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- 2021-05-10 发布
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猜测词义
2019
届二轮复习
阅读
理解专题
猜测词义题
：
词义猜测能力是英语高考阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是历年高考中的必考题型，此类题要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词词义或熟词生意，考查考生根据上下文对灵活变化的词义做出准确理解判断的能力。
而且，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。
考纲解读
另外，
代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。
熟词生意
。
即考试大纲中有该词，但所考的是该词的纲外意义。如
even
在大纲中所给的意义是“即使”（副词），但在（
2013
北京卷）
The advanced EP also heats the room
evenly
,
wall to wall and floor to ceiling
.
这句话中考查该词的意义却是
equally
“
均匀地
”。
生词词义
。
遇到生词不要慌张，也不要停滞不前，而应继续阅读下去，也许该词的意思在下文中很快就会明朗。
词义猜测题常用的提问方式有
：
1. The word “…” refers to / probably means
/ could best be replaced by _______.
2.The word “…” is most likely to mean
______.
3. What do you think the expression “…”
stands for?
4. The underlined word “…” means ______.
5. The underlined word “…” can be replaced________. .……
设问方式
应答技巧？
1. Definition
定义法
3. Similarity
相似法
2. Contrast
对比法
4. Cause and effect
因果法
5. Example
例举法
8. Common Sense
普通常识
6. Word Formation
构词法
猜测词义
7. Context
上下文
It will be very hard but very
brittle
— that is , it will break easily.
1. Definition
定义法： 一般通过定义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。常用逗号，破折号，冒号等。
(
adj.
易碎的
,
脆的
)
The
herdsman
, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
(
n.
牧羊人
)
2. Contrast
对比法：
利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。
表示对比的词有
but、while、however、 otherwise
等。
Most of us agreed, however, Bill
dissented
.
She is usually
prompt
for all her classes, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
A. on time B. late C. slowly D. quickly
A
(
v.
不同意
)
3. Similarity
相似法：利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义。
Cleaning up waterways is an
enormous
task .The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.
(
adj.
巨大的
;
极大的
)
4. Cause Effect
因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。
One who is
destitute
has a great need for food and clothing.
That museum is so
immense
that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
(
adj.
贫穷的
,
穷困的
)
(
adj
.
大的
)
5. Example
例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有
for instance, for example, such as
等 。
Today young couples often spend lots of their money on
appliances
, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.
(
n.
电器用具
)
6. Word Formation
构词法
：
英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。
Eg.
I’m going to buy a
microbus
.
micro+bus
微型公共汽车
中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：
super- (
超
) mini- (
极小的
,
微小的
)
micro-
（极微小的）
re-
（再，反复）
mis-
（误，恶）
im-
（不）
un-
（不，非）
in-
（不，非）
non-
（不，非）
-able
（能
…
的 ）
-less
（不，无）
-wards (
向
)
With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and
unconditional
love, dogs can provide the
nonjudgmental
listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.
un
condition
al
:
无条件的
,
绝对的
adj.
condition
condition
al
情况，条件
n.
有条件的
adj.
non
judg
ment
al
:
没有判断力的
judg
ment
al
adj
.
judg
ment
判断
n.
judge
判断
v.
superman microwave
(
超人)
nonnatural mispronouce
(
非自然的)
homeless nonsmoker
(
无家可归的)
rebuild eastwards
(
重建
)
Can you guess the right meanings?
(
微波
)
(
非烟民
)
(
发错音
)
(
向东
)
7.
Context
上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。
利用
重述
作为上下文猜词的线索
。当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他的意思时，他会用另外一种方式陈述自己的观点。常见的用来表示重述的词或短语有：
to put it another way
换句话说
or....
即，或者说
that is
也就是说
that is to say
也就是说
in other words
换句话说
In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to
irrigate
, or water,
their fields.
逗号后的
or water
给出了
irrigate
的准确含义，即“灌溉”的意思。
We are on the
night shift
—from midnight to 8 a.m.— this week.
两个破折号之间的短语
重述了
night shift
的含义，
很清楚地表明
night shift
是
“
夜班
”
的意思。
8.
Common sense
普通常识：
根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义。
在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，有时可以根据自身的直接或间接的经验，或运用自己已有的常识将其推测出来。比如了解一些英美国家的天文地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、政治结构、社会制度等，可以帮助加深对文章的理解，遇到生词时，猜测词义的能力自然就会增强。
When a doctor performs an operation on a patient
，
he usually gives an
anesthetic
to make him
unconscious
，
because he does not want his
patient to feel pain or to know what
is happening to him.
n.
麻醉剂
(
药
)
It’s said that Bill Gates is the most
affluent
person in the world.
说明：根据常识，
Bill Gates
为世界首富，所以
affluent
可能是“富有的”。
As a scientist, Edison is very famous for his
contrivances
.
说明：根据常识，
Edison
为发明大王，他应因“发明
物
”而闻名于世。
根据上下文指代关系猜测
代词
文章中的代词
it, that, this, he, him
或
them
可以指上文提到的人或物，其中
it
和
that
还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。
Like Schmid, the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion (
捍卫
) found photographs. One of
them
, called simply
Found
, was born one snowy night in Chicago…
them
指的是前面出现的
self-published art magazines
However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about
it
.
it
指的是月球人
(moon people)
所问的问题（
the question
）。
1. Definition
定义法
3. Similarity
相似法
2. Contrast
对比法
4. Cause and effect
因果法
5. Example
例举法
8. Common Sense
普通常识
6. Word Formation
构词法
猜测词义
7. Context
上下文
Summary
同学们在做词义猜测题时注意
不要脱离语境
。有些常用词在特定的上下文中，或专业性文章中，具有特殊的或专门的词义。在解这类题时，必须仔细地研读划线部分的上下文，有时阅读的视线还要扩大一些。如果离开特定的语言环境来理解生词意义，必然会理解错误。
给同学们的建议：
特别提醒
①不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思。
②不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定语境中的意思。
Inquiry-based Activities (I)
探究活动
(1)
Can you guess the correct meanings of the following words?
----------------------------------------------------
1. He is a
resolute
man. Once he made up his
mind to do something, he won’t give it up halfway.
A. weak B. firm C. kind D. clever
B
2. In many countries there are two financial
extremes, from
penury
to great wealth.
A.
便士
B.
温饱
C.
非常贫困
D.
虚弱
C
3. Mrs. Smith is
loquacious
while her husband is
the silent type.
A.
活泼的
B.
好动的
C.
多嘴多舌的
D.
可爱的
4. Those new comers were not used to the life in
the
suburbs
which was so different from that
inside the city.
A. town B. capital C. countryside D. house
C
C
5. Children are always
boasting
. They say things like “My Dad’s car is bigger than your Dad’s,
” “
My Mom is smarter than yours.” and “My family has more money than yours.”
The word “
boasting
” means _____.
A.
骄傲
B.
吹牛
C.
顽皮
D.
幼稚
B
反义词
6.Unlike his brother, who is truly a handsome man, John is quite
homely
．
“
homely” means “ ”.
ugly
Unlike
handsome
资金
n.
7.
At the beginning they did not
have
enough
capital
to start a business, nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank.
money
nor
Homework:
运用今天所学到的解题方法，
完成印发的猜测词义练习。
Inquiry-based Activities (II)
探究活动
(2)
Passage 1
(NMET2002,E
篇
)
A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a
hassle
; it can be a basket of fun,
according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
What does the under lined word ‘hassle’ probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
．
解析
:
对比法
．由前句的否定
doesn’t
与后句的肯定
can be
这一对比关系，可以推断出
,
hassle
的意思应该与
fun
相反
,
而与
difficulty, trouble
等相近。故答案为
C
。
Passage 2
A man’s position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors, relatives, and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored, he is also honored. If they are
disgraced
, he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family, his lineage(
宗系
), and his tribe.
The word “
disgrace
” means _________ in this text.
A. honor B. endanger C. proud D. shame
D
Passage 3
(NMET2004
全国，广东卷
)When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the
colors turned the customers off
because they made the product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it came on the market in a dark blue and white package-blue because we think of it as safe, and white as calm.
The underlined part “the colors turned the customers off” (in Para.3) means that the colors_____.
had weak effects on the customers
B. tricked the customers into shopping
C. caused the customers to lose interest
D.attracted the customers strongly
通过因果法
可知答案为
C
Passage 4.
New York: when the first jet struck 1 World Trade Center at 8:48 am on Tuesday, the people in 2 World Trade Center with a view of the instant damage across the divide had the clearest sense of what they, too, must do: get out fast…. Among the uncertainty about what was the best thing to do, formal announcements inside the south tower instructed people to
stay put
,
telling them that the building was in good condition and the threat was limited to the other tower.
4. The underlined words “stay put” means______.
A. to keep silent B. to leave at once
C. to stay in the building
D. to put everything back and then leave
Passage 5.
All the athletes try to be at the closing ceremony. They have forgotten all their fears and worries. It does not matter whether they have done well or not. All the teams walk round the stadium together. Everybody in the village
clears up
and gets ready to leave. Everyone is hunting for local products. People exchange track suits, hats, running vest and so on. There is a last chance to take photographs and get addresses of new friends. Then each team starts its journey home.
5. The underline phrase “clears up” in the paragraph means______.
A. packs up B. goes away
C. makes clear D. does the cleaning
Thank you for listening!
Bye~~!