2020届二轮复习完形填空文体分类练(四)　议论文 14页

‎2020届二轮复习 完形填空文体分类练(四)　议论文 A ‎(2019·广州调研)‎ Why study history?‎ People live in the present. They plan for the __1__. History, however, is the study of the past. Given all the __2__ and pressures that come from living in the present and __3__ what is yet to come, why bother with what has happened? Given all the available branches of knowledge, why insist — as most __4__ systems do — on history? And why urge many students to study even more history than they are __5__ to?‎ Any subject of study needs __6__： supporters must explain why it is worth __7__. Like most widely accepted __8__， history attracts people who simply __9__ the information and modes of thought involved. But for people who are less interested in the subject and more __10__ about why they should bother with it, a clearer explanation of its purpose is required.‎ ‎__11__do not perform heart transplants, improve highway design, or arrest criminals. In a society that quite correctly expects education to serve __12__ purposes, history's functions can seem more difficult to __13__ than those of engineering or medicine. History is in fact very useful, actually __14__， but the products of historical study are often ‎ less __15__ and immediate than those of other subjects.‎ History helps us understand people, societies and how they __16__. For example, how can we __17__ past wars and future threats without using historical materials? Unfortunately, major aspects of the society's operation cannot be set up as precise experiments. __18__， history must serve, however imperfectly, as our __19__， helping us understand who we are and why we do what we do. This, fundamentally, is why we cannot __20__ history.‎ 语篇解读：很多人有这样的疑惑：我们所有的需求和压力都来自于活在当下，以及对未来的预期，为什么还要在已经发生的事情上花费时间呢？虽然历史研究的成果往往不如其他学科那样立竿见影，但是，历史学科实际上是非常重要的，它能帮助我们了解我们是谁和我们为什么要做我们所做的事情。‎ ‎1．A.process B．result C．future D．environment 解析：选C　根据该句中的“plan for”，并结合常识可知，人们为未来做计划。C项意为“未来”，故C项正确。A项意为“过程”；B项意为“结果”；D项意为“环境”。‎ ‎2．A.causes B．demands C．choices D．orders 解析：选B　根据该句中的“and pressures that come from living in the present”并结合选项可知，空处与名词“pressures”对应，表示“‎ 来自活在当下的需求和压力”。B项意为“需求”，故B项正确。A项意为“原因”，C项意为“选择”，D项意为“次序”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎3．A.avoiding B．fearing C．celebrating D．anticipating 解析：选D　根据上文的“They plan for the __1__．”以及该句中的“__3__ what is yet to come”，并结合语境可知，此处是说对未来的预期。D项意为“预期”，故D项正确。A项意为“避免”，B项意为“恐惧”，C项意为“庆祝”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎4．A.financial B．social C．educational D．political 解析：选C　根据下文中的“urge many students to study even more history”可知，我们总是敦促学生学习更多历史知识；结合该句中的“Given all the available branches of knowledge, why insist — as most __4__ systems do —on history？”可知，考虑到所有可用的知识分支，为什么大多数教育体系坚持教授历史？C项意为“教育的”，符合语境。A项意为“财政的”，B项意为“社会的”，D项意为“政治的”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎5．A.required B．invited C．forced D．permitted 解析：选A　根据该句“And why urge many students to study even more history than they are __5__ to？”‎ ‎，并结合常识可知，此处表示为什么要敦促许多学生学习比他们被要求学习的还要多的历史呢？A项意为“要求”，故A项正确。B项意为“邀请”，C项意为“强迫”，D项意为“允许”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎6．A.direction B．exploration C．justification D．revolution 解析：选C　根据该句“Any subject of study needs __6__： supporters must explain why it is worth __7__．”，并结合常识可知，任何学科的研究都需要正当的理由(justification)，支持者必须解释其值得关注(attention)的原因，故C项正确。A项意为“方向”，B项意为“探索”，D项意为“改革”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎7．A.assessment B．attention C．expectation D．mention 解析：选B　参见上题解析。B项意为“关注”，故B项正确。A项意为“评估”；C项意为“期望”；D项意为“提及”。‎ ‎8．A.subjects B．concepts C．topics D．concerns 解析：选A　根据该段第一句中的“subject”，并结合语境可知，该处指“大多数被普遍接受的学科”。A项意为“学科”，故A项正确。B项意为“概念”，C项意为“话题”，D项意为“忧虑”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎9．A.provide B．receive C．share D．like 解析：选D　根据该句中的“history attracts people who simply __9__ the information and modes of thought involved”‎ 并结合语境可知，历史吸引了喜欢这些信息以及相关的思维方式的人。D项意为“喜欢”，故D项正确。A项意为“提供”，B项意为“接受”，C项意为“分享”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎10．A.doubtful B．worried C．thoughtful D．certain 解析：选A　根据“why they should bother with it”并结合全句内容可知，对于那些对这门学科不太感兴趣，而且对为什么要花费时间学这门学科(历史)有疑问的人来说，需要更清楚地解释学这门学科的目的。A项意为“怀疑”，故A项正确。B项意为“担心的”，C项意为“思考的，深思的”，D项意为“肯定”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎11．A.Supporters B．Historians C．Audiences D．Teachers 解析：选B　根据上文可知，历史学科吸引了喜欢历史信息和相关思维方式的人；而对于对历史学科不太感兴趣的人来说，则需要更清楚地向他们解释学习这一学科的目的；并结合语境可知，该处说明历史学家的特点，并引出对上述问题的解释。B项意为“历史学家”，故B项正确。A项意为“支持者”；C项意为“观众”；D项意为“老师”。‎ ‎12．A.public B．multiple C．different D．useful 解析：选D　根据该句中的“In a society that quite correctly expects education to serve __12__ purposes”，并结合该段尾句中的“History is in ‎ fact very useful”和常识可知，社会期望教育有作用。D项意为“有用的”，故D项正确。A项意为“公共的”，B项意为“多种多样的”，C项意为“不同的”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎13．A.define B．expect C．satisfy D．ignore 解析：选A　根据该句中的“history's functions can seem more difficult to __13__ than those of engineering or medicine”，并结合常识可知，历史学科的功能似乎比工程或医学学科的功能更难定义。A项意为“给下定义”，故A项正确。B项意为“预期”，C项意为“满足”，D项意为“忽视”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎14．A.optional B．attractive C．accessible D．essential 解析：选D　根据该句中的“History is in fact very useful, actually __14__”，并结合语境可推知，空处和“very useful”对应，说明历史事实上是非常有用的，实际上是非常重要的。D项意为“极其重要的”，故D项正确。A项意为“可选择的”，B项意为“吸引人的”，C项意为“可进入的”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎15．A.valuable B．interesting C．instructive D．accurate 解析：选C　根据该句中的“but the products of historical study are often less __15__ and immediate than those of other subjects”‎ 可知，历史研究的成果往往不如其他学科的成果更有教育意义和即时的效果。C项意为“有教育意义的”，故C项正确。A项意为“有价值的”，B项意为“有趣的”，D项意为“精确的”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎16．A.imagine B．behave C．fight D．fade 解析：选B　根据下文所举的例子，并结合该句“History helps us understand people, societies and how they __16__．”可知，历史帮助我们了解人、社会以及他们是如何表现的。B项意为“表现”，故B项正确。A项意为“想象”，C项意为“战斗”，D项意为“褪色”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎17．A.prevent B．remember C．evaluate D．declare 解析：选C　根据下文“Unfortunately, major aspects of the society's operation cannot be set up as precise experiments.”；并结合该句中的“how can we __17__ past wars and future threats without using historical materials”可推知，如果不使用历史资料，我们如何评估过去的战争和未来的威胁呢？C项意为“评估”，故C项正确。A项意为“阻止”；B项意为“记得”；D项意为“宣告”。‎ ‎18．A.Consequently B．Alternatively C．Fortunately D．Admittedly 解析：‎ 选A　根据上文可知，社会运转的重要方面不能作为精确的实验来设置，并结合该句可知，因此，历史必须作为我们的实验室(laboratory)，帮助我们了解我们是谁和我们为什么要做我们所做的事情。A项意为“因此”，故A项正确。B项意为“或者”，C项意为“幸运地”，D项意为“不可否认地”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎19．A.library B．laboratory C．clinic D．museum 解析：选B　参见上题解析。B项意为“实验室”，故B项正确。A项意为“图书馆”，C项意为“诊所”，D项意为“博物馆”，都与语境不符。‎ ‎20．A.make up for B．give in to C．get close to D．stay away from 解析：选D　根据上文可知，历史帮助我们了解我们是谁和我们为什么要做我们所做的事情；据此可知，此处是说我们不能远离历史。D项意为“远离”，故D项正确。A项意为“弥补”，B项意为“屈服”，C项意为“接近”，都与语境不符。‎ B ‎(2019·重庆调研)I log onto a computer at the doctor's office to say I have arrived and then wait until a voice calls me into the examination room. There, a robotic nurse __1__ me onto the scales and then takes my blood pressure. Some time later, in steps the __2__， who is also a robot. He notes down my __3__ and gives me a prescription (处方). I pay for my __4__ using a credit card and return home without having met another human being. This is my nightmarish (噩梦般的) vision of the __5__ , which hasn't happened __6__ yet.‎ I should say I really do like many aspects of __7__. I am a big fan of air conditioning in summer and heaters in __8__. But I am writing this because I don't want machines to __9__．‎ When I call my dentist's office and actually get a human being on the line, I am __10__. And when I see the introduction of yet more selfservice checkout stations at the grocery store, I feel like __11__， “When it comes to cashiers, make mine a(n) __12__， please！”‎ After all, human cashiers sometimes __13__ you a store coupon (优惠券) for items you are __14__. Even more than that, reallife cashiers often take an interest in particularly cute children, which can __15__ young mothers' day. A cashier may also show compassion for an elderly person __16__ to get that last penny out of his purse.‎ Machines can be __17__ and costeffective and they often get the job done just fine. __18__ they lack an element so important to everyday life.‎ Call it the spirit, the soul or the heart. It is __19__ no machine will ever have. It is human being that __20__ us to smile at others, which may be what they need at that moment.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。随着科技的发展，机器越来越多地被应用于人类的日常生活中，作者认为机器固然能给人类的生活带来便利，但感觉机器缺少人性，缺少人与人之间的温情。‎ ‎1．A.tears B．directs C．follows D．separates 解析：选B　根据上文中的“I have arrived and then wait until a voice calls me into the examination room”可知，作者等着进入检查室；结合常识，这里指机器人护士领着(directs)作者到秤上测体重，然后去量血压。tear“撕破”；follow“跟着，跟随”；separate“(使)分开”。故选B。‎ ‎2．A.teacher B．lawyer C．doctor D．engineer 解析：选C　根据下文中的“He notes down my __3__ and gives me a prescription(处方)．”和常识可知，开处方的是医生(doctor)。故选C。‎ ‎3．A.signals B．symbols C．sculptures D．symptoms 解析：选D　根据常识可知，医生的处方是根据病人的症状(symptoms)开的。signal“信号”；symbol“象征”；sculpture“雕塑”。故选D。‎ ‎4．A.bill B．visit C．medicine D．examination 解析：选B　作者使用信用卡支付看病的费用，这里用visit表示“就诊”，指找医生看病，费用包括检查费等，符合文意。bill“账单”；medicine“药物”；examination“检查”。故选B。‎ ‎5．A.past B．present C．future D．history 解析：选C　根据后面的“which hasn't happened”可知，这里指未来(future)。故选C。‎ ‎6．A.at most B．at last C．at least D．at intervals 解析：选C　根据语境，这里表示至少现在还没有发生，at least“至少”，指尽管没有更好的情况。at most“至多”；at last“终于，到底”；at intervals“不时”。故选C。‎ ‎7．A.commerce B．agriculture C．literature D．technology 解析：选D　根据上下文可知，机器人的运用是技术(technology)方面的事情。commerce“商业”；agriculture“农业”；literature“文学”。故选D。‎ ‎8．A.sleep B．autumn C．spring D．winter 解析：选D　冬天冷，应用加热器，故应该选winter，与前面的summer对应。故选D。‎ ‎9．A.take over B．pass by C．cut in D．go away 解析：选A　根据下文可知，作者不希望在未来机器取代(take over)人类。pass by“经过”；cut in“插嘴，打断”；go away“走开”。故选A。‎ ‎10．A.annoyed B．thrilled C．discouraged D．disappointed 解析：选B　结合“When I call my dentist's office and actually get a human being on the line”和上文提到的作者不希望在未来机器取代人类可知，当作者给牙医办公室打电话，接电话的是人类时，作者应是非常兴奋的(thrilled)。annoyed“生气的”；discouraged“泄气的”；disappointed“失望的”。故选B。‎ ‎11．A.crying B．laughing C．shouting D．whispering 解析：选C　根据上文作者不希望在未来机器取代人类和该段中的“when I see the introduction of yet more selfservice checkout stations at the grocery store”可以推知，作者对这种情况是不满意的、不高兴的，故作者很想大叫(shouting)，并且和前一句中表达的心情形成鲜明的对比。whisper“低声地说”。故选C。‎ ‎12．A.machine B．human C．animal D．plant 解析：选B　结合上下文可知，作者希望是一个人(human)为自己服务，另外下文中的“human cashiers”也是提示。故选B。‎ ‎13．A.give B．remind C．bargain D．purchase 解析：选A　毕竟，人类收银员有时会给你你要购买的物品的商店优惠券。give表示“给”‎ ‎，后面常加双宾语，符合语境和语法。remind“提醒”；bargain“讨价还价”；purchase“购买”。故选A。‎ ‎14．A.ruining B．producing C．advertising D．buying 解析：选D　参见上题解析。ruin“毁坏”；produce“生产”；advertise“为……做广告”；buy“买，购买”。故选D。‎ ‎15．A.brighten B．darken C．strengthen D．widen 解析：选A　根据上文中的“reallife cashiers often take an interest in particularly cute children”可知，收银员往往对特别可爱的小孩感兴趣，这也许能让小孩的母亲开心一天。brighten表示“使更开心”，符合语境。darken“使变暗”；strengthen“加强”；widen“使变宽”。故选A。‎ ‎16．A.turning B．happening C．describing D．struggling 解析：选D　根据本句中的“show compassion for”可知，收银员可能会同情老年人，因为老年人在把钱包里最后一个一分钱硬币掏出来时很费力，说明老年人的生活不容易，struggle“挣扎，尽力”，符合语境。turn“转向”；happen“发生”；describe“描述”。故选D。‎ ‎17．A.urgent B．efficient C．frequent D．consistent 解析：选B　根据下文中的“they often get the job done just fine”可知，这里讲的是机器的好处，它们有效率(efficient)并且划算。urgent“‎ 紧急的”；frequent“频繁的”；consistent“一贯的”。故选B。‎ ‎18．A.But B．Because C．Otherwise D．Therefore 解析：选A　空后表示它们缺少一种对日常生活很重要的元素，与空前提到的机器的好处是转折关系，故用连词But，表示转折。故选A。‎ ‎19．A.everything B．something C．anything D．nothing 解析：选B　前一句提到的“the spirit, the soul or the heart”不是机器所拥有的东西(something)。故选B。‎ ‎20．A.encourages B．persuades C．punishes D．forces 解析：选A　正是人类鼓励(encourages)我们对别人笑。persuade“说服”；punish“惩罚”；force“强迫”。故选A。‎