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2019
届二轮复习阅读理解专题
细节理解类试题解题指导
1
题型特点
3
分类例析
4
复习练案
2
解题流程
题 型 特 点
一、细节理解题常见设问方式
细节理解题几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息。常见的命题方式有：
1
．特殊疑问句形式。以
when
，
where
，
what
，
which
，
who
，
how much/many
等疑问词开头引出的问题。
2
．判断是非形式。含有
TRUE
/FALSE
，
NOT true/
false
或
EXCEPT
等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如
not
，
never
等。
3
．以
“
According to...
”
开头的提问形式。
4
．填空形式。如
The biggest challenge for most mothers is from __________.
此类题目相对简单，只要考生认真并且细心，得分就会比较容易。
二、细节理解题正确选项的特征
1
．同义替换。对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把
lose one's job
换成了
be out of work
。有时候词性或者语态有所变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把
important
改成
of importance
；改变原文中句子的语态，即主动语态与被动语态的转换。
2
．语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。
3
．正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
解 题 流 程
细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则
——
“
本本主义
”
，一切从原文出发，无需读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。
第一步 审读题干和选项，回到原文定信息区间
通过题干或选项中的关键词找到定位点，开始精读文章直到下一题的定位区域出现。只有两种情况需要向上找寻信息：定位到的信息为数字串，或举例说明部分；出现了逻辑关系词
(therefore, so, as a result)
或代词
(that, these, it)
。
第二步 将选项和原文一一对比，求同排异定答案
利用
“
同义原则
”
，找出原文中与正确选项匹配的同义词组，将原文出现的信息和选项进行比对，确定正确选项。做任何阅读理解题都不是找感觉，本质上是找同义词，解题时找出的同义词组越多，答案就越准确，这是解答细节理解题的基本方法。
分 类 例 析
1
．
直接信息题
——
题干定位法
(2017
·
全国
Ⅰ
，
A
片段
)
Pacific Science Center Guide
◆
Visit Pacific Science Center's Store
Don't forget to stop by Pacific Science Center's Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located(
位于
) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.
◆
Hungry ?
Our exhibits will feed your mind, but what about your body? Our caf
é
offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The caf
é
is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.
◆
Rental Information
Lockers are available to store any belongings during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required.
Q
：
Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?
A
．
In Building 1.
B
．
In Building 3.
C
．
At the Laser Dome.
D
．
At the Denny Way entrance.
[
解题思路
]
第一步 确定题干中的关键词
本题题干的关键词是：
_________________
第二步 根据关键词定位信息句
本题信息句是：
__________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
尝试解答：
___________
Don't
forget
to
stop
by
Pacific
Science
Center's
Store
while
you
are
here
to
pick
up
a
wonderful
science
activity
or
souvenir
to
remember
your
visit.
The
store
is
located(
位于
)
upstairs
in
Building
3
right
next
to
the
Laser
Dome.
where;
souvenir
B
[
干扰项分析
]
A
、
C
、
D
三项张冠李戴。位于一号楼的咖啡馆和问询处等均不出售纪念品，排除
A
项；文章第一部分提到商店紧挨着
Laser Dome
，而不是说在
Laser Dome
可以买纪念品，排除
C
项；根据文章第三部分中的
“
Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance.
”
可知，在
Denny Way
的入口处可以租借婴儿车和轮椅，而不能买纪念品，排除
D
项。
2.
间接信息题
——
断章取义法
(2016
·
全国
Ⅰ
，
A
片段
)
…
Sandra Day O'Connor
(
1930
－
present
)
When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.She became an Arizona state senator(
参议员
) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U
．
S.Supreme Court.O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.
……
Q
：
What was the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by the law firm?
A
．
Her lack of proper training in law.
B
．
Her little work experience in court.
C
．
The discrimination against women.
D
．
The poor financial conditions.
[
解题思路
]
第一步 确定题干中的关键词
本题题干的关键词是：
_____________________
第二步 根据关键词定位信息句
本题的信息句是：
_________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
第三步 对比信息句和选项，得出答案
根据信息句可知，
O'Connor
找不到工作是因为她是一名女生。可见，这是由于当时对女性的偏见和歧视造成的。
尝试解答：
________
O'Connor;
the law
firm
When
Sandra
Day
O'Connor
finished
third
in
her
class
at
Stanford
Law
School,
in
1952,
she
could
not
find
work
at
a
law
firm
because
she
was
a
woman.
C
(2017
·
天津，
B
片段
)
Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic (
全景的
) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.
Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view.
Q
：
What happened when the author was about to take a photo?
A
．
Her camera stopped working.
B
．
A woman blocked her view.
C
．
Someone asked her to leave.
D
．
A friend approached from behind.
[
解题思路
]
第一步 确定题干中的关键词
本题题干中的关键词是：
___________________________________
第二步 根据关键词定位信息句
本题的信息句是：
_________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
第三步 对比信息句和选项，得出答案
根据信息句可知，就在
“
我
”
拿出相机的时候，一位女士从后面走过来，正好停在
“
我
”
的视线前面，即
“
我
”
的视线被挡住
(blocked)
了。
尝试解答：
________
what
happened;
was
about
to
take
a
photo
Unfortunately,
just
as
I
took
out
my
camera,
a
woman
approached
from
behind,
and
planted
herself
right
in
front
of
my
view.
B
[
干扰项分析
]
A
项无中生有，文章并没有提及作者的相机不能用了；
C
项曲解文意，文章第三段提及
“
Was it too much to ask her to move...
？
”
，但这是作者的心理活动，而不是别人让作者走开；
D
项移花接木，文章是说一位女士
(a woman)
从作者的后面走来，而不是一位朋友
(a friend)
。
3
．
事件排序题
——
首尾排除法
(2014
·
四川，
C)
A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(
过敏的
) reaction which stopped his heart.
Izzy, nine, restarted father Colm's heart by stamping(
踩
)on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.
Izzy's mother
，
Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.
However, she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough, so she stamped on her father's chest instead.
Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions(
按压
) until the ambulance arrived.
Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said:
“
I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.
”
“
She's a little star
，
”
said Debbie.
“
I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just can't believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we've got to see an expert.
”
Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment.
He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.
Q
：
What's the right order of the events?
①
Izzy kicked Colm.
②
Debbie called 999.
③
Izzy learned CPR.
④
Colm's heart stopped.
A
．
③①②④
B.
④②③①
C
．
③④②①
D.
④③①②
[
解题思路
]
第一步 速读文章，了解故事情节
由上下文可知，
Izzy
先前了解了一些
CPR
的知识，后来她父亲因过敏反应，心脏停止了工作，
Izzy
的母亲
Debbie
拨打了
999
急救电话，然后
Izzy
采取了急救措施。
第二步 找出四个事件发生的先后顺序
事件一：
____________________
事件二：
____________________
事件三：
____________________
事件四：
____________________
尝试解答：
________
③
Izzy
learned
CPR.
④Colm's
heart
stopped.
②Debbie
called
999.
①Izzy
kicked
Colm.
C
4
．数字计算题
——
查读分析法
(2015
·
四川，
C
片段
)
Across Britain
，
burnt toast will be served to mothers in bed this morning as older sons and daughters rush to deliver their supermarket bunches of flowers.But
，
according to a new study
，
we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year.
Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work.Now
，
the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours
，
they would earn as much as
￡
172,000 a year.
The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do
，
as well as the hours they are working
，
to determine the figure.This would make their yearly income
￡
30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.
...
Q
：
How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister?
A
．￡
30,000.
B
．￡
142,000.
C
．￡
172,000.
D
．￡
202,000.
[
解题思路
]
第一步 确定题干中的关键词
本题题干中的关键词是：
_________________________
第二步 根据关键词定位信息句
本题的信息句是：
①
_______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
②
_______________________________________________________________ ________
尝试解答：
_________________________________
mother;
the
Prime
Minister
Now
，
the
new
study
has
shown
that
if
they
were
paid
for
their
parental
labours
，
they
would
earn
as
much
as
￡
172,000
a
year.
This
would
make
their
yearly
income
￡
30,000
more
than
the
Prime
Minister
earns.
B(172,000
－
30,000
＝
142,000)
5
．
正误判断题
——
逐项击破法
(2016
·
四川，
D)
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod off
—
if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that
“
night milk
”
contains more melatonin(
褪黑激素
), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in
The
Journal
of
Medicinal
Food
.
Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.
While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
Milk is also sugar
－
free and additive
－
free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.
Q
：
Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?
A
．
It's been tested on mice for ten times.
B
．
It can make people more energetic.
C
．
It exists in milk in great amount.
D
．
It's used in sleeping drugs.
[
解题思路
]
第一步 根据关键词找出相关信息句
本题的信息句是：
A
：
______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
B
：
______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
C
：
______________________________________________________________
D
：
______________________________________________________________ _________________
Those
given
night
milk,
which
contained
10
times
the
amount
of
melatonin,
were
less
active
and
less
anxious
than
those
fed
with
the
milk
collected
during
daytime...
Researchers
have
discovered
that
“
night
milk
”
contains
more
melatonin(
褪黑激素
),
which
has
been
proven
to
help
people
feel
sleepy
and
reduce
anxiety.
Researchers
have
discovered
that
“
night
milk
”
contains
more
melatonin...
...taking
melatonin
drugs
has
been
suggested
to
those
who
are
struggling
to
fall
asleep
at
night.
第二步 对比选项与信息句，逐项击破
A
项与信息句毫无关联；
B
项与信息句意思相反；
C
项范围扩大化；
D
项与信息句符合。
尝试解答：
________
D
(2017
·
天津，
B
片段
)
Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic (
全景的
) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.
Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view.
Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take, I grew frustrated. Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape? Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me from doing so. She seemed so content in her observation. I didn't want to mess with that.
Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take the photo anyway. And now when I look at it, I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting. The landscape, beautiful on its own, somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it.
Q
：
According to the author, the woman was probably ____.
A
．
enjoying herself B
．
losing her patience
C
．
waiting for the sunset D
．
thinking about her past
[
解题思路
]
第一步 根据关键词找出相关信息句
A
．
____________________________________
B
．
__________________________________________
C
．
_____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
D
．
_______________________________
She
seemed
so
content
in
her
observation.
Another
15
minutes
passed
and
I
grew
bored.
Patient
as
I
was,
after
about
15
minutes,
my
camera
scanning
the
sun
and
reviewing
the
shot
I
would
eventually
take,
I
grew
frustrated.
I
didn't
want
to
mess
with
that.
第二步 对比选项与信息句，逐项击破
A
项作者认为这位女士玩得很愉快
(enjoy herself)
，与信息句符合；
B
项张冠李戴，根据第四段中的
“
Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored.
”
可知，作者又等了
15
分钟，渐渐感到有些厌烦，这说明作者正失去耐心，而不是那位女士正失去耐心；
C
项无中生有，文章并没有提及那位女士等待日落；
D
项无中生有，文章没有提及那位女士想起她的过去。
尝试解答：
________
A
复 习 练 案