- 2.41 MB
- 2021-05-11 发布
非
谓语动词
动名词
gerund
不定式
infinitive
分词
participle
非谓语动词
1
.性质
:它具有
动词
的特点,但在句子中起着
名词、形容词、副词
的作用,充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用,即:
除谓语以外一切成分
。
不定式
相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。
动名词
相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。
分词
相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等成分。
2
.形式
主语
定语
宾语
表语
状语
宾语补 足语
不定式
分词
×
×
v-ing
形式
3
.语态:必须搞清
逻辑主语与非谓语动词
的关系,从而来确定非谓语动词态的
语态
。
V-
ing
形式中要注意:
V-ing
形式
V-ing
形式
既可表示
动名词
也可表示
现在分词
必 背
动词
-ing
形式
作主语
的几个常用句型。
It’s no good
talking to him
.
和他谈话是没有用的。
It is useless
telephoning him
. He is not willing to come.
给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。
It
’
s worth
making an effort
.
努力一下是值得的。
There is no
saying when it will stop raining
.
无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。
There is no use
telephoning him
. He is not willing to come
.
动词
-ing
形式作宾语
动词
-ing
形式既可作及物
动词
的宾语,也可作
介词
的宾语。
只能用
-ing
形式作宾语的动词
Fancy
meeting you here
!
想不到在这儿见到你了!
I
suggest
doing it in a different way
.
我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
只能接动词
-ing
形式作宾语的动词:
建议冒险去献身,忍受期待不停顿;放弃延期悔失去,坚持欣赏实践成;注意原谅避反对,考虑要求不自禁;允许习惯不介意,价值开始想动名。
必 背
只接动词
-ing
形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有:
admit
承认
appreciate
感激
/
欣赏
avoid
避免
put off
推迟
keep
保持
consider
考虑
delay
耽搁
dislike
嫌恶
resist
抵制
mention
提及
enjoy
喜欢
escape
避免
excuse
原谅
practice
练习
mind
介意
fancy
想不到
feel like
意欲
finish
完成
risk
冒险
include
包括
forgive
原谅
give up
放弃
suggest
建议
miss
逃过
imagine
设想
cannot help
情不自禁
☆
need, require, want
作
“
需要
”
解时,后面接动词
-ing
形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式,意义上并无差别,但用动词
-ing
形式比较普通。
Your composition needs
correcting / to be corrected
.
你的作文需要修改。
His coat wants
cleaning/to be cleaned
.
他的外套需要洗了。
The old woman requires
looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully
.
这个老大娘需要细心地照料。
2
作介词宾语
动词
-ing
形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。
单独
ing
形式作定语在被修饰词前
a
barking
dog
狂吠的狗
a
disappointing
play
令人失望的戏剧
an
astonishing
adventure
惊人的冒险
a
sleeping
baby
熟睡的婴儿
boiling
water
正在沸腾的水
failing
sight
逐渐衰退的视力
the
setting
sun
落日
the
coming
week
下一周
作定语的动词
-ing
形式如是一个
短语
,则应放在被修饰词的后面。
The bottle
containing vinegar
should be sent to the laboratory.
装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去
They lived in a house
facing south
.
他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
动词
-ing
形式作
状语
动词
-ing
形式可以作状语
,修饰动词,在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。
1
表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。
After we have made full preparations,
we are ready for the examination.
我们已经作好了充分准备,现在可以应考了。
2
表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。
Since he was ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
由于生病,他昨天没有上学。
Having made full preparations,
Being ill,
3
表示结果,相当于一个并列谓语。
His father died, and left him a lot of money.
他父亲死了,留给他许多钱
.
4
表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。
If you work hard at your lessons, you will succeed.
如果你努力学习,就一定能成功。
5
表示让步,相当于一个让步状语从句。
Although they knew all this, they made me pay for the damage.
尽管知道了一切情况,他们还是要我赔偿损失。
Working hard at your lessons,
Knowing all this,
leaving him a lot of money
.
6
表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明,相当于一个并列结构。
He lay on the grass,
staring at the sky for a long time
.
= ...and stared at the sky for a long time
他躺在草地上,长时间地望着天空。
解析
现在分词短语作结果状语,这类分词短语常放在句子的后面
,
v-ing
表示顺其自然,
to
do
表示突然,出乎意料
His parents died,
leaving
him an orphan.
He rushed to the post office
only to
find it was closed
动 词
-ing
形 式 的 逻 辑 主 语
作主语的动词
-ing
形式
动词
-ing
形式作主语时,其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。
Reading aloud
is very helpful.
朗读是很有好处的。
(Reading aloud
的逻辑主语是泛指任何人,因而无需表达出来
)
点 津 坊
如果作主语的动词
-ing
形式需要自己的逻辑主语时,一般用
物主代词
或
名词所有格
(
即名词后加
’
s)
His father
’
s falling ill worried him greatly.
他父亲生病使他很着急。
(his father
是
falling ill
的逻辑主语
)
作宾语的动词
-ing
形式
动词
-ing
形式
作宾语
时,其
逻辑主语
常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者,也可以在
-ing
形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。
比 较
He insisted on
doing it himself
.
他坚持要自己做。
(doing it
的逻辑主语是句子的主语
“
他
”
)
He insisted on
my
doing it
.
他坚持要我做。
(doing it
的逻辑主语是
“
我
”
)
Would you mind
opening the window
?
请你把窗子打开好吗?
(opening the window
的逻辑主语是
“
你
”
)
Would you mind
my
opening the window
?
你介意我把窗子打开吗?
(opening the window
的逻辑主语是
“
我
”
)
作
状语
的动词
-ing
形式
1
动词
-ing
形式作
状语
,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Entering the classroom
, I found nobody in it.
2
如不能和句子中的主语保持一致,该动词
-ing
形式必须有自己的
逻辑主语
,通常
由名词或代词
来担任。
The last bus
having gone
, we had to walk home. Weather
permitting
, the football match will be played on Friday.
V -ed form
过去分词
动词-
ed
形式也是非谓语动词的一种;
动词-
ed
形式表示
已完成的动作
,
有的同时也带有被动的意义。
动词-
ed
形式的特征
Born and brought up
in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在农村出生并长大,他对生物很感兴趣。
One of the glasses was found
broken
.
有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
V-ing
与
V-ed
比较
:
amusing
使人高兴的
amused
开心的
encouraging
鼓舞人心的
encouraged
受鼓励的
disappointing
令人失望的
disappointed
失望的
exciting
使人激动的
excited
激动的
puzzling
迷惑人的
puzzled
迷惑的
satisfying
令人满意的
satisfied
感到满意的
worrying
令人烦恼的
worried
烦恼的
tiring
引起疲劳的
tired
疲劳的
pleasing
令人愉快的
pleased
高兴的
astonishing
令人惊讶的
astonished
惊讶的
动词-
ed
形式作定语和-
ing
形式作定语的区别
动词
-ed
形式作定语表示动作已完成,而动词
-ing
形式作定语表示动词正在进行。
the risen sun
升起了的太阳
the rising sun
正在升起的太阳
boiled water
开水
boiling water
正沸腾的水
fallen leaves
落叶
falling leaves
正在飘落的叶子
changed condition
改变了的情况
changing condition
变化着的情况
developed countries
发达国家
developing countries
发展中国家
动词-
ed
形式作状语
动词
-ed
形式作状语和动词
-ing
形式作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
1
表示
时间
动词
-ed
形式作状语表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen
from the tower, the city looks beautiful.
从塔上往下看,城市显得很美丽。
(= When the city is seen from the tower...)
Shown
the lab, we were taken to see the library.
带我们参观了实验室之后,又带我们参观了图书馆。
(= After we had been shown the lab ...)
2
表示原因
动词
-ed
形式作状语表示
原因
,相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved
by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
孩子们被英雄事迹感动,情不自禁地哭了起来。
(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
Written
in haste, her letter is very hard to read.
因为写得快,她的信很难阅读。
(= As it was written in haste ...)
3.
表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明
动词
-ed
形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时,通常位于句子的后面,相当于一个
并列分句
。
The teacher stood there,
surrounded
by the students.
老师站在那儿,被学生围住了。
(= and he was surrounded by the students)
He went into the office,
followed
by some children.
他走进办公室,后面跟着一些孩子。
(= and he was followed by some children)
不定式
infinitives to+V
在
“It is +
形容词
+ of sb +
不定式
”
结构中
,形容词往往表示
人物的性格和特征
,如
kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty
等。
在
“
It is +
形容词
+ for sb
+
不定式
”
结构中,形容词通常表示
事物的性质
,如
important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable
等。
It is +
形容词
+ for / of sb +
不定式结构
不定式
infinitives to+V
比 较
It is good/kind
of you to help
me with my English.
你真好,帮助我学英语。
(
强调
you
的特征
=You are good/kind to help me.)
It is good
for you to give up
smoking.
戒烟对你有好处。
(
强调的是
give up smoking
这一行为
= For you to give up smoking is good.)
1.
不定式
作宾语
:
有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有:
want, demand, like, hate, hope, begin, seem, fail, help, offer, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, prefer, learn, expect, agree, determine, intend, etc.
比 较
一般说来,
动词
-ing
形式
表示一般性、习惯性的动作,或抽象性的动作,时间概念不强。而
动词不定式
表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作。
Smoking
is forbidden here.
这里禁止吸烟。
(
泛指
)
It
‘
s not good for you
to smoke so much
.
吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。
(
具体
)
They prefer
staying indoors when the weather is cold
.
天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。
(
泛指
)
Would you prefer
to stay at home this evening
?
今晚你想待在家里吗?
(
具体
)
I like singing ,but I don't like to sing this night .
不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后,表示将来含义或含有目的含义。
The next train
to arrive
was from New York.
下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。
On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters
to write
.
星期天,他总是有许多信要写。
He can find no one
to make friends with
.
他找不到可交朋友的人。
2.
动词不定式
作定语
She has a child
to take care
of
.
她有一个孩子要照看。
There is nothing
to worry
about
.
没什么可担心的。
He has no friend
to depend
on
.
他没有可依靠的朋友。
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
1
) 表示目的
I
‘
m saving up
to buy a computer
.
我在存钱买电脑。
点 津 坊
有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用
in order (not) to do,
和
so as (not) to do
结构
(so as to do
不可以置于句首
)
。
He shouted and waved
in order to
be noticed.
为了引起注意,他又嚷嚷又挥手。
3.
动词不定式
作状语
2
) 表示结果
He got to the station only
to find the train had gone
.
他赶到车站,发现火车已经开走了。
必 背
:
不定式表示结果常见于下列句型
1)
enough to do
He didn't run fast enough to catch the train.
他跑得不够快,没赶上火车。
2)
only to do
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.
他搬起石头砸自己的脚。
3)
too...to do
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
他的视力太差了,看不清这么小的字。
“
be +
不定式
”
结构可以表示
将来发生
的动作,常有以下两种情况:
1
表示命令和指示
The room
is to
be locked
.
这房间要上锁。
2
表示计划或安排(相当于
be going to do---)
We are
to begin the work next month
.
我们下月开始这项工作。
be+
不定式结构
用主动式表示被动含义的不定式
当不定式做后置定语,与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。
Do you have anything
to say on this question
?
针对这个问题,你有什么要说的吗?
必 背
常见的带不定式的短语:
be supposed to do
应该做某事
be determined to do
决心要做某事
fail to do
未能做某事
go all out to do
全力以赴做某事
make up one's mind to do
决定做某事
prepare oneself to do
有思想准备做某事
take the trouble to do
不辞辛苦地做某事
必 背
常见的带
介词
to
的短语:
be used to
习惯
be related to
与
……
有关
get down to
着手做
put one
‘
s mind to
全神贯注于
be equal to
胜任
devote oneself to
献身于
lead to
导致
be opposed to
反对
look forward to
盼望
object to
反对
stick to
坚持
pay attention to
注意
More about infinitives
不定式作为一种非谓语动词形式,在句中可以充当多种句子成分。它不仅有
一般式、进行式和完成式
,而且
有主动态和被动态
。
不定式在作宾语补语,如果同
see, hear, watch
等感觉意义动词以及
have, make, let
等“致使”意义的动词搭配时,不定式前的
to
可以省略。
某些动词既能用不定式作宾语也能用动名词做宾语。 如
stop, remember, forget, regret, mean
等。
不定式
被动态
作宾语
He asked ___ since he had been chairman for seven years.
A) not to have been re-elected
B) to be not re-elected
C) not to be re-elected
D) to have not been re-elected
C
不定式
被动完成态
作主语补语
A Dream of Red Chamber
is said ___ into dozens of languages in the last decade.
A) To have been translated B) to translate C) to be translated D) to have translated
A
不定式
被动完成态
做主语补语
Mrs. Brown is supposed ___ for Italy last week.
A) to have left B) to be leaving
C) to leave D) to have left
不定式被动式作表语
Mr. Dennis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ___ to the nation. A) has left B) is to leave
C) leaves D) is to be left
D
不定式被动式作定语
There are more than fifty proposals ____ at the conference.
A) discussed
B) discussing
C) to be discussed
D) having been discussed
C
不带
to
的不定式作原因宾语补语
The minister
had
his secretary ___ a press conference.
A) arranging B) to arrange
C) arrange D) arranged
I have
heard
both teachers and students ___ well of him.
A) to speak B) spoken
C) to have spoken D) speak
C D
既能用不定式作宾语也能用动名词做宾语的动词
1. We regret __ that the materials you ordered are out of stock.
A) informing B) to inform
C) having informed D) have informed
(regret + to do
后悔将干某事
; regret + doing
后悔曾干过某事
) B
2. There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means ___ trouble.
A) making B) to make
C) to have made D) having made
(mean to do
有意要干某事
; mean doing
意思是干某事
)
B
3. If I had remembered ___the window, the thief would not have got in.
A) to close
B) closing
C) to have closed D) having closed
(remember to do
记得将干某事
; remember doing
记得曾干过某事
)
A