【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题构词法考点解读（19页word版） 19页

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题 构词法考点解读 正确运用构词法知识是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇的一个重要方法，英语中构词法主要可以分为派生法、合成法、转化法等。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识，不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力，更能够灵活运用到语法填空和短文改错对于词性转换的考查当中。‎ 一、派生法 在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀，加在词根之后的为后缀。‎ ‎1．形容词变副词的后缀 变化形式 例词 直接加ly ‎ slow→slowly缓慢地 改y为ily happy→happily高兴地 去e加ly　‎ true→truly真地 ‎2．形容词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 ‎age short→shortage不足；短缺 ‎cy efficient→efficiency效率；功效 fluent→fluency流利；流畅 accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私；私密 ‎dom free→freedom自由；自主 wise→wisdom明智；智慧 ‎ence different→difference差异 silent→silence沉默 ‎ness weak→weakness虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness粗心大意 dark→darkness黑暗 ‎th strong→strength力气；强项 warm→warmth温暖；热情 true→truth真实 wide→width宽 ‎y ‎ty ‎ity difficult→difficulty困难 cruel→cruelty残酷；残暴 safe→safety安全 disable→disability无能；残疾 responsible→responsibility责任 ‎3．动词变名词的后缀 ‎ 后缀 例词 ‎al approve→approval赞成；批准 arrive→arrival到来；到达 survive→survival幸存 propose→proposal提议；建议 ‎ance appear→appearance出现；外貌 guide→guidance指引；指导 perform→performance表演；节目 ‎ence exist→existence存在；生存 prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考；查阅 ‎ion attract→attraction吸引 construct→construction建设 educate→education教育 evaluate→evaluation评估 graduate→graduation毕业 discuss→discussion讨论；辩论 ‎ation expect→expectation期待；期望 explain→explanation解释 consider→consideration考虑 imagine→imagination想象力 starve→starvation挨饿 invite→invitation邀请；请柬 ‎(s)sion decide→decision决定 admit→admission接纳；准许入学 ‎ing hear→hearing听力；听觉 begin→beginning开始 ‎ment achieve→achievement功绩；成就 argue→argument辩论；论据 treat→treatment对待；治疗 equip→equipment设备 ‎ure fail→failure失败；没做到 press→pressure压力 ‎ture mix→mixture混合；混合物 depart→departure离开；出发 ‎y recover→recovery恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery发现 其他 grow→growth成长；发展 choose→choice选择 vary→variety多样化；种类 tend→tendency趋向；趋势 ‎4．表示“人”的后缀 在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有：‎ 后缀 例词 ‎er teach→teacher老师 village→villager村民 strange→stranger陌生人 ‎ar lie→liar说谎者 ‎ee employ→employee受雇者；雇员 interview→interviewee被面试者 train→trainee受训练人；学员 ‎or invent→inventor发明家 act→actor男演员 educate→educator教育家；教师 ‎ess act→actress女演员 god→goddess女神 host→hostess 女主人；女主持人 ‎ese China→Chinese中国人 Japan→Japanese日本人 ‎an America→American美国人 Australia→Australian澳大利亚人 ‎ian music→musician音乐家 history→historian历史学家 politics→politician政治家；政客 ‎ist novel→novelist小说家 special→specialist专家 tour→tourist旅行者；观光者 ‎ant serve→servant仆人 participate→participant参加者 assist→assistant助手；图书管理员 ‎5．动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀 后缀 例词 ‎able accept→acceptable可接受的 comfort→comfortable舒适的 fashion→fashionable时髦的 suit→suitable合适的 reason→reasonable有道理的 ‎al music→musical音乐的 origin→original最初的 person→personal个人的；私人的 center→central中央的；中心的 nature→natural自然的；天生的 form→formal正式的 nation→national全国的 ‎ful doubt→doubtful怀疑的 forget→forgetful健忘的 harm→harmful有害的 hope→hopeful有希望的 peace→peaceful和平的 care→careful细心的 use→useful有用的 help→helpful有帮助的 ‎ed scare→scared感到恐惧的 confuse→confused感到困惑的 puzzle→puzzled迷惑的 worry→worried担心的 bore→bored感到厌倦的 excite→excited激动的；兴奋的 underline→underlined加下划线的 ‎ing surprise→surprising令人惊讶的 convince→convincing令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying令人满意的 worry→worrying令人担心的 bore→boring令人厌烦的 ‎ible access→accessible容易到达的；容易取得的 horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的；糟糕的 terror→terrible可怕的；很糟的；剧烈的 ‎ive act→active积极的；活跃的 effect→effective有效的；生效的 attract→attractive有吸引力的 impress→impressive给人深刻印象的 instruct→instructive有教育意义的 expense→expensive昂贵的 ‎ous continue→continuous不断的；持续的 anxiety→anxious忧虑的 caution→cautious十分小心的；谨慎的 curiosity→curious好奇的 humor→humorous幽默的 ‎some tire→tiresome令人厌倦的 trouble→troublesome麻烦的 ‎y taste→tasty美味的；可口的 health→healthy健康的 wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的 dirt→dirty有灰尘的；脏的 rain→rainy有雨的 sun→sunny阳光明媚的 cloud→cloudy阴天的，多云的 ‎ern east→eastern东方的；向东的 west→western西方的；向西的 ‎ish child→childish孩子气的 fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish自私的 ‎ic science→scientific科学的 economy→economic经济的 history→historic历史上著名的 ‎ary imagine→imaginary想象中的 ‎6．表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀 前/后缀 例词 前缀 dis‎ agree→disagree不同意 advantage→disadvantage缺点 appear→disappear消失 comfort→discomfort不适 honest→dishonest不诚实的 il‎ legal→illegal不合法的 logical→illogical不合逻辑的 im‎ polite→impolite无礼的 patient→impatient不耐烦的 moral→immoral不道德的 in‎ formal→informal非正式的 convenient→inconvenient不方便的 direct→indirect不直接的 ir‎ regular→irregular不规则的 responsible→irresponsible不负责任的 mis‎ lead→mislead误导 understand→misunderstand误解 un‎ usual→unusual不寻常的 willing→unwilling不愿意的 happy→unhappy不高兴的 known→unknown不出名的 后缀 ‎less hope→hopeless绝望的 end→endless没完没了的 care→careless粗心的 help→helpless无助的 use→useless无用的 前/后缀 例词 前缀 en‎ able→enable使能够 large→enlarge扩大 rich→enrich使充实；使丰富 danger→endanger危及 courage→encourage鼓励 后缀 ‎en broad→broaden使变宽 ripe→ripen使成熟 sharp→sharpen使尖锐 wide→widen加宽 short→shorten变短 deep→deepen加深 dark→darken使变暗 hard→harden使变硬 ‎ify class→classify把……分类 just→justify证明……正确 simple→simplify简化 beauty→beautify美化 后缀 ‎ize apology→apologize道歉 emphasis→emphasize强调 memory→memorize记住 real→realize认识到；实现 二、合成法 把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫作合成法。以合成法构成的单词称作合成词，包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。‎ ‎1．合成名词 构成 例词 名词＋名词 newspaper报纸 babysitter 保姆 airport 机场 schoolmate 校友 形容词＋名词 greenhouse温室 highway 高速公路 mainland 大陆 shorthand 速记 动词＋副词 gettogether联欢会 breakdown 崩溃 breakthrough 突破 副词＋动词 outbreak爆发 output 产量 downfall 垮台 outcome 结果 其他构成 wellbeing健康 grownup 成年人 passerby 路人 gobetween 媒人 bridetobe 准新娘 parentstobe 准父母 soninlaw 女婿 byproduct 副产品 ‎2.合成形容词 构成 例词 形容词/数词＋名词＋ed warmhearted热心的 blueeyed 蓝眼睛的 absentminded 心不在焉的 middleaged 中年的 ninestoreyed 九层楼的 threelegged 三条腿的 onesided 片面的 名词/副词＋分词 peaceloving热爱和平的 Englishspeaking 讲英语的 meateating 食肉的 manmade 人造的 snowcovered 白雪覆盖的 handmade 手工的 stateowned 国有的 welldressed 穿着好的 newlybuilt 新建的 widespread 广泛流传的 名词＋形容词 worldfamous世界著名的 icecool 冰冷的 snowwhite 雪白的 grassgreen 草绿的 taxfree 免税的 fatfree 无脂的 troublefree 无忧无虑的 形容词＋名词 fulltime全职的 ‎ parttime 兼职的 secondhand 二手的 ‎ upperclass 上层阶级的，上流社会的 highgrade 品质优良的 largescale 大规模的 形容词＋分词 goodlooking好看的 easygoing 随和的 slowmoving 移动缓慢的 ‎200meterlong　 　200 米长的 数词＋名词＋形容词 ‎1,000wordlong 1 000词的 ‎18yearold 18岁大的 ‎20meterwide 20 米宽的 ‎3．其他合成词 构成 例词 合成动词 upset使心烦意乱 overcome 克服 overjoy 使狂喜 overthrow 推翻 oversleep 睡过头 undergo 经历 overcharge 超额收费 overbook 超额预订 合成副词 afterwards以后，后来 inwards 向内地 upwards 向上地 downwards 向下地 forward 向前，前进 upstairs 在楼上 anywhere 任何地方 anyhow 无论如何 forever 永远 合成介词 outside 在……外面 without 没有 within 在……之内 into 进入 onto 到……之上 三、转化法 不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。‎ 动词→名词 look→have a look看一看 survey→make a survey调查 walk→take a walk散步 rest→have a rest休息一下 swim→have a swim游泳 名词→动词 button n．→v.扣纽扣 book n．→v.预订 seat n．→v.容纳 back n．→v.支持 milk n．→v.挤奶 name n．→v.命名 water n．→v.浇水 形容词→‎ 动词 slow adj.→v.减慢 narrow adj.→v.使变窄；(差距等)缩小 warm adj.→v.使变暖；加热 dirty adj.→v.弄脏 free adj.→v.释放 correct adj.→v.改正 形容词↔副词 hard adj.困难的↔adv.努力地 high adj.高的↔adv. 高 deep adj.深的↔adv. 深 wide adj.宽的↔adv. 广阔地 ‎[注意]　hardly意为“几乎不”；high, deep, wide作副词时指的是具体意义上的“高”“深”“广阔地”，而表示抽象意义则分别用highly, deeply和widely。‎ Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空 ‎[名词后缀]‎ ‎1．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.‎ ‎2．(2016·江西新余一中模拟)You may find to your amazement (amaze) that there is more kindness in your community than you ever believe possible.‎ ‎3．It is necessary to have a physical examination (examine) every year.‎ ‎4．Annan will be remembered for his ability and his warmth (warm)．‎ ‎5．Without hesitation (hesitate), I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.‎ ‎6．She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful symbol in last year’s election (elect)．‎ ‎7．It is a very effective way to learn the language and improve your pronunciation (pronounce)．‎ ‎8．My English improved a lot; more importantly, I gained much confidence (confident)．‎ ‎9．Do you want to get to the classroom earlier to make some preparations (prepare)?‎ ‎10．That little act of kindness (kind) made everyone who saw it feel good — but it made me feel the best of all!‎ ‎11．He encouraged me to be a writer (write) in the future.‎ ‎12．The explanations (explain) were simple but very unusual.‎ ‎13．Several days later, out of my expectation (expect), I saw it quietly stand in a corner of the house where I worked. I was extremely glad to regain it.‎ ‎14．The protection (protect) and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects all the people and economic development throughout the world.‎ ‎15．As far as I am concerned, my suggestion (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish dictionary within easy reach.‎ ‎[形容词、副词后缀]‎ ‎1．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly (regular)．‎ ‎2．(2014·辽宁高考)I cannot control my body well. My legs become painful (pain)．‎ ‎3．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)The river was so polluted that it ‎ actually (actual) caught fire and burned.‎ ‎4．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers suddenly (sudden) became friendly to one another.‎ ‎5．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed (disappoint)．‎ ‎6．One person was killed, several were seriously (serious) hurt and taken to hospital, and a number of other people received smaller hurt.‎ ‎7．The highspeed train that connects the two cities is both fast and comfortable (comfort)．‎ ‎8．Not only the teachers but also the students find the website beneficial (benefit)．‎ ‎9．It snowed heavily (heavy) last night and now the streets are covered with snow.‎ ‎10．He was more than just an English teacher, because he also taught me useful (use) lessons in life.‎ ‎11．Most people nowadays are so busy with their lives that they do not have time to enjoy a healthy and balanced (balance) diet.‎ ‎12．I don’t think it a reasonable (reason) practice for them to behave that way in our society.‎ ‎13．The meeting supposed to be successful (success) turned out to be a failure in the end.‎ ‎14．There are so many different labels on food nowadays. They are not only confusing (confuse) but also misleading.‎ ‎15．If we carry our burdens all the time, sooner or later, as the burden becomes increasingly (increase) heavy, we won’t be able to carry on.‎ ‎[动词前后缀]‎ ‎1．You should loosen (loose) up your muscles before playing any sport.‎ ‎2．My mother encouraged (courage) me and insisted that I continue my education.‎ ‎3．Our government attaches much importance to education now, which enables (able) so many people to be well educated.‎ ‎4．The things he said hurt me too, but he has not apologized_(apology) to me.‎ ‎5．If you want to live a simple life, you need to simplify (simple) your mind.‎ ‎6．If you deepen (deep) your knowledge or understanding of a subject, you learn more about it and become more interested in it.‎ ‎7．I usually memorize (memory) twenty new words a day and put them to use whenever possible.‎ ‎8．They are trying to widen_(wide) the discussion to include environmental issues.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies have shown that global ‎ warming has already become a very seriously problem.seriously→serious ‎ ‎2．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)The teachers here are kind and helpfully. They are not only our teachers but also our friends.helpfully→helpful ‎3．(2015·浙江高考)On the lefthand side of the class, I could easy see the football field.easy→easily ‎4．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.taste→tasty ‎5．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost！wonderfully→wonderful ‎6．(2014·浙江高考)No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticketowner before.previous→previously ‎7．(2014·辽宁高考)That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are.closely→close ‎8．Although parents should take good care of their young children, they don’t necessary do anything for them.necessary→necessarily ‎9．It is a good way for us to memorize new words by seeing them repeated.repeated→repeatedly ‎10．Her disappointing look showed that she failed the exam again.disappointing→disappointed