．意义干扰 意义干扰是指语法填空题中，提示单词本身一词多义所造成的干扰。 [典例 1] (2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is __66__ (clean) than ever. 分析：clean 具有一词多义的特点，若考生只知道当 clean 为及物动词时，意为“清扫” 这一层意思，就会难以理解本句意义。但是，如果考生还知道 clean 作为形容词用时有“清 洁的；整齐的”之意，那么本题就可以迎刃而解了，句意：最后人们的努力得到了回报，现 在这条河比以前更干净了。横线后面有 than，说明横线上应该使用形容词比较级的形式。 故填 cleaner。 [典例 2] (2016·云南师范大学附属中学模拟)In the past 17 years, the director has witnessed nothing like a cat ________ (nurse) a puppy at the shelter. 分析：考生见到 nurse 首先想到的是名词“护士”，但只知道名词这个题是没法做的， 当我们知道 nurse 还可以用作动词意为“护理，照看”来讲，这就不再是问题了。句子说“一 直在见证(看到)一只猫照看一只小狗”，句式为 witness sb. doing sth.，故填 nursing。 2．结构干扰 结构干扰是指语法填空题中，对篇章中的某个关键词的搭配或句子结构认识不清所造成 的干扰。 [典例 1] (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and __69__ (be) too violent for use at the table. 分析：看到此题，考生可能会根据 and 得知应与前面的某个成分并列，是与 believed 并列、与 would remind 并列还是与 killings 并列？分析句子结构可知，believed 后接宾 语从句，宾语从句由 and 连接两个并列谓语。但此处描述的是过去的事实，应用一般过去时， 又因主语是 knives，故填 were。 [典例 2] (2015·全国卷Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away __66__ car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city. 分析：看到此题，考生会考虑是根据 away 来选还是根据 car 来选，若根据 away 后面一 般选择 from，根据 car 前面用 by 构成 by car。通过分析句子含义可知，此处是表示乘坐交 通工具，故填 by。 [典例 3] (2016·青岛市模拟)Last Friday a storm swept through two villages in the New Territories, ________ (destroy) fourteen homes. 分析：此处应为现在分词短语作结果状语，但是考生容易误认为 destroy 与前面的 swept 是并列关系而误填 destroyed。此处应填 destroying。 [典例 4] (2016·临沂市质检)Here's how ________ (keep) away from my phone for 48 hours changed me and my way of life. 分析：看到此题，考生会想到 how to do sth.“如何做某事”，但是仔细分析一下， 句意应为“这里说的是离开手机 48 小时怎样改变了我和我的生活方式。”故应是动名词短 语作主语，故填 keeping。 3．修饰干扰 修饰干扰是指句子中单词与单词之间的修饰关系所引起的干扰。在英语语法中，形容词 通常用作定语、表语和宾语补足语，其修饰的通常是名词；副词通常用作状语，修饰形容词、 副词和动词。 [典例 1] (2014·广东高考)She was ________ (surprise) helpful. 分析：此题考生可能只考虑 was 与 surprise 的关系，认为是系表结构而误填 surprised。 但是真正的系表结构是 was helpful，surprise 用来修饰 helpful，应用副词形式表示“令 人惊奇地；出人意料地”，故填 surprisingly。 [ 典 例 2] (2016· 洛 阳 市 第 一 中 学 模 拟 )As night fell, we became ________ (increase) worried. 分析：此题考生会误以为 became 与 increase 是系表结构，但真正的系表结构是 became worried ， increase 的 变 形 来 作 为 副 词 修 饰 worried ， 表 示 “ 日 益 增 长 地 ” 。 故 填 increasingly。 4．变化干扰 变化干扰是指提示词本身具有特殊变形所引起的干扰；或提示词有两种或两种以上的变 化，而且这些变化的用法非常接近而引起的干扰。在语法填空中，有些形容词在变为副词时 拼写会发生变化。例如： (1)以le 结尾的形容词，变le 为ly：possible→possibly, terrible→terribly, comfortable→comfortably, gentle→gently, simple→simply (2)以y 结尾的形容词，变y 为ily：easy→easily, angry→angrily, noisy→noisily, happy→happily, heavy→heavily, healthy→healthily [典例 1] (2015·广东高考)________ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. 分析：此处用副词修饰整个句子。但是考生容易把副词拼写成 Luckyly，正确形式应为 Luckily。 [典例 2] (2014·全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and __63__(disappoint)． 分析：此处考查系动词 look 的用法，在本空中 look 后接形容词。但是，考生很容易写 成 disappointing 而造成失分，因为 disappointed 意为“感到失望的”，而 disappointing 意为“令人感到失望的”，与句子意思不相符。故填 disappointed。 [典例 3](2016·东北师大附属中学模拟)He sat down and started ________ (gentle) talking to the dog. 分析：此处应用副词作状语，但是考生容易拼写成 gentlely，正确形式应为 gently。 二 句的干扰 此外，我们还发现有的句子结构也可以给题目带来干扰。具体而言，我们归纳为如下三 种：定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句。当然，还有一些句子的干扰，大家要特别留意。例 如，强调句型、倒装句等结构，容易出一些容易被人所忽略的考点，而造成考试失分。 1．三大从句本身的干扰 三大从句本身干扰是指对从句引导词把握不准而形成的干扰。 [典例 1] (2012·广东高考)Of course whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at Mary, ________ made her feel like a star. 分析：考生容易受到 Mary 的影响，填写 who 为答案。如果考虑句子意义和篇章意义， 我们就不难发现，本题应该填 which。which 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个句 子。 [典例 2] (2016·南昌市十所省重点中学二模)After lunch, take a walk to Sydney Tower, ________ you can get 360degree unforgettable views of the city. 分析：考生看到逗号，会想到引导非限制性定语从句的 which，但此处引导词在从句中 作地点状语，应用 where。 [典例 3] (2016·银川模拟)This seems to be something that is similar with the Chinese people, ________ modesty plays a big part in daily life. 分析：此处考生可能会因为逗号而填 which，也有可能看到 Chinese people 而填 who， 也有可能认为作定语修饰 modesty 而填 whose，但此处的先行词应为 something，表示的是 “在其中谦虚在日常生活中起着很大的作用”，故填 where。 [典例 4] (2016·衡水市第二中学模拟)Some people whose intention is to make big money appreciate being given any chance to multiply their income, believing that is ________ their happiness lies in. 分析：看到此题，考生会根据句意“那就是他们的幸福之所在”而填 where，但是如果 lie 后没有 in 应填 where，lie 后有 in，引导词就要作 in 的宾语，故填连接代词 what。 2．三大从句之间、三大从句与特殊句式之间的干扰 三大从句之间干扰是指把一种从句误当作另一种从句而引起的干扰；有时我们也容易把 三大从句与倒装或强调句型相混淆。 [典例 1] (2016·长春市十一高中模拟)I just can't help buying things ________ I need them or not. 分析：此处考生会误以为是定语从句，表示“禁不住买我需要或不需要的东西”，但是 有 them 就不是定语从句。此句意为“无论需要与否，我都会禁不住买东西”，用 whether ...or ...引导状语从句。故填 whether。 [典例 2] (2016·玉溪一中模拟)In the end, not only ________ I enjoy helping them, but also learned about my neighbors. 分析：考生易错填 do 或 what 等不相关连词。此处 not only 置于句首，其后的句子应 用部分倒装，根据 learned 可知是过去时，故填 did。 [典例 3] (2016·绵阳南山高考热身试题)It is a social gathering ________ friends share food, and enjoy the company of others. 分析：考生会误以为此句为强调句型而误填 that，但如果是强调句型，在应在 a social gathering 前加介词 at。此处为定语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，故填 where。 [课堂巩固训练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．She wished that he was as easy to_please (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume. 2．Maria has written two novels, both of which have been made into television series. 3．That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation, closed (close) my book and walked away. 4．But then one day, after searching for food, he arrived home, only to_find (find) his little hut in flames, with the smoke rolling up to the sky. 5．It is easy to get discouraged (discourage) when things are going bad. 6．The girl used to be shy, but is gradually (gradual) getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself. 7．It was at midnight that I got home yesterday. 8．For the future, competition between nations will be increasingly (increase) based on technological skill. 9．I made certain after I had examined his wounds that he could not possibly (possible) live. 10．Though they did all they could to_help (help) them but times were tough for them. Ⅱ.单句改错 1．Whom would you rather have gone with you, Jim or Jack？gone→go 2．He ran as fast as he could catch the bus.catch 前加 to 3 ． Disappointing and angry, he left the meetingroom.Disappointing→Disappointed 4．Mr. Smith is such a good teacher that we all respect.that→as 5 ． You can never imagine what great difficulty I have find your house.find→finding 6 ． What was it that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.What→How 特训巧训（一） 语法填空题与短文改错题都是以语法知识为根基的题型， 将二者集中一块训练，能融会相关知识，打通知识联系，贯通 方法技巧。起到事半功倍、一箭双雕的奇效。 [语法填空＋短文改错组合练](配套活页作业) 对应配套卷 P137～P152 语法填空＋短文改错组合练(一) 题组(一) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·石家庄市调研检测)We think that life in Chinese high school is an adventure in which we have to survive mountains of homework and exams. Yet would it be __1__ (surprise) if I tell you that high school life in the US is almost as stressful and demanding as it is in China? In US high school, everything __2__ (record) and graded, including your grades on quizzes, tests and final examinations. Failing __3__ (turn) in your homework on time will directly affect your grade for a certain course. Perhaps contrary to __4__ we used to think of the US high school students, they pay great attention to their __5__ (academy) performance to try to get into distinguished university. __6__， they'll be disappointed after graduation from high school. Like university students, the US high school students have the __7__ (free) to choose the courses that most interest __8__ (they). Even a 9thgrader can sit __9__ the same classroom as 12thgraders. But this also means he or she has to work very hard, because the teacher will not treat him or her differently just because he or she is a few years __10__ (young)． 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国学生的高中生活。 1．surprising 此处是现在分词作形容词，意为“令人吃惊的”，符合语境。 2．is recorded everything 和谓语 record 之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示客观 情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态，即 is recorded，与 graded 呼应。 3．to turn fail to do sth.意为“不能做某事”，为固定搭配。 4．what 空处引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语，表示物的概念，故填 what。 5．academic 修饰名词应用形容词，故用形容词 academic 修饰名词 performance，作 定语。 6．Otherwise 根据语境可知，此处表示否则他们高中毕业后就会感到失望，故用副词 otherwise，意为“否则”，作状语。 7．freedom 由定冠词 the 可知，此处应用名词，即 freedom。 8．them 此处应用宾格形式，作动词 interest 的宾语，故填 them。 9．in in the classroom 意为“在教室里”，符合语境，故填 in。 10．younger 根据上文可知，9 年级和 12 年级的学生比较，自然是年轻一些，故用形 容词的比较级形式，即 younger。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·山西省四校联考)It was on Sunday so I didn't have to go to school as usually. My parents went to the countryside to see my grandparents, left me alone. After finishing my homework, I began to play football at home. All of a sudden, I kicked the ball so hardly that it flew right onto a vase and broke it. It was great favorite of my mother's. I decided to tell my parents it was the fault of the cat for fear that she should punish me. Therefore, when they got home, I hesitated for a moment and told them that truly happened. Instead of punishing me, they just hoped that I will never make so a foolish mistake again. 答案：第一句：去掉 on; usually→usual 第二句：left→leaving 第四句：hardly→hard 第五句：great 前加 a 第六句：she→they 第七句：Therefore→However; that→what 第八句：will→would; so→such 题组(二) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·福建省普通高中毕业班质检) Make your home a safer place You probably think that your home is the one place where you are safe. That's what I thought until last week. Now I know our flat is full of accidents waiting __1__ (happen). Next month we'll look __2__ my niece and nephew while their parents go away for __3__ short break. We will ask them to come and make sure that everything is __4__ (total) OK. All of us will get a few __5__ (surprise)． We start in the spare bedroom, in __6__ the children will sleep. Everybody knows you shouldn't put children's beds under a window in case a child __7__ (try) to climb out. Next is the bathroom. We keep our medicines on a shelf above the washbasin. Never leave medicines where children can find __8__ (they). They might think they are sweets. Finally, the kitchen. This is the most __9__ (danger) room in the house. Knives should __10__ (keep) in drawers which children can't reach, and all cleaning liquids in high cupboards. So we have three weeks to make our house safe. It's not difficult ... once you know how to do. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了如何让家更安全。 1．to happen 固定搭配 wait to do sth.意为“等着做某事”，故填 to happen。 2．after 固定搭配 look after 意为“照看”，与“while their parents go away” 呼应。 3．a break 意为“休息”，是可数名词，此处表泛指，故用不定冠词修饰。 4．totally 修饰形容词应用副词，故用副词 totally 修饰形容词 OK，在句子中作状 语。 5．surprises surprise 此处意为“意想不到的事”，是可数名词，且被 a few 修饰， 故用复数形式。 6．which 此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为 the spare bedroom, in which＝where。 7．tries/should try in case 引导的状语从句中，从句用虚拟语气，常用“should ＋ do”的形式；也可以不用虚拟语气，主从句时态一致，故用 tries。 8．them 空处作谓语动词 find 的宾语，因此应用宾格形式。 9．dangerous 修饰名词应用形容词，故用形容词 dangerous 在句子中作定语，与 the most 呼应。 10．be kept 句子主语 Knives 与 keep 之间构成动宾关系，故用被动语态 be kept。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·合肥市质检)My school holds a sports meeting in every October. We all looked forward to it, for it is a time for us to reduce stress and it always brings us lots of unforgettable memories. It usually last for three days, during which time we have no classes. All the student go to the playground to watch or joining in games. The part I like most is the relay race. With race going on, our excitement grows. All of them yell out “come on” to the athletes, watching them competing aggressive. The most breathtaking moment is that the athletes are getting to the finishing line. Somebody can tell who is the winner until the last minute. 答案：第一句：去掉 in 第二句：looked→look 第三句：last→lasts 第四句：student→students; joining→join 第六句：race 前加 the 第七句：them→us; aggressive→aggressively 第八句：that→when 第九句：Somebody→Nobody 题组(三) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·东北三省四市教研联合体模拟) Love, wealth and opportunities — parents today do __1__ (they) best to leave possessions for their kids, __2__ they are rich or poor. But Mark Zuckerberg, the founder and CEO of the social media giant Facebook, has something __3__ (large) in mind. On Dec. 1, Zuckerberg, 31, announced the birth of his first child and the start __4__ the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, __5__ organization for helping people in need.__6__ (make) the world a better place for their kids to grow up in, Zuckerberg said he and his wife, Priscilla Chan, would give away 99 percent of their Facebook shares __7__ now are worth about $45 billion (about 288 billion yuan) to good causes. However, the shares will not be donated to the organization immediately, but over the course of the couple's lives. The __8__ (announce) was presented as a letter __9__ (write) by the couple to their new baby girl, Max. According to the letter, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative __10__ (help) to realize “human potential” and “equality for all children in the next generation”． 语篇解读：很多父母都尽力给孩子留下财产，然而 Facebook 的总裁竟捐出所持的 Facebook 的 99%的股份做公益。 1．their do one's best to do sth.表示“尽某人最大的努力做某事”，因此应使用 形容词性物主代词 their。 2．whether whether ... or 意为“无论……还是”，为固定搭配。 3．larger But 的转折暗含此处表示与其他父母的比较，因此使用比较级。 4．of 此处 of 短语作后置定语，the start of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative 表 示“扎克伯格－陈计划的启动”。 5．an 此处为 the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative 的同位语，organization 的读音以 元音音素开头，因此填 an。 6．To make 此处为目的状语，因此使用不定式。 7．which/that 空处引导定语从句，先行词为“99 percent of their Facebook shares”，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，因此填 which/that。 8．announcement 此处为主语，由谓语动词 was 可知，应用单数名词作主语。 9．written 此处为 a letter 的后置定语，因 write 与 a letter 之间构成动宾关系， 所以使用过去分词作后置定语。 10．will help 依据这封信，扎克伯格－陈计划将会帮助实现人类潜能以及下一代所 有孩子的平等，应使用一般将来时。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·郑州市第二次质检)Have you ever been to Wuzhen? It is so beautiful a village that I had already visited it many times. Locating in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, it has a history of about 6,000 years. Like many small towns in the southern area, which has a lot of small bridges going through clean streams.Local people live in old houses, they are very friendly. During the day, you can walk or sit on a boat to enjoying the natural scenery along the stream. The scene at night is attractively as well. There are all kinds of round and square light. Every time I look at the pictures for which I took, I will remember the water, the bridges and the houses. I love an amazing water country! 答案：第二句：had→have 第三句：Locating→Located 第四句：which→it; through→over/across 第五句：they 前加 and 或 they→who 第六句：去掉 to 或 enjoying→enjoy 第七句：attractively→attractive 第八句：light→lights 第九句：去掉 for 第十句：an→the 题组(四) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·广州市综合测试一)There once was a forest filled with happy animals. One day a raccoon (浣熊) found some socks left behind by picnickers, and __1__ (decide) to wear them. They fitted so well, and felt so __2__ (comfort), that he kept them on. He spent his days __3__ (walk) through the forest in his new socks. Other animals became envious of the raccoon's new look and followed his trend. First it was squirrels in __4__ (shirt), then rabbits __5__ hats on, and finally birds wearing underpants! Doctor Bear, the forest physician, disapproved and tried to warn the clothes wearers. __6__ no one listened. Instead, they urged him to follow the latest trend too. Soon, the problems started. A squirrel caught his shirt on a branch and crashed to the ground. A rabbit tried entering his hole while __7__ (wear) his hat and got stuck. Even the raccoon, thanks to his bright coloured socks, slipped into the river and almost died. When the __8__ (injure) animals came to see Doctor Bear, he told them, “Your clothes are killing you. You don't need __9__.” Those __10__ listened to the doctor's advice finally understood they didn't need clothes. They'd only started wearing clothes to make others envy them. 语篇解读：本文讲述了一些动物纷纷效仿穿着袜子的浣熊，穿上各种各样的衣服，结果 却害了自己。 1．decided 根据 and 可知，空处与 found 构成并列谓语，故应填过去式 decided。 2．comfortable felt 为系动词，本处应用形容词作表语，故填 comfortable。 3．walking spend time doing sth.“花时间做某事”，故填现在分词 walking。 4．shirts 此处表示“穿着衬衫的松鼠”，应用名词的复数形式，故填 shirts。 5．with 本处用“with＋宾语＋宾补”的复合结构作 rabbits 的定语，表示“戴着帽 子的兔子”。 6．But 前后句之间为转折关系，故应填连词 But。 7．wearing “当兔子戴着它的帽子尝试着进洞时”，此处为状语从句的省略，原句应 为“while he was wearing his hat”。 8．injured 此处表示“受伤的动物”，应用形容词作定语。 9．them 句意：你们的衣服会要了你的命，你们不需要它们。空处代指“clothes”， 填 them。 10．who 句意：那些听了医生建议的动物最终理解了它们并不需要衣服。本处为定语 从句，先行词为 Those，本文拟人化，应用关系代词 who。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·长春市质检)Last week, there was a program calling “Learning to Respect Our Parents” in our school. That is known to us that respect for one's parents is one of Chinese traditional moral value. And most students nowadays are “the only child”. We often think of themselves as the centre of their family. As for the program, eight “dos” have worked out for the students to follow. For an example, we are advised to remember our parents' birthdays. Beside this, it is necessary that we should also tell our parents what we are going to do when we go out. The program has been such successful that it has been high praised by many people. 答案：第一句：calling→called 第二句：第一个 That→It; value→values 第三句：And→But 第四句：We→They 第五句：have 后加 been 第六句：去掉 an 第七句：Beside→Besides 第八句：such→so; high→highly 语法填空＋短文改错组合练(二) 题组(一) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·长沙四校模拟二)A recent study shows that most adults did household chores __1__(active) when they were young. Most kids today do not do as many household chores as before, __2__ same study shows. An expert said, “Parents today want their kids to spend more time __3__ things that can bring them money and honour. They have stopped __4__(do) the one thing that has proven to bring success. That is doing household chores.” Another study finds that compared with the kids __5__ didn't do household chores, young adults beginning chores at ages 3 and 4 were more likely __6__(succeed). They had better family relationships, did better in school, performed better at work and were more independent. Personal happiness __7__(say) to come from strong relationships. It begins by learning to be kind and __8__(help) to their parents at home. If your kids say they have to skip chores because it's time they __9__(deal) with their homework, you'd better not let them off the hook. If you do, your child may think grades are more important than caring about others. “What may seem like small __10__(message) at the moment add up to big ones over time，” says an expert. 语篇解读：本文是说明文。一项研究表明，现在的大部分成年人小时候都做过家务，而 现在的大部分孩子不像以前的孩子那样做很多家务了。 1．actively 分析句子结构可知，空处修饰谓语动词，故要用副词形式 actively。 2．the 此处的“study”就是上文提到的“study”，故用定冠词 the 表示特指。 3．on 根据固定搭配 spend sth. on sth.可知，此处填介词 on。 4．doing 根据语境可知，这里说的是“停止做某事”，而不是“停下来去做某事”， 故用 stop doing sth.。 5．who/that 分析句子结构可知，空处在句中引导定语从句，先行词为 kids，关系代 词在从句中作主语，因此本空填 who/that。 6．to succeed 此处是 be likely to do sth.句型，故用不定式。 7．is said 本句含有“be said＋动词不定式”结构，且这里说的是现在的一般情况， 主语为 Personal happiness，因此填 is said。 8．helpful 本空应填形容词 helpful 与 kind 并列作表语。 9．dealt/should deal It's time (that) ... 句型中， that 从句要用虚拟语气， 即从句谓语用一般过去式或“should＋do”，其中 should 不可以省略。 10．messages message 是可数名词，其前没有冠词，故要用其复数形式。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·成都市第二次诊断性检测)Last Friday, I was standing near a subway exit, tried to call a taxi. But no luck. Then I thought of the taxi booking app my friend has recommended and I booked a taxi through my cell phone. Soon it came, and I stepped in, feeling pretty proudly of my high tech way and satisfied with the convenience brought by the app. So later, I was upset to find that the driver was busy looking his cell phone to get the next order. It was just then when I began to worry about my safety. What's bad, the driver's informations might be unreliable. How can we passengers' legal rights be protecting if something bad happens? So be careful when you use the taxi booking app the next time. 答案：第一句：tried→trying 第三句：has→had 第四句：proudly→proud 第五句：So→But/Yet; looking 后加 at 第六句：when→that 第七句：bad→worse; informations→information 第八句：protecting→protected 第九句：去掉 next 前面的 the 题组(二) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·陕西省教学质检二)I drove to a local supermarket the other day. My shopping list was long and my wallet was light. Still, I needed to get a week's food for my family. I parked my car, looked down at my list, and hoped I __1__ pay for it all. As I walked into the door, I saw a man with kind __2__ (eye) and a gentle smile. He said he was __3__ (collect) for a local food bank that helped to feed the hungry in my area. He handed me a second shopping list of things they could use and asked me to help if I could. I smiled back, took the list and walked into the store. I really wanted to help, __4__ wasn't sure if I could this time. I walked through the store, picking up vegetables, soup, spaghetti, bread, milk, cereal, macaroni, bananas, and a dozen other things. I slowly marked each item (项) off my list until I was done. When I looked down at my full cart (购物车) I wondered again __5__ I even had enough to pay for it all. Then, as I put my own list back into my pocket, I saw the food bank list under it. I smiled and __6__ (decide) to trust my heart. With the food bank in mind, I went over and picked up two of the biggest boxes of rice the store had and put __7__ (they) in my cart. It took another six dollars out of my wallet to pay for them, but my heart felt six times __8__ (large) when I did. And when everything was added up, I had just enough to pay for it all. It takes so little to make our world a better place. A few dollars can help to fill a __9__ (child) hungry stomach. __10__ (kind) can change another's day and life. It is up to us, though. We can save a few dollars on rice, or we can share love that will last forever. 语篇解读：本文是记叙文。一天，作者开车去当地的一家超市购物的过程中做了一件好 事。 1．could 句意：我停好车，低头看了看我的清单，希望自己可以付得起。根据句意， 此处表示“能够，可以”，且此处讲述过去的事情，故用情态动词 can 的过去式 could。 2．eyes 句意：当我进门时，我看到一个眼神友善又面带温和笑容的人。一个人有两 只眼睛，且空前无冠词或所有格，故用 eye 的复数形式。 3．collecting 句意：他说他在为一个当地的食物赈济处募集(食物)。根据空前的 “was”和 collect 与主语 he 之间是主动关系可知，此处应用过去进行时，故填 collecting。 4．but 句意：我真的想帮忙，但是不确定这次是否能做到。前后分句之间是转折关系， 故填 but“但是”。 5．if/whether 句意：当我低头看着满满的购物车时，我又一次想知道我是否有足够 的钱来支付。wondered 后是一个宾语从句，从句成分完整，此处表示“是否”，故填 if/whether。 6．decided 句意：我笑了笑并决定相信自己的心。and 连接两个并列的谓语，故应填 decided 与 smiled 并列。 7．them put 后的宾语指的是 two of the biggest boxes of rice，故用 they 的宾格 形式 them。 8．larger 句意：但是我这样做时，我感觉我的心是原来的六倍大。虽然句中没有 than， 但是根据语境可知，此处有比较的意味，倍数表达法中，三倍及以上用“基数词＋times＋ 比较级(＋than)”表示，故用 larger。 9．child's 句意：几美元就能帮助填满一个孩子饥饿的胃。空后是名词 stomach，所 给提示词是 child，空前是不定冠词 a，故此处应该用 child 的所有格形式。 10．Kindness 句意：善行能够改变另一个人的一天和生活。空处作句子的主语，因此 要用 kind 的名词形式 kindness“善行”。注意首字母大写。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·江西省百校联盟联考)It was the Christmas. I saw a 7 and 8yearold boy wearing a man's overcoat it covered him from neck to toe. The sleeve of the coat were cut short casual to match the boy's arm length. I went to the nearby shop. As I had a son with the same age, I knew the size. A few moments later, I buy a nice pair of trousers, with a matching overcoat. Wore Santa's hat, I went away and gave the new clothes to the boy. The unexpected joy on face thrilled me. Unplanned charity brings a strange sense of contentment that money can never buy. 答案：第一句：去掉 the 第二句：and→or; it→that/which 第三句：sleeve→sleeves; casual→casually 第五句：with→of 第六句：buy→bought 第七句：Wore→Wearing; away→back 第八句：face 前加 his 题组(三) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·合肥市第一次质检)Sammy Armstrong was driving to his office when he __1__ (notice) a car was stuck on railroad tracks. Then he heard a train whistle. Sammy threw down his sunglasses and keys and ran toward the car. __2__ elderly man, Jean Papich, eightyfour, sat in the driver's seat, __3__ (turn) the key and hitting the gas. His wife, Marion, seventyeight, was looking __4__ (nervous) at him. Then Sammy walked __5__ the car and pushed it forward, but his boots slipped on the warm asphalt (沥青). He could see the train approaching fast. It might be __6__ (easy) to push the car backward, Sammy thought. He ran around to the front of the vehicle and shouted at Jean __7__ (put) the car in neutral (空 挡)．Sammy could feel the ground trembling under his feet. He put his boots against the track and pushed forcefully. Finally, the car rolled off the tracks. When Sammy looked up, the train was just a couple of __8__ (foot) away. Sammy, shocked and __9__ (speech), went back to work as crowd gathered at the scene. Weeks later, Marion called to thank Sammy. He responded, “I just did __10__ I had to do.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Sammy Armstrong 在开车上班的路上解救了一辆卡在铁 轨上的汽车。 1．noticed 文章的整体时态为过去时，且主句中用的是过去进行时，故填 noticed。 2．An man 在文中第一次提到，应用不定冠词，且 elderly 的读音以元音音素开头， 故填 An。 3．turning 空处与句子主语之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词作伴随状语，并与 hitting 并列，故填 turning。 4．nervously 副词作状语修饰动词，故填 nervously。 5．behind 根据下文的“pushed it forward”可知，此处表示走到车的后面推车，故 填 behind。 6．easier 根据语境可知，向前推车不好推，所以他想向后面推可能更容易，故填 easier。 7．to put 此处为不定式作宾补，他向老人喊让老人挂空挡，故填 to put。 8．feet a couple of 后跟可数名词的复数形式。故填 feet。 9．speechless 与 shocked 并列，根据语境可知，应填 speechless。 10．what 分析句子结构可知，空处引导的从句作 did 的宾语，且空处在从句中充当 do 的宾语，故填 what。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·武汉市调研考试) Dear Ms. Helen， I am pleasing to offer you the position of aftersales manager in our company starting on 16 June, 2016. You were given the right to discuss this offer and to seek advices on the attached proposed agreement with your family, a lawyer, or someone else you trust. Unless you want some information on your employment rights, you can also contact the Employment Service Office or visiting our website. Also, if you disagree this offer or wish to clarify something in it, please ring myself to discuss any issue you wish to raise. If you are happy with the proposed terms and wish to accept an offer of employment, please sign this letter and return it to me by 1 June, 2016. In case of I have not heard from you by that date, this offer will be automatical withdrawn. Li Hua 答案：第一句：pleasing→pleased 第二句：were→are; advices→advice 第三句：Unless→If; visiting→visit 第四句：disagree 后加 with; myself→me 第五句：an→the/this 第六句：去掉 of; automatical→automatically 题组(四) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·河南省八市重点高中质量检测) The Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the __1__ (large) of the Earth's oceans, covering about 46% of the Earth's water surface and 32% of its total surface area. It extends __2__ the Arctic in the north to the Antarctica in the south, __3__ (surround) by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east. The Pacific Ocean contains about 25,000 islands. The __4__ (major) of them are found south of the equator. __5__ water near the equator is less salty than that found in the midlatitudes (中纬度) for __6__ (abundance) equatorial precipitation (赤道降水) throughout the year. The surface circulation of Pacific waters is __7__ (general) clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The exploitation of the Pacific's mineral wealth is various, __8__ is influenced by the ocean's great depths. In shallow waters off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand, natural gas is produced, and pearls __9__ (harvest) along the coasts of Australia, Japan and the Philippines. One more thing worth __10__ (mention) is that the Pacific's greatest wealth is its fish. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界上最大的大洋——太平洋。 1．largest 根据句意及空前的“the”可知，此处应该使用形容词的最高级形式。 2．from 此处指它从北半球的北极延伸到南半球的南极地区。from 与后面的 to 形成 对应。 3．surrounded 分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作伴随状语，且由空格后的 by 可知， 此处指的是太平洋被围绕，表被动，故应用过去分词。 4．majority 由空前的“The”和空后的“of”可知，这里应填一个名词。major 本身 可以作名词，表示“专业”，显然不符合语境。此处应用 majority“大部分”，符合语境。 5．The 根据 water 后面的修饰语“near the equator”可知，此处应用定冠词 The 表特指。 6．abundant 根据语境和句子结构可知，空处在句中作定语修饰名词，故应用其形容 词形式。 7．generally 此处表示“通常，太平洋水域的表面循环在北半球是顺时针方向的，在 南半球是逆时针方向的”。应用副词修饰整个句子，故填 generally。 8．which 分析句子结构可知，空处在句中引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 The exploitation，且在从句中作主语，故只能用 which。 9．are harvested 根据句子结构可知，pearls 与 harvest 之间是被动关系，应用被 动语态，且本文的基本时态为一般现在时，故此处也需用一般时，故填 are harvested。 10．mentioning 分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作 worth 的宾语，worth 后接动词时 应用其 ing 形式，即用主动形式表被动含义。worth doing sth.“值得做某事”。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·沈阳市质检)This evening I went to Jim's house to sing with some of my good friend, and we really had a happily time. It was because of I got a bad score in the math exam that I had been in low mood for the whole afternoon. But finally, I accepted Jim's invitation. It was the first time that I have sung with my friends. All my friends enjoy singing, while I didn't dare show my voice. I was afraid I couldn't sing well. After a while, my friends noticed this. With our encouragement, I picked up the microphone and sang an English song, which name is I believe I can fly. With the song went on, I cheered up and recovered my confidence gradual. 答案：第一句：friend→friends; happily→happy 第二句：去掉 of; low 前加 a 第四句：have→had 第五句：enjoy→enjoyed 第八句：our→their; which→whose 第九句：went→going; gradual→gradually 语法填空＋短文改错组合练(三) 题组(一) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·昆明市两区七校模拟调研)During a recent Senior Three English lesson, the teacher __1__ (notice) Xiao Ming, a student, busily typing messages on her cellphone. To the teacher's surprise, Xiao Ming wasn't just texting her friends the latest small talk. She was blogging about what she was learning in the classroom, sharing her opinions __2__ her classmates. She said she __3__ (true) enjoyed doing that. The case caused __4__ heated discussion among teachers and students citywide. Miss Li, another English teacher said, “I am amazed at how __5__ (create) the students can be when writing on their blogs. To me it's a great way for students to improve their writing skills while writing about personal feelings and experiences.” But __6__ made other teachers worried was the blog addiction which may disturb the students' study. A supporter and classmate of Xiao Ming said, “We love her blog! We all read it each day and can't wait to see what she writes about next. Many of her __7__ (suggest) on study really help to encourage us. And we can relax __8__ (we) while reading her blog.” Another student blogger admitted that he often works late into the night, __9__ (write) his blog. He said, “Sometimes I don't even have time __10__ (finish) my homework. I can't help myself. I really have a lot to say.” 语篇解读：本文主要讲述了老师和学生对发博客的不同看法。 1．noticed 通读全文可知，故事发生在过去，故用动词的一般过去式形式。 2．with 考查介词。share sth. with sb.意为“与某人分享某物”，为固定搭配，故 用介词 with。 3．truly 修饰动词应用副词，故用副词 truly 修饰动词 enjoyed。 4．a discussion 在此处表示具体概念，且第一次在语境中出现，故用不定冠词 a 修 饰。 5．creative how 修饰形容词或副词。由下文的 be 可知，此处应用形容词作表语，故 填 creative。 6．what 空处引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，表示物的概念，what 符合语境。 7．suggestions her 是形容词性物主代词，修饰名词，故用名词形式。此外，suggestion 是可数名词，由 Many of 可知，应用复数形式。 8．ourselves 由句子主语 we 可知，此处应用反身代词，表示放松自我。 9．writing write 和从句的谓语 works 之间没有连词，故用非谓语动词。其与主语 he 之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。 10．to finish have time to do sth.意为“有时间做某事”，为固定搭配，不定式 作宾语补足语。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·潍坊市统考)Last weekend, I went to visit my grandparents with Dad.On way back, we met so much red lights that Dad shut down the engine to save gas.Unfortunate, when the lights turn green, Dad couldn't start the car again.Stuck on the traffic, we didn't know what to do. Just then, a car stopped on the right side, and the driver was offered to help push our car to the roadside.We were so grateful.With his car preventing other car passing, he and I pushed his car aside as Dad controlled the wheel in the car. Dad thanked the driver but soon Dad's friends came to our rescue, restart our car with new batteries. 答案：第二句：On 后加 the; much→many 第三句：Unfortunate→Unfortunately; turn→turned 第四句：on→in 第五句：去掉 was 第七句：car→cars; 第二个 his→our 第八句：but→and; restart→restarting 题组(二) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·西宁市重点中学联考)Everyone seems __1__ (have) his or her own holiday. Dad has Father's Day. Mom has Mother's Day. Children have Children's Day. Lovers have Valentine's Day. But is there a special day __2__ older people? Of course. The Chongyang Festival is the holiday __3__ Chinese people show love for their elders. __4__ (celebrate) on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, the festival is also known as the Double Ninth Festival. Nine is the __5__ (high) digit (数字), so it __6__ (regard) that the two together mean a long life. The festival comes during __7__ golden time of autumn. The clear weather and the joy of harvest make for a happy atmosphere. On the day, people __8__ (traditional) climb a mountain and carry dogwood (茱萸). People in ancient times __9__ (believe) that the plant could drive away evil __10__ (spirit) and prevent people against cold in winter. 语篇解读：本文是说明文，简单地介绍了中国的传统节日——重阳节。 1．to have 此处指每个人似乎都有自己的节日。seem 后接动词不定式作宾语。 2．for 此处表示老人的节日，强调“对象”，故用介词 for。 3．when 重阳节是中国人向年长的人表达关爱的节日。分析句子结构可知，空处引导 定语从句，先行词是表示时间的 holiday，且空处在从句中作时间状语，故填 when。 4．Celebrated 分析句子结构可知，celebrate 与其逻辑主语 the festival 之间是被 动关系，故用过去分词作状语。 5．highest “9”被认为是最大的个位数字。根据空前的“the”可知，此处应用 high 的最高级形式。 6．is regarded 人们认为两个“9”意味着长寿。根据上下文可知此处用一般现在时， 且 it 与 regard 之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。 7．the 此处指秋天的黄金时期，是特指，故用定冠词 the。 8．traditionally 所填词修饰整个句子，故要用副词形式。traditionally“传统地”。 9．believed 根据句中的时间状语“in ancient times”可知此处要用一般过去时。 10．spirits spirit 在这里表示“幽灵，鬼魂”，是可数名词，故用复数形式。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·大连市双基测试)Recently I have done a survey on the hobbies of the 1,500 students in our school. The result showed that over 40% of them are fond of playing musical instruments in their spare time because it can improve their life quality. About 35% enjoy surf the Internet, which helps them know about world affair. That surprises me most is that the number of the students paid much attention to reading and doing sports is smaller. Each only makes up for 12%, although one is the best way to gain knowledge and other is to keep fit. However, more students are strongly advised to take on reading as knowledge is power. Plus, they should take an active part in sports and develop other hobbies proper besides entertainment. 答案：第二句：showed→shows 第三句：surf→surfing; affair→affairs 第四句：第一个 That→What; paid→paying 第五句：去掉 for; other 前加 the 第六句：However→Therefore; on→up 第七句：proper→properly 题组(三) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·海南省五校模拟) Cavalier King Charles Spaniel This dog is very __1__ (access) and likes getting close to everyone it meets. This kind of dog is so cute that even though it might have never seen you __2__， if it sees you sitting down and looking lovely, it will jump onto your lap and show you __3__ (kind). These dogs are not the right choice if you are looking for a watchdog, but if you want an honest companion, you need look no __4__ (far). If you accept them as a part of your family, they will provide you with love and affection. But besides being loving, they are also very playful and like chasing other small animals, so __5__ (keep) them on a chain when going for a walk would be a smart thing to do. If their personality doesn't make your heart __6__ (melt), their beautiful eyes __7__， and when you see the warmth in them you will feel the urge to pet them — and that is exactly __8__ they want. This dog is a long term commitment, and your life could __9__ (enrich) by its company if you are ready __10__ that. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了骑士查理王犬的个性及特征。 1．accessible 系动词后接形容词作表语，accessible 意为“易接近的”。 2．before 根据语境可知，此处指的是“即使它之前从未见过你”，故要用 before, before 与完成时连用。 3．kindness show 后接双宾语，且 you 为间接宾语，故用名词 kindness 作直接宾语。 4．further/farther 由语境可知，此处指“你不需要再找了”，应用副词比较级。 5．keeping 分析句子结构可知，此处为动名词作主语，故填 keeping。 6．melt 此处是“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构，heart 与 melt 之间是主动关系，故用省 略 to 的不定式作宾补。注意：melt 表示“态度软下来，变得温和有同情心”时，是不及物 动词。 7．will if 引导的条件状语从句用了一般现在时表将来，故主句用一般将来时。注意： will 后的 make your heart melt 承前省略。 8．what 分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，且在从句中作宾语，故填 what。 9．be enriched 句子的主语 your life 与 enrich 之间为被动关系，再根据 could 可 知，该空填 be enriched。 10．for 此处是 be ready for“为……做好准备”的搭配，故填介词 for。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·石家庄市调研检测)People used to communicate with each other through letters and public phones. So nowadays they use mobile phones and the Internet instead of. This change in communication have good effects on our works and life. Comparing with letters and public phones, mobile phones and the Internet are fast and much more convenient. If you missed your grandmother, you just take out your phone and say “hello” to him. And she will be happy to hear your voice. If you want to place order with a foreign company, you can email the message. It'll be minutes after you get their reply. 答案：第二句：So→But; 去掉 of 第三句：have→has; works→work 第四句：Comparing→Compared; fast→faster 第五句：missed→miss; him→her 第七句：place 后加 an 第八句：after→before 题组(四) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·成都市第二次诊断性检测)As is known to us, the year 2016 has one extra day in it — February 29th. This is because it's __1__ we call “a leap year”. Every four years, the year has 366 days in __2__ instead of 365. It is called a leap year because hundreds of years ago in England, the extra day wasn't __3__ (legal) recognized. There is a well known tradition in the UK __4__ (associate) with February 29th, introduced many centuries ago. Women are allowed to break with tradition and propose (求婚) to their boyfriends on this day. This all started back in the __5__ (five) century, when a famous Irish saint made a __6__ (complain) that women had to wait too long for men to propose. According to the legend, Saint Patrick said any female dreaming of a proposal could ask her boyfriend to marry her on this additional day in February. This so called tradition __7__ (write) in law in the thirteenth century. Scotland passed a law allowing women to propose to men in a leap year. It was said that if the men refused, they had to pay a fine! Now in 2016, there are calls __8__ February 29th to become a public holiday. Some people believe that it should be an __9__ (office) day off, because no one gets __10__ (many) payments for working an extra day in a leap year. For the moment though, the British still have to go to work on this day. 语篇解读：本文讲述了与闰年二月二十九日相关的事宜。 1．what 句意：这是因为今年是我们称为的“闰年”。表语从句中 call 缺少宾语，故 填 what。 2．it 本处代指 the year，作介词 in 的宾语，故用人称代词的宾格形式 it。 3．legally 修饰动词应用副词 legally。 4 ．associated 在英 国有 个有 名的 传统 和二月 二十 九日 有关 。be associated with ...“与……有联系，与……有关”。本处应用过去分词短语作后置定语。 5．fifth in the fifth century“在五世纪”；定冠词 the 后加序数词。 6．complaint 不定冠词 a 后加名词。 7．was written 这项所谓的传统在 13 世纪被写入法律。tradition 与 write 之间为 动宾关系，且 tradition 为单数，此处描述的是过去的情况，故填 was written。 8．for (大家)呼吁 2 月 29 日成为公众假日。call 在此为名词，call for ...表示“对 于……的呼吁”。 9．official “官方的节假日”，应用形容词作定语修饰名词。 10．more 因为没有人会因为多干这一天获得更多的报酬。根据语境可知，本处应用比 较级。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·贵阳市监测考试)I needed to start work on 11 o'clock that morning. As a usual, I went back to my office at about 10：30. The mall was almost empty at this time. While walked down the aisle, I suddenly heard the sound of a car engine. It was strangely because no vehicles were allowed enter the mall. The car stopped just outside a jewellery shop and out jump a few masked men, all armed with weapons. I did not hesitate and called the police using my mobile phone. Before that, I just stood aside while watching the robbers finish his job. The police came just in time outside the mall. There was a crash when the robber escaped. Unfortunately, they were all arrested by the police. 答案：第一句：on→at 第二句：去掉 a 第四句：walked→walking 第五句：strangely→strange; enter 前加 to 第六句：jump→jumped 第八句：Before→After; his→their 第十句：robber→robbers 第十一句：Unfortunately→Fortunately 语法填空＋短文改错组合练(四) 题组(一) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·新疆维吾尔自治区适应性检测) On learning As we all know, learning is a process of gaining knowledge. Learning is one's own business, __1__ cannot rely on others. It is one's lifelong task, which cannot __2__ (finish) in one move. A successful learner is an __3__ (independence) one, who has __4__ a determined will and amazing patience. He will try to discover his own way of learning. Instead of waiting for the help of his teachers and friends, he will make efforts __5__ (create) favorable conditions on his own strong spirit. It will certainly be __6__ great help, if there is a good environment, enough books and __7__ (equip), as well as instructions from his teachers and friends. Even if one has got all these favorable conditions, one cannot be sure to succeed in learning. So the most important factor in learning __8__ (lie) in one's own effort. To learn is rather __9__ hard working and persevering business. Many a man is a failure because he cannot bear such hardships. Persistent efforts can make up for a lack of talent and __10__ (able) one to get a great deal of progress in learning. 语篇解读：本文讲述了如何做一个成功的学习者。 1．which 本处为非限制性定语从句。关系词在非限制性定语从句中作主语，指物，应 用 which。 2．be finished 句意：它是终生的任务，不能一次被完成。由 finish 和 task 之间是 逻辑上的动宾关系可知，应用被动语态；结合 cannot 可知，应填 be finished。 3．independent 本处应用形容词作定语，故填 independent。 4．both 句意：成功的学习者既有坚定的意志，又有惊人的耐心。both ... and ...“既……又……”。 5．to create make efforts to do sth.“努力做某事”，是固定短语。 6．of 根据固定结构“be of help＝be helpful”可知，此处填介词 of。 7．equipment 本处 and 连接两个并列的名词。故填 equip 的名词形式 equipment。 8．lies 根据上下文时态可知，此处应用一般现在时；结合主语 factor 可知，应用第 三人称单数形式 lies。 9．a 句意：学习是一件需要勤奋和坚持不懈的事情。business 当“事情”讲时，通 常用单数，此处表泛指，故应用不定冠词；hard working 的读音以辅音音素开头，故填 a。 10．enable 句意：坚持不懈的努力能够弥补天赋的缺乏，使人能够在学习方面取得很 大的进步。本处 and 连接两个动作 make up 和 enable。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·郑州市质量预测)I can still remember I was once asked to make speech before the whole class at the age of 9. You can imagine how shy I was when I thought of that with so many eyes fixed to me. I had no more choice but to prepare for it, though. The hardest part was my oral presentation from my memory, for reading from the paper wasn't allowing. The real moment began before I stood on the platform with my legs trembling or my mind blank. But my listeners were waiting patient. Gradually, I found me back, giving my speech at last. After what seemed to be a long time, I heard all the listeners applauding loudly. Ever since then, my fear of speak before the audience had disappeared. Actually, now I've become a great speaker! 答案：第一句：speech 前加 a 第二句：to→on/upon 第三句：去掉 more 第四句：allowing→allowed 第五句：before→when/as/after; or→and 第六句：patient→patiently 第七句：me→myself 第九句：speak→speaking; had→has 题组(二) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·桂林市调研考试)I had an __1__ (interest) experience playing ping pong last year. I was playing against a fine opponent. When the score was 20 to 20, I placed my bat on the table, __2__ (thank) my opponent and began to walk away. She called me back and said we had to continue __3__ one of us won. “Look，” I said, “if we continue, either you or I will win. If you win __4__ (easy), I will begin to doubt my skill. If I win, you will be unhappy. Isn't it __5__ (good) to know that we both played well, that we enjoyed the competition, and that we played to an equal score？” This was a surprising ending for my opponent and for the persons __6__ (watch) this contest. It made sense to me to leave with a tie game, an impasse (僵局): no winner, no loser! Our present technology makes __7__ possible for nations to destroy other nations. In such a nuclear time there can be no winners, only losers. Under these __8__ (condition), the only choice __9__ (avoid) global destruction is a global impasse. We cannot destroy this beautiful planet by holding on to __10__ old understanding of victory. The only victory is in achieving a satisfying impasse. No one wins, but no one loses, either. 语篇解读：本文讲述了作者的一次乒乓球比赛的经历。当对方要求一定要分出胜负时， 作者却觉得平局对双方都好。 1．interesting 此处需要用形容词修饰名词 experience。interesting“有趣的”。 2．thanked 句中三个动词 place, thank 和 begin 为并列谓语，都是发生在过去的动 作，故用一般过去时。 3．until/till 根据句意可知，她叫我回来说我们应该一直打到有人赢为止。 4．easily 修饰动词 win，需用副词。 5．better 此处是将平局和有胜负作比较，应该用比较级。 6．watching persons 和 watch 之间为主谓关系，故用动词 ing 形式。watching this contest 作定语，修饰 the persons。 7．it it 为形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语 to destroy other nations。 8．conditions 由 these 可知此处需要用名词的复数形式。 9．to avoid choice, determination, decision, effort, right 等名词后的定语常 用动词不定式。 10．an an understanding of sth.意为“对某物的了解”，且 old 的读音以元音音素 开头，故填 an。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·湖南市东部六校联考)I'd like to introduce Sarah to you. She is a good friend of me. Actually she is an exchange student from Ireland, whom has been studying in my school for two month. Wanting to take an advantage of her short time here, Sarah works hardly. She had not studied Chinese before arriving here, but she has some difficulty communicating with people. She woke up early every morning to study a bit before class. I admire her independence for doing all of this while live so far away from her family. Besides, Sarah is in great help. Busy as she is, she often takes time help classmates with their English homework. A lovely girl, isn't she? 答案：第二句：me→mine 第三句：whom→who; month→months 第四句：去掉 an; hardly→hard 第五句：but→so 第六句：woke→wakes 第七句：live→living 第八句：in→of 第九句：help 前加 to 题组(三) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·山西省四校联考)What defines a healthy city? Is it a place with a lot of open spaces __1__ people can exercise and enjoy the fresh air? A place with little or no pollution? A place in which people can __2__ (free) socialize and express their ideas? Perhaps, it's all that plus more. Other considerations are the availability of health and fitness facilities, an excellent healthcare program and sincere efforts by __3__ local government to actively promote health and wellness among its citizens. Of all the cities in the world, one of the top six __4__ (healthy) cities is Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhageners love to walk. Foot traffic accounts __5__ 80% of all traffic in the Copenhagen city center. Those who prefer it can also bike. It is estimated that more than a third of all work trips in Copenhagen __6__ (carry) out on a bike. As for the climate here, the city does not have the blessing of pleasant weather all year round. __7__ everything starts to freeze, it turns several city squares into huge skating fields. The frozen parts of the city also make __8__ easier for residents to skate around. The city also has museums and art galleries for the kids and __9__ (grownup). It has the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts and the Royal Library housed in a rather grand building __10__ (call) the Black Diamond. 语篇解读：本文讲述了世界上最健康的六大城市之一——哥本哈根。 1．where 分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为 open spaces，关系词在 定语从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词 where。 2．freely 修饰动词短语“socialize and express their ideas”，应用副词 freely。 3．the 根据语境可知，此处表特指。 4．healthiest 此处表示“最健康的六大城市之一”，应用形容词最高级。 5．for 步行占交通总量的 80%。account for“占(一定数量或比例)”，是固定短语。 6．are carried work trips 与 carry out 之间存在动宾关系，空处应用被动语态； 根据文章的整体时态可知，空处应用一般现在时；由“a third of all work trips”可知， 空处应填 are carried。 7 ． When/As 当 开 始 上 冻 的 时 候 ， 一 些 城 市 广 场 就 变 成 了 巨 大 的 溜 冰 场 。 When/As“当……时候”，引导时间状语从句。 8．it 本处 it 为形式宾语，真正的宾语是 to skate around。 9．grownups 本处 and 连接两个并列的名词 kids 和 grownups。 10．called call 与被修饰的名词 building 之间为动宾关系，应用过去分词作定语。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·内蒙古四校统一能力测试)In order to enrich all students' life, a tour to Dengtaijia Tourist Attraction arranged by the Students' Union on August 18th. The attraction is one of Shimantan National Forest Park attraction. Located in Wugang city, Pingdingshan, it is well known with its highest peak looks like an ancient lampstand. We started out by the bus at 6：30 at the school gate. But after we got there at about 8：00, we began to climb the highest peak. A delicious lunch was careful prepared at farmers' cottages for them. In the afternoon, we went for a wonder boat ride in the Shimantan Reservoir, after that we gathered at 5 pm and returned. 答案：第一句：arranged 前加 was 第二句：第二个 attraction→attractions 第三句：with→for; looks→looking 第四句：去掉第一个 the 第五句：But→And 第六句：careful→carefully; them→us 第七句：wonder→wonderful; that→which 题组(四) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·辽宁省部分重点高中协作校联考)There is good and bad news about the number of trees on our planet. The good news is __1__ there are seven times more trees than we __2__ (think). A few years ago, scientists estimated the world had 400 billion trees, but a new study makes a __3__ (calculate) that there are around three trillion trees. That's a three __4__ (follow) by 12 zeroes. But Dr Thomas Crowther told the BBC that this new number is unable __5__ (change) anything. What is the bad news? Thousands of years ago, the earth had around six trillion trees. Human activity has cut the number of trees on the planet __6__ half. A good example of this is __7__ fact that Europe used to be one of the giant forests. Dr Crowther said people are __8__ (responsibility) for the loss of three trillion trees. Another 15 billion trees are lost each year because of deforestation (毁林) and farmland. The scientists said this figure is “__9__ (extreme) higher” than a century ago. Dr Crowther added, “This study highlights how much more effort __10__ (need) if we are to restore healthy forests worldwide.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文中介绍了地球上树木的现有量。 1．that 分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，从句成分和句意完整，故用 that。 2．thought 这里说的是“比我们原本以为的……”，故要用一般过去时。 3．calculation 根据空前的“a”可知此处要用名词形式。 4．followed follow 与 three 之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词作定语。 5．to change be (un)able to do sth.意为“(不)能做某事”，是常用表达。 6．in in half 意为“减半”。 7．the 根据语境可知，此处应该用定冠词 the 特指 fact。 8．responsible 根据语境可知，此处指人们应该为树木的减少负责。be responsible for“对……负责”是固定搭配，故填 responsible。 9．extremely 根据句意及句子结构可知，空格处修饰形容词 higher，应用副词形式。 10．is needed/will be needed 这项研究表明，如果要在世界范围内恢复健康的森林， 那我们需要再做多少努力。主句主语 effort 与 need 之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。“how much more effort”的谓语应用单数，故应填 is needed。此处也可理解为表示将来要发生 的动作，故主句可用一般将来时。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·福建省普通高中毕业班质检)Last month, I find that my little brother looked up to me. I noticed he started copying way that I was dressed. He even began copying my ways of speaking and greet my friends. At first, I thought that he was play jokes. So I yelled at him, “Knock it off.” Much with my surprise, he burst into tear. Then I realized that what he was doing those things just because he admired me. To comfort my sadly brother, I took him to shop at the store for a blue shirt like me. Our mother smiled proud when we happily came back home in our shirts. 答案：第一句：find→found 第二句：way 前加 the 第三句：greet→greeting 第四句：play→playing 第六句：with→to; tear→tears 第七句：去掉 what 第八句：sadly→sad; me→mine 第九句：proud→proudly 语法填空＋短文改错组合练(五) 题组(一) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·郑州市质量预测)Sweet wormwood (青蒿) is a common plant in China, __1__ it has the power to cure the deadly disease called malaria (疟疾). Tu Youyou __2__ (be) the woman who uses the plant's special power to save millions of lives. The Chinese scientist won a Nobel Prize because of her great contribution. On October 5, Tu was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. She shared the prize with two other scientists from the US and Japan. Tu is the first native Chinese person __3__ (receive) a Nobel Prize in natural sciences. Tu was modest about receiving the award: “It's a success for the whole research team.” She also thinks __4__ is scientists' duty to fight for the health of all humans. When Tu joined the national research team to find the medicine __5__ could fight against malaria in the 1960s and 1970s, things were hard. The team didn't have advanced equipment back then. Tu used to test __6__ (medicine) by eating them herself. Her team searched old Chinese medicine books __7__ hand and tested over 2,000 traditional recipes. Once Tu __8__ (return) home after traveling for six months. Her little daughter didn't recognize her and hid from the “strange woman”. To do research, Tu also had to move around a lot. Finally, Tu found artemisinin (青蒿素)in sweet wormwood in 1971. She spent the next decades __9__ (try) to improve the medicine. According to World Health Organization, about 200 million people suffer __10__ malaria around the world, and about half a million die each year. Artemisinin is still the most effective treatment against malaria known today. Tu never complains about how hard she works. “I feel more rewarded when I see so many cured patients，” she said. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。屠呦呦是中国第一个获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家，她带领 她的团队发现了青蒿素，从而挽救了数百万人的生命。 1．but 空前语境为：青蒿在中国是一种常见的植物；空后语境为：它有治愈致命疾病 ——疟疾的能力。根据空处前后语境可以判断，两句为转折关系，故用转折连词 but。 2．is 根据该句中的“who uses the plant's special power”可知，该句应用一般 现在时。又因主语为 Tu Youyou，故填 is。 3．to receive 根据该句中的“the first native Chinese person”可以判断，该句 应用动词不定式作 person 的后置定语。 4．it 分析该句结构可知，动词不定式短语 to fight for the health of all humans 作真正的主语，it 作形式主语。 5．that/which 分析该句结构可知，该句为定语从句，先行词为 medicine，空处在从 句中作主语，故用 which 或 that 引导该定语从句。 6．medicines 根据该句中的 them 可以判断，空处应用复数形式。 7．by/on/at/in by hand 意为“用手”；on hand, at hand, in hand 意为“在手头”。 根据语境可知这四个介词都对。 8．returned 根据下句的“Her little daughter didn't recognize her”可知，这 里陈述的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时。 9．trying spend time doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“花费时间做某事”，故填 trying。 10．from suffer from 为固定搭配，意为“(因疾病、痛苦等)受折磨”。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·青岛市质检)The aim of this report is to show the opinions on reading paper books. On the one hand, reading paper books do bring us benefits. First, it's much more convenience to read paper books but we can take notes in places where we want to express our opinions. Second, it does less harm to your eyesight. Third, it helped us develop the habit of reading. On the other hand, paper books have some disadvantage. For example, they are not easily to carry. Besides, they cost a lot of paper, that is not very friendly to our environment. In the general, paper books cannot be replaced in spite their disadvantages. 答案：第二句：do→does 第三句：convenience→convenient; but→and 第四句：your→our 第五句：helped→helps 第六句：disadvantage→disadvantages 第七句：easily→easy 第八句：that→which 第九句：去掉 the; spite 后加 of 题组(二) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·武汉市调研考试)For more than six million American children, coming home after school means __1__(come) to an empty house. Some deal with the situation by watching TV. Some may hang out outside. __2__ all of them have something in common. They spend part of each day alone. They __3__ (call) latchkey children — they are children who look after themselves while their parents work. And their bad situation has become a subject of concern. A headmaster of an elementary school said that there was a school rule against wearing jewelry. A lot of kids had chains around their necks with keys __4__(attach). He was constantly telling them to put them inside shirts. There were so many keys, __5__ he slowly learned were house keys. He began talking to the children who had them. Then he learned the influence working couples and single parents were having __6__ their children. Fear is the biggest problem faced by children at home alone. Many had nightmares and were worried about their own __7__(safe)． The most common way latchkey children deal with this is by hiding. It might be in a bathroom, under a bed __8__ in a closet. The second is TV. They'll watch it with the volume turned up high. Most parents don't realize __9__(it) effect on their children and most parents are slow to admit the fact __10__ they leave their children alone. 语篇解读：本文介绍了美国“挂钥匙儿童”这一社会问题。 1．coming mean to do sth.“打算做某事”；mean doing sth.“意味着”。根据语 境可知，此处表示放学回家意味着回到一个空房子，故填 coming。 2．But 根据语境可知，一些孩子看电视，一些在外面闲逛。空后又说“have something in common”，故填转折连词 But。 3．are called 主语 They 与 call 之间构成动宾关系，且根据“they are”可知，该 句为一般现在时态，应填 are called。 4．attached 此处为“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构，attach 与 keys 之间是动宾关系， 故填 attached。 5．which 分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，从句缺少主语且先行词为 keys，指物，故填 which。 6．on have influence on sb.“对某人有影响”，故填 on。 7．safety 根据句意可知，此处指很多孩子做噩梦并担心自己的安全，应用名词形式， 故填 safety。 8．or 根据句意可知，此处指有可能藏在卫生间、床底下或壁橱里。表示选择，故填 or。 9．its 根据句意可知，此处表示电视对孩子的影响，故填 its。 10．that 根据句意可知，此处指大多数父母很迟缓地承认他们不管孩子这个事实；分 析句子结构可知，这是同位语从句且不缺成分，故填 that。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·东北三省四市教研联合体模拟)In a general, most houseparents are annoying for boy students living in dormitories. I didn't begin to like our houseparents when something happened one night. I was sound asleep when my alarm clock drops onto the floor and were broken into pieces. After a minute, the houseparents on duty opened the door and rushed in. Instead blaming me, he asked me anxious what was going on. Before making sure I was OK, he asked me to go back to sleep and cleaned up herself. Since then, I have completely changed my opinion of our houseparents. They are like our parents, keep all of us safe. 答案：第一句：去掉 a 第二句：when→until 第三句：drops→dropped; were→was 第四句：houseparents→houseparent 第五句：Instead 后加 of; anxious→anxiously 第六句：Before→After; herself→himself 第八句：keep→keeping 题组(三) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·河北省“五个一名校联盟”质检)At my workplace there aren't enough __1__(opportunity) to be different. We give care to others but sometimes we forget to care for __2__(we) and each other. So, I print __3__(inspire) messages, happy pictures, etc, and post them on a blank space __4__ I've found in one of our rooms. I believe they add to our “emotional education”． One person asked me, “Why do you try to help these people? They are not very nice？” My answer __5__(be), “If it affects one person then it's a good thing.” It doesn't matter whether it has an impact __6__ anyone else. What matters is that I'm the __7__(good) person I can be. I know those __8__(print) stories and articles are read because they keep getting moved about. So, __9__(eventual), like sandpaper against a rough surface, __10__ surface will become smooth and the messages will get through. How long it takes really doesn't matter. 语篇解读：本文为夹叙夹议文。作者通过自己的经历告诉我们关爱别人的同时，也不要 忘记关爱自己。 1．opportunities 根据空前的“there aren't”可知，there be 句型中的主语应用 复数形式。 2．ourselves 但有时我们忘记了关心自己和互相关心。空处在句中作介词 for 的宾语， 且主语和宾语表达相同的意思，故此处使用反身代词。 3 ． inspiring 根 据 语 境 可 知 ， 所 填 词 为 定 语 ， 修 饰 messages ， 故 用 形 容 词 inspiring“令人鼓舞的”。 4．that/which 分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句修饰先行词 a blank space， 且在从句中作宾语，故用 that/which。 5．was 根据上文中的“One person asked me”可知，此处也应用一般过去时态。 6．on 此处是固定搭配 have an impact on ...“对……有影响”。 7．best 根据空前的“the”可知，此处应用最高级，故填 best。 8．printed 分析句子结构可知，空处在此作前置定语修饰 stories and articles， 且 print 与 stories and articles 之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故此处使用过去分词作定语。 9．eventually 根据语境可知，此处应使用副词 eventually 作状语修饰整个句子。 10．the 此处 surface 为特指，空处填 the。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·南昌市模拟)A woman was taken to the hospital. While having an operation, she had a nearly death experience. Seeing God, she asked how this was it. God said, “No, you had another 40 years.” On recovery the women decided to have a plastic surgery. She had someone change her hair color, thinking since she had so many time to live, she'd better make full use from it. Finally she got out of the hospital. While crossing the street, she killed by an ambulance speeded by. Arriving in the front of God, she demanded, “They said I had another 40 years！” God replied, “But I didn't recognize you.” 答案：第二句：nearly→near 第三句：how→if/whether 第四句：had→have 第五句：women→woman 第六句：many→much; from→of 第八句：she 后加 was; speeded→speeding 第九句：去掉 the; They→You 题组(四) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016· 合 肥 市 质 检 )Eileen Taylor had something sweet on her mind in the drivethrough line at Heav'nly Donuts. Just the day before, a stranger ahead of her in line had __1__(generous) paid for her coffee. “The good deed made such __2__ big difference in my day，” says Eileen. She had recently lost her job as a physician's __3__ (assist), and money was tight. But Eileen __4__(inspire) to pay the $12 bill of the family in the car behind hers. __5__she didn't know was that her kindness would set off a chain reaction. In two and a half hours, fiftyfive drivers paid for the order of the person behind __6__(they). The doughnut shop's employees __7__ (see) this before. This Heav'nly Donuts, in fact, is known as a special place, the customers of __8__ are considered as “the best in the world”. But, even so, the workers were __9__ (amaze) that the shop had more than doubled its previous record by the end of the day. Now __10__ (work) as a chemist, Eileen visits Heav'nly Donuts every Saturday morning, picking up a coffee and paying for the order of the customer behind her. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Eileen 在经济困窘之际，陌生顾客帮她付单的行为产 生了连锁反应，很多人效仿这一行为。 1．generously 空处修饰动词，应用副词形式。 2．a make a difference 意为“起作用”，是固定短语。 3．assistant 此处指“作为一个医生的助手”，故用名词 assistant。 4．was inspired 本处叙述的是过去的事情，应用一般过去时；Eileen 与 inspire 之 间是动宾关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态；结合主语 Eileen 可知，填 was inspired。 5．What 句意：她不知道的是她的善行引起了连锁反应。主语从句中 know 缺少宾语， 故用 what 引导主语从句。 6．them 空处作介词 behind 的宾语，应用人称代词的宾格形式 them。 7．had seen 根据语境并结合时间状语 before 可知，此处指的是“过去的过去”，故 用过去完成时。 8．which 先行词 place 在后面的非限制性定语从句中作介词 of 的宾语，故填 which。 9．amazed 主语为 workers，指人，应用 amazed。 10．working 分析句子结构可知，空处应用非谓语动词作状语，因为 work 与句子主语 Eileen 之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词形式。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·湖南长沙模拟)We took part in a voluntary activity organized by our school in Sunday. We gathered at the Sunshine Square and gave out leaflets to passersby, tell them the importance of environmental protection. The leaflets soon draw the attention of the public. Some of us also made a public speech to tell people some knowledges about protecting the environment. They were also told where to take action in a properly and efficient way. The voluntary activity was offered us an opportunity to contribute to our society but I have learned much from it. I think someone should be concerned about our environment and take active part in improving it. 答案：第一句：in→on 第二句：tell→telling 第三句：draw→drew 第四句：knowledges→knowledge 第五句：where→how; properly→proper 第六句：去掉 was; but→and 第七句：someone→everyone; take 后加 an 语法填空＋短文改错组合练(六) 题组(一) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·湖北省七市教科研协作体联合考试)Talking is the most effective and satisfying way of communication with others. There are many forms of communication, __1__ include texting, cell phones, email, and social media. __2__ (use) these alternative forms to communicate with others may be faster, __3__ they lack many qualities that a face to face conversation __4__ (possess)． Facial expression and body language can __5__ (great) affect a conversation. They can be used to give a person some information about what the other person __6__ (think) and feeling. Facial expression can __7__ (apply) to video chatting, but body language can only be found in a face to face conversation. Talking in person can have physical __8__ (feature). Giving someone a hug and holding their hand __9__ (comfort) them can only be done in person. When you are talking to someone by texting or messaging them, physical touch does not exist at all, which can limit the connection __10__ the people in the communication. 语篇解读：随着科技的发展，现代的交流方式多种多样，但是面对面交流和肢体语言交 流仍是不可替代的交流方式。 1．which 分析句子结构可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为 forms of communication，关系词作从句的主语，故用 which 引导该定语从句。 2．Using 分析句子结构可知，此处为动名词短语作主语，故用动名词 Using。 3．but 使用这些可替代的交流方式可能会更快捷，但是它们缺乏面对面交流所拥有的 特点。根据句意可知，两句间为转折关系，故用转折连词 but。 4．possesses 根据上下文时态可知，空处应用一般现在时；该从句的主语是单数可数 名词，故谓语动词用单数。 5．greatly 空处修饰动词 affect，故用副词形式 greatly。 6．is thinking 根据该句中的“feeling”和语境可知，面部表情和肢体语言能给人 一些他人正在想什么的信息，故用现在进行时。 7．be applied 主语 Facial expression 和动词 apply 之间为动宾关系，故用被动语 态。由 can 可知，应填 be applied。 8．features 根据下句中的“Giving someone a hug”和“holding their hand”可 知，面对面交谈有两个身体特征，故用复数形式。 9．to comfort 根据句意可知，空处表示拥抱和握手的目的，故用动词不定式。 10．between 这里表示“人们之间的联系”，应用介词 between。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·西宁市重点中学联考)Sometimes when I found myself stressed out from schoolwork, I walk to a local bookstore. I can wander past this little shop's dust bookshelves for hours on end. Explore all different kinds of literature, whether interesting or boring, lets me to escape from everyday life. Near the entrance is a tall display shelf exhibiting huge popular detective novels. Further in, there are two shelf of fiction books, which my father enjoys reading during his leisure time. Usually I head straight to what the non fiction books are. At the top, there are history books. At the very bottom is how to and self help books about everything from Italian cooking to medicine. With quiet place like this, I can relax me well. 答案：第一句：found→find 第二句：dust→dusty 第三句：Explore→Exploring; 去掉 to 第四句：huge→hugely 第五句：shelf→shelves 第六句：what→where 第八句：is→are 第九句：With 后加 a; me→myself 题组(二) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·潍坊市统考)Dr. Barone has helped many kids smile who were born with defects (缺陷), including me. She did my first two operations when I was a baby, which were the most important and __1__(effect)． I don't remember the first two operations very well, but I do recall __2__ third. Dr. Barone was kind and eased me into the process. She let me choose my sleep medicine, __3__(make) sure that I was okay. I recently saw a picture of me before my operation, and I know __4__ a big job she did. Dr.Barone __5__ (operate) on people with all types of birth defects. She also goes to other countries where people cannot afford this treatment and helps them __6__ free. Many people benefit from her new ways __7__ (invent) to fix birth defects of the head and face. She has won many awards. A few of the most recent __8__(be) Best Doctors in America 2013－2014, America's Top Plastic Surgery, and many others. Dr.Barone was my doctor when I was a kid, and even though I was __9__(probable) just another patient to her, to me she was __10__ (much) than just my doctor. She was and is my hero, and she gave me back my smile. 语篇解读：本文主要讲述了 Barone 医生治病救人的故事。 1．effective 根据 and 前的 important 可知，空处应用形容词 effective。 2．the 序数词前一般用定冠词修饰，表示第几的概念。 3．making make 和句子谓语动词 let 之间没有连词，且和句子主语 She 之间构成主谓 关系，故用现在分词作状语。 4．what what 引起的感叹句的结构为：what＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数，故填 what。 5．operates 根据语境可知，此处表示经常做的事情，故用一般现在时，且由句子主 语 Dr. Barone 可知，应填 operates，与下文的 goes 和 helps 呼应。 6．for for free 意为“免费”，为固定搭配，故用介词 for。 7．invented invent 和句子谓语动词 benefit 之间没有连词，故用非谓语动词，且空 处和其逻辑主语 ways 之间构成动宾关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。 8．are 根据 A few 可知，此处谓语动词应用复数，且此处表示客观情况，故用一般现 在时的复数形式，即 are。 9．probably 此处应用副词 probably 在句子中作状语。 10．more 由 than 可知，此处“more than＋n.”意为“不仅仅，不只是”，是固定搭 配。故填 more。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·海南省五校模拟)For ages, sailors have said that it is a good luck to see dolphins swum alongside boats. Their presence meant that land is near, which will be vital informations if a boat and her crew are in danger. Some dolphins have even protected sailors which suffer shipwreck from sharks. There is no wonder that these unique and fascinating creatures have long known as our friends. Dolphins are thought to be intelligent animals because of its quick ability to learn. They communicate through a combination of whistles and clicks. While scientists don't know exact what they are talking about, it is thought that dolphins are telling each other that food is nearby, or warning each other for approaching danger. 答案：第一句：去掉 a; swum→swimming 第二句：meant→means; informations→information 第三句：which→who/that 第四句：There→It; known 前加 been 第五句：its→their 第七句：exact→exactly; for→of/against 题组(三) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·湖北省七校联考)A triathlon (三项全能运动) is a sports event which combines three sports, __1__(typical) running, biking, and swimming. During a triathlon, athletes finish all three sports without stopping __2__(beat) the clock. People of all ages and sizes can compete in triathlons. But much like other sports events, a lot of professional __3__(compete) rule the triathlon world. In addition, many triathlons __4__(hold) to benefit charity, much like marathons. The modern triathlon appeared in California in __5__ 1970s. It usually begins with the swimming, __6__(follow) by cycling, and finally running. A triathlon tests the endurance (忍耐力) and speed of an athlete, as well as his or her ability to keep energy and focus __7__ the race as a whole. A triathlon competes against a clock, rather than against other athletes. A variation of the triathlon is a relay triathlon, __8__ a different athlete completes each stage. The swimming stage takes place in a lake or the open ocean. As soon as athletes come out from the water, they change into cycling at the __9__(fast) speed to save time. After cycling, the athletes change shoes to run. The course is considered complete once the athletes __10__(cross) the finish line. 语篇解读：本文主要介绍了三项全能运动是怎样的一项运动。 1．typically 三项全能运动是一种包含三项运动的体育比赛，通常是赛跑、骑自行车 和游泳。修饰动词应用副词 typically“通常”。 2．to beat 在三项全能运动中，为提前完成任务，运动员需要毫不停歇地完成所有的 三项运动。根据句意可知，此处应用不定式作目的状语。 3．competitors 空处位于形容词 professional 后、谓语动词 rule 前，故要用名词。 再根据句意“但是就像其他体育赛事一样，很多专业的参赛者掌控着三项全能运动领域”及 前面的“a lot of”可知，此处要用表示人的名词 competitor“参赛者”，且要用其复数 形式。 4．are held 此处描述的是现在的一般情况，要用一般现在时；此外，主语 many triathlons 与 hold 之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。 5．the 现代三项全能运动于20世纪70年代出现在加利福尼亚。表示“在……世纪…… 年代”时要用定冠词 the，这是固定用法。 6．followed 它通常从游泳开始，接着是骑自行车，最后是赛跑。swimming 与 follow“跟随”之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词。 7．on focus on 是固定词组，意为“集中注意力或精力于……”。 8．where 三项全能运动的一种变化形式是接力三项全能运动，在这个运动中不同的运 动员完成各自的部分。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作地点 状语，先行词是 a relay triathlon，故填 where。 9．fastest 为了节省时间，运动员从水里一出来就以最快的速度改骑自行车。根据空 前的“the”和空后的“to save time”可看出，此处要填 fast 的最高级形式。 10．have crossed 根据常识可知，选手要在冲过终点线之后才能算完成比赛。故此处 要用现在完成时。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·辽宁省沈阳市教学质量检测)There was a rich man who carried many treasures to the distance to look into happiness. But after a long march, he fails to find happiness. Annoyed, he sat by a path of the mountain while a farmer carrying a large bunch of firewood came down from the mountain. The rich man said, “I'm a wealth man. Can you tell me that why I'm unhappy？” The farmer put down the heavy firewood, wiped the sweat pleasant and said, “Happiness is very simple: put down and you'll be happy！” The rich man inspired suddenly. Anxious and tiring all day, he carried that heavy jewelry, afraid of being robbed or murdered. How could you be happy? So the rich man helped the poor with jewelry and money, doing good deed. He enjoyed the taste of happiness. 答案：第一句：into→for 第二句：fails→failed 第三句：while→when 第四句：wealth→wealthy; 去掉 that 第五句：pleasant→pleasantly 第六句：inspired 前加 was 第七句：tiring→tired 第八句：you→he 第九句：deed→deeds 题组(四) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·河南省六市联考)Starting a new school term is always exciting. It is a chance __1__ (see) your friends again. But most exciting of all, the new term lets you take up new hobbies. In Britain it is common for students to take up new hobbies after the Christmas holidays. Promising to learn something new is a common New Year's resolution. Most schools offer different kinds __2__ hobby classes. Students __3__ (usual) take them in their free periods or after school. Some classes you have to pay for but some __4__ (be) free. For example, I once took a free Wednesday evening gymnastics class __5__ is offered by my school. But when I learnt how to play the drum, my parents had to pay for the lessons. The most popular extra classes at my school were piano lessons and drama lessons. Both classes offered exams students could take. Students with many hobbies sometimes felt __6__ stressed than those without any. But the students with hobbies left school with many extra __7__ (skill)． I haven't continued any of the hobbies I __8__ (begin) at school. But I have never regretted taking __9__. My __10__ (good) friend today is someone I met in my gymnastics class. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了英国的兴趣班。英国的学生可以参加兴趣班，其 中有收费的，也有免费的。在兴趣班，你可以认识很多朋友。 1．to see 分析该句结构可知，It 作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。 2．of different kinds of 为固定搭配，意为“各种不同种类的”。 3．usually 副词修饰动词。故用 usual 的副词形式 usually。 4．are 根据 but 前的 have 可知，应用一般现在时；该句中的 some 指 some classes， 故用复数形式 are。 5．that/which 分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，先行词为 class，在从句中作 主语，故用 which 或 that 引导该定语从句。 6．more 根据该句中的“than”可以判断，该句使用“比较级＋than”的结构，根据 句意可知学生们会感到更大压力，故在其前加 more。 7．skills 根据空前的 many 可知，空处应用复数。 8．began 根据语境可知，begin 这一动作发生在过去，故应用一般过去时。 9．them 根据语境可知，空处指代上句的“hobbies”，故填 them。 10．best 根据语境可知，我最好的朋友是在体操班认识的，故用 good 的最高级 best。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·陕西省教学质检)People living in the country enjoy several advantages that people lived in a city cannot enjoy. They stay close to the nature. They make friend with trees and stones, and cows and dogs. They breath fresh air. They listen the songs of birds. This contact with nature is beneficial to our health. There are many diseases that is common in the city, but are not to be find in the country. For example, near sightedness is almost unknown to country people. People living in the country can easy get fresh vegetables, fresh fruit and fresh milk. And they get them at low prices than in the city. Country people are mostly honest. They say that they mean. They make and keep promises with seriousness. They live simply and directly with happiness. 答案：第一句：lived→living 第二句：去掉 the 第三句：friend→friends 第四句：breath→breathe 第五句：listen 后加 to 第七句：is→are; find→found 第九句：easy→easily 第十句：low→lower 第十二句：that→what 语法填空＋短文改错组合练(七) 题组(一) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·石家庄市模拟)Dogs are __1__ very popular pet. Most of them just live with their families. But some dogs have very special jobs __2__ (do). A group of dogs __3__ (know) as “Therapy Dogs”. These dogs are family pets with special training, __4__ allows them to go into public buildings and comfort people __5__ need. The dogs are trained to be calm and quiet. Loud noises and unfamiliar places don't frighten them. They enjoy spending time with people. Some therapy dogs go into places, such as hospitals and nursing homes. When the dogs visit the patients, the patients are cheered up. They have fun __6__ (pet) the dogs and look forward to their visits. The dogs help to brighten their day. Therapy dogs can improve people's health as well. Studies show that when people pet animals, their blood __7__ (press) and heart rates go down. They are calmer and __8__ (they) mood improves. Other therapy dogs work in schools and libraries. They serve as warm and caring __9__ (friend) to children, but they also do __10__ (much). In one town in California, therapy dogs have become children's reading buddies. The dogs make a great audience. The children look forward to reading to the dogs, and the dogs love the attention. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了有着特殊用途的狗——治疗犬。它们能给病人带 来心理上的安慰，能成为孩子的朋友。 1．a 依据本句中的“very popular pet”可知，此处应用不定冠词，表示泛指。 2．to do 本句中应用不定式作后置定语，have sth. to do 表示“要做某事”。 3．are known 分析句子结构可知，本句话缺少谓语动词，“a group of ＋名词复数” 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，dogs 与 know 之间是动宾关系，此处描述的是一般情况，因此 用一般现在时的被动语态。 4．which 这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为“special training”。 5．in 由句意可知，这些治疗犬可以到公共场所安抚那些需要帮助的人。in need 表 示“在困难时，在危难之中”，为固定搭配。 6．petting have fun (in) doing sth. 表示“做某事有乐趣”。 7．pressure 分析句子结构可知，此处应用名词，blood pressure 表示“血压”。 8．their 修饰名词 mood 要用形容词性物主代词，故填 their。 9．friends 根据句子的主语 They 可知，此处用名词复数。 10．more 句中的 but 暗示这些狗对孩子来讲不仅仅是朋友，它们会做得更多。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·兰州市诊断考试)This morning, I was jogging in the park when I caught sight a wallet on a bench. Clear, someone had left it there by an accident. I picked it up and checked the contents. Inside them, I found some money or a card with a phone number. Believing that the owner would be worrying, I immediately try the number. A man answered it in an anxious voice. Heard that I had his wallet, he sighed with relief and told me he would return right away. Ten minute later, the man arrived. After confirming he was the owner, I handed the wallet back with him. With his thumb up, he expressed his gratitude to me repeatedly. Seeing the smile on his face, I felt happy that I was able to help. 答案：第一句：sight 后加 of 第二句：Clear→Clearly; 去掉 an 第四句：them→it; or→and 第五句：worrying→worried; try→tried 第七句：Heard→Hearing 第八句：minute→minutes 第九句：with→to 题组(二) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·湖南省东部六校联考)One of the major holiday shopping days is the day after Thanksgiving. It is __1__ (frequent) referred to as Black Friday. The use of the word “black” relates __2__ the business accountants. Storekeepers used to record profits in black ink and losses in red ink. So __3__ (be) “in the black” on the Friday after Thanksgiving means a good thing, a return to profits. Black Friday is the big day for many retailers, and it presents the shopper an opportunity __4__(get) all of one's holiday shopping done at once among amazing sale prices. On that day, most retailers will open very early __5__ usually provide massive and attractive discounts on their products, while a great number of holiday shoppers will get __6__ early start in the morning to begin Christmas shopping. Black Friday also means that people face crowded stores, __7__ is the other idea of a “Black Friday”， a day they do not like. It used to be the __8__(busy) shopping day of a year. Many people avoid this shopping day altogether because of the stress __9__(involve) in fighting the crowds. In recent years the Saturday before Christmas __10__ (see) the biggest shopping crowds. 语篇解读：本文介绍了黑色星期五的由来。 1．frequently 句意：它频繁地被称作“黑色星期五”。空处修饰动词短语 is referred to，应用副词。 2．to relate to ... “和……有关”，是固定短语。 3．being 分析句子结构可知，本处应用动名词短语 being “in the black” on the Friday after Thanksgiving 作主语。 4．to get 它给顾客一个以惊人的价格获得商品的机会。本处应用动词不定式作 the opportunity 的定语。 5．and 多数的商家都会早早地开门迎客，同时为顾客提供很多吸引人的折扣。本处 and 连接两个并列的谓语。 6．an an early start“一个早的开始”，此处表示泛指，故应用不定冠词；又因 early 的读音以元音音素开头，故用 an。 7．which 分析句子结构可知，本处应为非限制性定语从句，空处指代前面的“people face crowded stores”这句话，应用关系代词 which。 8．busiest 它过去常常是一年中最繁忙的购物日。根据前面的 the 可知，本处应用最 高级 busiest。 9．involved 很多人避免在这一天购物，因为会卷入抵抗人群的压力中。involve 与 stress 之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语。 10．has seen 根据时间状语 In recent years 可知，本处应用现在完成时，主语 the Saturday before Christmas 为单数，故用 has seen。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·东北三省四市教研联合体模拟)One of my happiest childhood memories were having dinner with my parents and two sisters. As a result, found that we seldom had a chance to get together, then we decided we would set aside three evenings the week for a sit down dinner. First we tried setting three fixed days for our experiment — Mondays, Wednesdays or Fridays. After a couple of week of trying this plan, almost everyone was unhappy. For a while, the kids began to resist the idea. They said they would rather to spend the time with their friends or take part in some activities. Gradual, though, they began to see these evenings together for a very different way. We laughed a lot and we discussed about each other's problems. Since a few months, we all felt that we had been able to build much strong relationships with the family than we had before. 答案：第一句：were→was/is 第二句：found 前加 having; the→a 第三句：or→and 第四句：week→weeks 第六句：去掉 to 第七句：Gradual→Gradually; for→in 第九句：Since→After; strong→stronger 题组(三) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·广东省六校教育教学联合体模拟)Do you ever stop and think about this big, beautiful world we live in? It's home __1__ so many people and animals. We all live in this amazing place, so we all have the __2__ (responsible) to take care of it, too. A long time ago, I started thinking about what I could do to help take care of the planet. I wondered __3__ I could use my talents for good. I love creating websites and making art and designing clothes. That's what __4__ (inspire) me, at age 8, to start an online company. I donate part of my profits to organizations __5__ (try) their best to save our environment. After I launched my business, I started getting __6__ (invite) to give presentations to young people about my company and the environment. I also talk about something else that __7__ (be) meaningful. One thing I've learned is that a lot of people feel like __8__ small contribution to any cause is just a drop in the bucket and won't make a difference. But that's not true! __9__ (actual) when it comes to saving our environment, every small action counts. The __10__ (tiny) thing is better than the greatest intention. 语篇解读：保护环境，从我做起；拯救地球，从小做起。作者 8 岁时创立网络公司，把 一部分利润捐给热衷环保的组织。最小的行动胜过最大的打算。你行动起来了吗？ 1．to be home to 意为“是……的栖息地，是……的家园”，为固定搭配。 2．responsibility 我们都住在这个令人惊叹的地方，因此人人也都有责任照顾它。 根据空前的“have the”可知此处应填一个名词，responsibility 意为“责任，职责”。 3．how 分析句子结构可知，空处引导的从句作 wondered 的宾语，且根据句意可知， 此处表示方式，故用 how 引导该从句，表示“我想知道我如何能把我的才能发挥好”。 4．inspired 空处的前一句和后一句都用的是一般现在时，但是根据空后的时间状语 “at age 8”可知，此处描述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。 5．trying 我把收益的一部分捐给尽最大努力保护我们的环境的组织。分析句子结构 可知，organizations 与 try 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故此处应用现在分词形式作后置定 语。 6．invited 创业后，我开始受邀给年轻人作关于我的公司和环境的讲座。此处是 get done“被……”结构，故用过去分词。 7．is that 引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，that 指代的是 something else，表示 单数含义，故从句谓语动词用单数形式。此外，这里表示客观的情况，故应用一般现在时。 综上可知本空填 is。 8．a 很多人觉得对任何事业的小小贡献都是杯水车薪，不会有什么影响。这里表示泛 指，且 contribution 是可数名词，故用 a。注意：feel like 后面是一个省略了引导词的从 句。 9．Actually 但那是错误的！事实上，谈到保护环境，每一个小小的行为都很重要。 空处作状语修饰整个句子，故要用副词。actually“事实上”。 10．tiniest 本空难度较大，很多考生不知道此处应该怎么填，但是根据空前的“The” 和句意“最微小的事情也比最伟大的打算好”可知，空处要填最高级跟后面的“the greatest”形成对比。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·山西省重点中学协作体适应性考试)I lived in Stockholm for 18 months when I was in my twenty. I was able to get several fun jobs, taught guitar and piano, and English at language school. They wanted everyone with an “American” accent. I also take the bar exam with students. I became friends in many Swedes and students who are from around the world. I was great privileged to attend the Nobel Prize Ball at the King's palace. It was very formal. The men had to wear top hats, white gloves but carry canes! My list of adventures is too much long to document here. It is by far the big adventure and learning experience of my life. 答案：第一句：twenty→twenties 第二句：taught→teaching; at 后加 a 第三句：everyone→someone/somebody 第四句：take→took 第五句：in→with 第六句：great→greatly 第八句：but→and 第九句：去掉 much 第十句：big→biggest 题组(四) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·南昌市十校模拟)Hospitals haven't always been clean and quiet places. Long ago they were dirty and crowded. Nurses were never taught __1__ to look after their patients and many people died. It was Florence Nightingale who changed all this. Florence was born in 1820. As a child, she often went with her mother __2__ (visit) the poor people. They took food and medicine to the sick. It was these visits that first gave her the idea of becoming __3__ nurse. Her chance came in 1854 when Britain went to war with Russia. Florence __4__ (ask) by the government to take a group of nurses to look after the sick and the __5__ (wound). The hospitals were dirty, and there wasn't enough medicine. Florence and her team worked very hard, __6__ (clean) the hospital rooms and made the bed every day. At night, she would go from room to room, __7__ (check) on the patients. She often stayed to talk to the patients and provided comfort __8__ them. After the war, Florence opened a school to teach nurses to look after their patients __9__ (proper). However, she never really made a full __10__ (recover) from the illness that she had in the war, and she died in 1910. 语篇解读：本文是对护理事业的创始人、现代护理教育的奠基人弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔的 介绍。 1．how 根据语境，此处指以前的护士从未被教过要如何照顾病人，故填 how。 2．to visit 分析句子结构可知，此处为不定式短语在句中作目的状语。 3．a 根据语境可知，此处表泛指，指“成为一名护士”，故应用不定冠词 a。 4．was asked 此处说的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时；又根据空后的“by the government”可知，Florence 与 ask 之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。 5．wounded “the＋adj.”是固定用法，表示一类人，故填 wounded。 6．cleaned 分析句子结构可知，此处与 worked 和 made 并列作句子的谓语，故也应用 一般过去时。 7．checking check 与其逻辑主语 she 之间是主动关系，故应用现在分词短语作伴随 状语。 8．for 根据语境可知，此处指的应是“她给他们提供慰藉”，provide sth. for sb. ＝provide sb. with sth.。 9．properly 空处修饰 look after，应用副词形式。 10．recovery 根据语境及空前的“a full”可知此处应用名词形式。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·河南省六市联考)Last weekend, I helped my grandparents prepare for our trip to Beidaihe. On Saturday morning, together with my grandparents, I searched for the Internet for the train schedule, the weather in Beidaihe, and some hotel informations. In the afternoon, I went to the train station and manage to buy two tickets for my grandparents but there was a long queue. After dinner, I packed into the suitcase which my grandparents would need, such as clothes, glasses, a umbrella, and a map. The next morning, I went to the station see them off. Waved goodbye to them on the platform, I felt happy for them and wished them a safety journey. 答案：第一句：our→their 第二句：去掉第一个 for; informations→information 第三句：manage→managed; but→though/although 第四句：which→what; 第一个 a→an 第五句：see 前加 to 第六句：Waved→Waving; safety→safe 语法填空＋短文改错组合练(八) 题组(一) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·福建省普通高中毕业班质检)I was born in a town called Blackburn, in the northwest of England, and lived there till I left home __1__ the age of eighteen. My parents had moved to England from India during __2__ 1970s. As a child, I went to my local school and, of course __3__ (speak) English with a local accent. But home was very different: we lived in a kind of “little India”， with a huge extended family of uncles and aunts. I remember __4__ (feel) part of this big thing called “family”， and an even __5__ (big) thing called “India”. I suppose my family __6__ (real) influenced me while I was growing up. They used to talk about India as “home” — even __7__ at that time I had never been there! To me, it doesn't seem at all strange to grow up as part of two cultures. I am always thinking that growing up with two cultures is a gift, not a __8__ (advantage). Now as a mother, I want my child __9__ (get) in contact (接触) with her Indian roots too, so we are planning to visit there later this year. All her Indian __10__ (cousin) are expecting to meet her! 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。“我”出生在英国西北部的一个小镇，在十八岁时离开 那里去求学；“我”的父母早在 20 世纪 70 年代从印度迁到英国。“我”认为在两种不同文 化中长大是礼物而不是缺点。 1．at at the age of 为固定搭配，意为“在……岁时”。 2．the the 1970s 为固定用法，意为“20 世纪 70 年代”；表示“某世纪某年代”时 应在数字前加 the。 3．spoke 根据该句中的“As a child, I went”可以判断，该句讲述的是过去发生的 事，应用一般过去时，故应用 speak 的过去式 spoke。 4．feeling remember doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“记得(曾经)做过某事”；根据 语境可知，这里指记得曾经发生的事情，故用 feeling。 5．bigger 根据上文中的 big 和该句中的 even 可以判断，空处应用 big 的比较级 bigger。 6．really 根据空后的 influenced 可以判断，空处修饰动词，故用该词的副词形式 really。 7．though/if 他们过去常常将印度当作家乡来谈论，即使那时“我”从没有到过那里。 even though/if 为固定搭配，意为“尽管，即使”。 8．disadvantage 根据该句中的“a gift, not ...”可以判断，此处表示在两种不同 的文化中长大是一件礼物，而不是缺点。故用 advantage 的反义词 disadvantage。 9．to get want sb. to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“想要某人做某事”。 10．cousins 根据该句中的 All 和 are 可知，应用名词的复数形式。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·新疆维吾尔自治区适应性检测)In ancient times, people's transportation means were their foot. So it was rather difficult for them travel from one place to another. As a result, they know few things about the outside world. The world was too big for them to understand it. With science and technology developing rapidly, more and more transportation means appear, such as bicycles, buses, cars, trains, ships and planes, that carry goods and passengers to and from every corner of the world. And they shorten the distance among people. With the help of these modern facilities, people from all over the world can get in constantly touch with each other. So it is much easy for people from different nations to understand each other but communicate with each other. Thus the world is getting smaller and smaller, just like big family. 答案：第一句：foot→feet 第二句：travel 前加 to 第三句：know→knew 第四句：去掉 it 第五句：that→which 第六句：among→between 第七句：constantly→constant 第八句：easy→easier; but→and 第九句：big 前加 a/one 题组(二) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·湖北省八校联考)China will allow all couples to have two children, __1__(give) up its decadeslong onechild policy, the Communist Party of China(CPC) __2__(announce) after a key meeting on Thursday. The change of policy is intended to balance population development and meet the challenge of an aging population, according to a communiqué (公报) __3__(issue) after the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee held from Monday to Thursday. The proposal must be approved by the top legislature (立法机关) __4__ it comes into force. China's family planning policy was first introduced in the late 1970s __5__(control) the rapid __6__(grow) of the population by limiting most urban couples __7__ one child, and as to rural couples, they can have two children on condition that their firstborn child was a girl. The policy was later relaxed. Parents __8__ were both only children in their family could have __9__ second child. The onechild policy was __10__(far) loosened in November 2013 after the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, and couples are allowed to have two children if one of them is an only child. 语篇解读：本文讲述了中国的二孩政策。 1．giving 分析句子结构可知，give 与句子主语 China 之间为主谓关系，应用现在分 词作状语，故填 giving。 2．announced 根据时间状语 on Thursday 可知，本处应用一般过去时。 3．issued 分析句子结构可知，issue 与 communiqué之间为动宾关系，故用过去分词 issued 作定语。 4．before 提议在生效之前必须得到最高立法机关的批准。before“在……之前”。 5．to control 中国于 20 世纪 70 年代晚期开始实施计划生育政策以控制急剧增长的 人口。本处应用动词不定式作目的状语。 6．growth 此处表示控制急剧增长的人口，应用名词作宾语，故填 growth。 7．to limit ... to ...“限定……到……”是固定搭配。 8．who/that 夫妇双方均为独生子女的，还可以再生一个孩子。本处先行词为 Parents， 关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用 who/that。 9．a 序数词前用不定冠词，意为“再，又”。 10．further 根据句意“一孩政策进一步放松”可知，本处应用比较级；由于本处不 是表距离，而是表事物的程度，故用 further。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·广东省五校协作体联考)Insurance companies are normally willing to insure anything, but it must be unique to insure a dish. It was a unusual pie dish, for it was eighteen feet in long and six feet in width. They had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could baked for an annual fair. The pie committee decided that the best way to transport would be by a canal, so they insured it for the trip. Short after it was launched, the pie committee went to the local inn to celebrate. In the same time, a number of teenager climbed on to the dish and held a little party of their own. Dancing proved to be more than the dish could bear, but during the party it capsized (倾覆) and sink in seven feet of water. 答案：第二句：a→an; long→length 第三句：They→It; could 后加 be 第四句：去掉 a 第五句：Short→Shortly 第六句：In→At; teenager→teenagers 第七句：but→for/because; sink→sank 题组(三) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·太原市模拟)You may feel short of money even if you have a good salary. The following are some tips on __1__ to save your money. First, set __2__ (goal) to save money and form moneysaving habits while staying away from those who waste money. Think twice before using money on expensive skincare products. Second, cut down your daily expenses. When going to a supermarket, write down what you want to buy to avoid __3__ (buy) unnecessary stuff. Girls, __4__ always spend money on clothes, should keep __5__ eye open for discounts — you're likely to buy good summer dress in winter at a __6__ (reason) price. Third, economize your social life. When it's your turn to buy a meal, invite your friends to your home and cook the dinner __7__ (you). If you separate from your boyfriend, you __8__ (suppose) to donate the gifts he sent to you to some charities instead __9__ throwing them away. __10__ (final), you need to find other ways to earn extra money. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了让你省钱的四种方法。 1．how 此处表示“以下是关于如何省钱的几点建议”，故用 how。 2．goals 句意：首先，设定目标节省钱，形成省钱的习惯，同时远离浪费钱的人。本 处应用名词复数形式。 3．buying avoid doing sth.意为“避免做某事”，故用动名词 buying。 4．who 本处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为 Girls，关系词在从句中作主语，指人， 应用 who。 5．an keep an eye open for sth.意为“留神某物，密切注意某物”。 6．reasonable a reasonable price“一个合理的价格”，本处应用形容词作定语。 7．yourself 本处指“自己做饭”，应用反身代词 yourself。 8．are supposed be supposed to do sth.意为“应该做某事”；根据主语 you 可知， 应用 are supposed。 9．of instead of 是固定短语，意为“代替，而不是”。 10．Finally 句意：最后，你需要找别的方式挣外快。本处位于句首作状语，应用副 词。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·石家庄市质检)I've learnt from the notice that you're looking for an English editor for us school paper. I'm written this letter to apply for the position. I'm Li Hua, Senior Three student in our school. In my view, I met your requirements. For one thing, I'm willing to devote some of my spare time to serve others. For another, I'm good at both English or Fine Arts. I'm either skilled in using computers. I would be glad if you could offer to me an opportunity for an interview. I'm looking forward to your kindly reply at your earliest convenient. 答案：第一句：us→our 第二句：written→writing 第三句：Senior 前加 a 第四句：met→meet 第五句：serve→serving 第六句：or→and 第七句：either→also 第八句：去掉 to 第九句：kindly→kind; convenient→convenience 题组(四) Ⅰ.语法填空 (2016·吉林省长春市普通高中质检)Drawn in simple black and white, Tuzki (兔斯 基) doesn't seem special at first sight. But with two narrow eyes and slim arms, the rabbit creates his own special magic. He is very good at using body language __1__ (express) different emotions. His __2__(present) on instant messaging platforms like QQ and WeChat has made him __3__ true icon (偶像) of the Internet generation. It is an achievement neither the rabbit __4__ its creator Wang Maomao would have imagined. As early as 2006, Tuzki lived on Wang's blog, showing __5__ she was going through in her life. For instance, Tuzki went to the dentist, __6__(eat) instant noodles, and watched horror movies alone at midnight － just like the 29 year old Beijing artist herself. “Many people said I looked like a rabbit when they first met me，” Wang said, explaining how she came up __7__ the idea for Tuzki. At first the rabbit represented Wang herself. Over time, __8__， Tuzki gradually developed his own character. “He's a rabbit with a loving heart who __9__ (discourage) easily by reality. He likes to complain, but he can always enjoy __10__，” she said. 语篇解读：本文介绍了王卯卯创作的动画表情形象兔斯基。兔斯基的创作源于生活，创 作者通过这只兔子的肢体语言来表达生活中的各种情感。 1．to express use sth. to do sth.表示“用某物做某事”，为固定短语。故填 to express。 2．presence 此处为名词作主语，指兔斯基的存在，且根据下文的 has 可知，应用单 数形式。故填 presence。 3．a 此处表示“一个真正的偶像”，为泛指。故填 a。 4．nor neither ... nor ... 表示“既不……也不……”，为固定搭配。故填 nor。 5．what showing 后为宾语从句，连接词在从句中作宾语，故填 what。 6．ate 根据“Tuzki went ... and watched”的提示可知，此处为并列谓语动词，应 使用一般过去时。故填 ate。 7．with come up with 表示“提出”，为固定搭配。故填 with。 8．however 前后为转折关系，且空后有逗号。故填 however。 9．is discouraged who 引导定语从句，替代先行词 a rabbit 在从句中作主语，因与 谓语动词 discourage 之间构成动宾关系，所以使用被动语态；上下文为一般现在时且主语 为单数。故填 is discouraged。 10．himself enjoy oneself 表示“过得愉快”，主语为 he，故填 himself。 Ⅱ.短文改错 (2016·长沙四校模拟)It was a sunny day today but I went to Xishan Park for a spring outing. The moment when I entered the park, a variety of beautiful flowers and green trees came into sight. Attracting by the beauty, I couldn't help taking photos. As I wandered along the path, enjoying the beautiful view, I noticed anything unpleasant. Two schoolgirls jumped over the fence to pick flowers. Obviously they didn't realize that their behavior has done great damage to beauty of the park. Without hesitation, I went up and stopped her politely. Feeling quite embarrassed, the two girls came out immediate. Then they took pictures inside the fence. Seeing that, I smiled and everything looked nicer in my eye. 答案：第一句：but→and 第二句：去掉 when 第三句：Attracting→Attracted 第四句：anything→something 第六句：has→had; beauty 前加 the 第七句：her→them 第八句：immediate→immediately 第九句：inside→outside 第十句：eye→eyes