2020届二轮复习语法突破考点七非谓语动词课件（广东专用） 32页

考点七　非谓语动词 - 2 - - 3 - 第 1 步 　 技法探究 一、非谓语动词的各种形式 非谓语动词根据其表示动作的发生时间和意义可以有不同的形式。 - 4 - 非谓语动词的一般式表示与主句谓语动词同时或之后发生的动作 ; 非谓语动词的完成式表示在主句谓语动词之前发生的动作。 例 :He is said to be studying abroad now. He is said to have studied abroad for 3 years. 例 :The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking. Having finished my homework,I went to bed. - 5 - 二、非谓语动词的句法功能 1. 非谓语动词作主语 作主语的可以是不定式和动名词。 例 :It is a great honor to be invited to speak here. 例 :Playing the piano is my hobby. It is no good telling him the news. 注意 : It 作形式主语代替动名词常出现在 It is no use/good doing...,It is useful doing...,It is a waste of time doing... 等句式里。 - 6 - 2. 非谓语动词作宾语 作宾语的可以是不定式和动名词 , 但是不定式一般不作介词的宾语 , 如作介词宾语 , 不定式符号 to 前面往往有疑问词。 (1) 只跟不定式作宾语的动词 afford,agree,decide,determine,expect,refuse,manage,hope,plan,want,fail,wish,ask,pretend,promise,happen,would like,set out 等。 例 :I can ’ t afford to take a holiday this summer because of the project. He determined to return home early. He gave us some advice on how to remember English idioms. - 7 - (2) 只跟动名词作宾语的动词 advise,admit,advocate,allow,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,delay,deny,can ’ t help,consider,miss,fancy,finish,forbid,practise,imagine,suggest,escape,resist,risk,mind,feel like,insist on,set about 等。 例 :It was fortunate that Jack narrowly escaped being killed in a traffic accident. Do you feel like going out for a walk? - 8 - (3) 跟不定式和动名词作宾语均可 , 且意义差别不大的动词 like,love,prefer,hate,begin,start,intend,continue 等 , 这些动词后面接动词不定式多指具体的动作 ; 接动名词多指一般或习惯性行为。 例 :He likes to have a walk after dinner,but he didn ’ t like to because of the cold this evening. 例 :She started playing/to play the violin when she was four She intended to come/coming back soon. He continued studying/to study as if nothing had happened. (4) 跟不定式和动名词作宾语意义相同 , 但形式不同的动词 作 “ 需要 ” 讲时 , need,want,require 后接 v. - ing 形式和不定形式所表示的意义相同 , 但是 v. - ing 形式用主动式 , 不定式用被动式。 例 :Your T-shirt needs washing/to be washed. My bicycle wants repairing/to be repaired. - 9 - (5) 跟不定式和动名词作宾语均可 , 但是意义不同的动词 例 :We ’ ll try to improve our studying method. I tried writing but didn ’ t succeed. 例 :I meant to go,but my teacher would not allow me to. Missing the bus means waiting for another hour. 例 :Remember to post this letter for me after school. I forgot telling her the time of the meeting. - 10 - 例 :I regret to inform you that you didn ’ t pass the exam. I don ’ t regret telling her what I thought of her. 例 :After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. He shouldn ’ t go on living this way. 例 : Mum,I can ’ t help(to)wash the clothes today,because I have a lot of homework to do. 例 :Upon seeing the old pictures,I can ’ t help thinking of my childhood. - 11 - (6) 动词不定式在介词 but,other than 后面时 , 如果介词前面有行为动词 do 的某种形式 ( does,did,doing,done ), 那么介词后的不定式不带 to, 否则就要带 to 。 例 :Tina could do nothing but sell her beautiful long hair to buy her husband a present—a gold watch chain. 例 :Tim had no choice but to sell his gold watch to buy his wife a comb. - 12 - 3. 非谓语动词作表语 作表语的可以是不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。 例 :My wish is to be a scientist. 例 :What she likes is watching the children play. 例 :The reason he gave was very convincing. 例 :He is shocked at what happened to his son. - 13 - 4. 非谓语动词作补语 作补语的可以是不定式、现在分词和过去分词。 例 :The mother urged the little boy to go to bed. 例 :I caught him reading my private letters. 例 :He went home happily with his homework finished. 表示 “ 看 ”(look at,notice,observe,see,watch ),“ 听 ”(listen to,hear ),“ 感觉 ”(feel) 意义的动词在主动语态中用不带 to 的不定式作补足语 , 但在被动语态中要加上 to 。使役动词 make,let 在主动语态中用不带 to 的不定式作补语 , 在被动语态中要加上 to 。 - 14 - leave sb.doing 让某人一直做 leave sth.undone 留下某事未做 leave sb.to do sth . 留下某人做某事 leave sth.to be done 留下某事要做 have/get sth.done 让某事由别人去做 have sb./ sth.doing 让 / 使某人持续做 get sb./ sth.doing 让 / 使某人开始做 have sb.do/get sb.to do 使 / 让某人去做某事 keep sb.doing 使 / 让某人一直做 keep sth.done 使 / 让某事被做 - 15 - 5. 非谓语动词作定语 作定语的可以是不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。 非谓语动词作后置定语的三种被动形式 名词 +to be done 表将来 the meeting to be held tomorrow 名词 +done 表过去和完成　 the house built years ago 名词 +being done 表进行 the meat being cooked now - 16 - 例 :He is always the first one to arrive at school every morning. 例 :Ladies and gentlemen,please go and wait in the meeting room. 例 :There is much that can be done about the problem arising from carelessness. 例 :Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. 作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时 , 不定式既可用主动语态 , 也可用被动语态 , 但其含义有所不同。试比较 : Have you got any clothes to wash? 你有衣服要洗吗 ?( 不定式 to wash 的动作执行者是 “ 你 ”) Have you got any clothes to be washed? 你有衣服要 ( 我或别人 ) 洗吗 ? ( 不定式 to be washed 的动作执行者是 “ 我 ” 或 “ 别人 ”) - 17 - 注意 : 名词 ability,chance,way 等及有序数词修饰的名词后多用不定式作定语。作定语的不定式若是不及物动词其后需搭配适当的介词。 例 :I haven ’ t got a chance to go abroad. - 18 - 6. 非谓语动词作状语 作状语的可以是不定式、现在分词、过去分词。 - 19 - - 20 - 例 :To pass the college entrance exam,we must work hard. I was surprised to find him here. 例 :Being busy,she didn ’ t reply to her father ’ s letter. Having been told the meeting was cancelled,I went home after work. The plane crashed,killing all the people on board. 例 :Born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling. Encouraged by his teacher,he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficulties. 有些分词或不定式短语作状语 , 其形式的选择不受上下文影响 , 称作独立成分。常见的有 :generally speaking“ 一般说来 ”;frankly speaking“ 坦率地说 ”;judging from/by“ 根据 …… 来判断 ”;to tell you the truth“ 说实话 ”;to be frank“ 说实话 ”;considering...“ 考虑到 ……”;supposing“ 假设 ”;given“ 假设 ”;provided/providing...“ 如果 ……” 。 - 21 - 注意 : only/just to... 表示意想不到的结果 ,too...to...“ 太 …… 而不能 ……”,so/such...as to...“ 如此 …… 以至于 ……”,enough(for sb.)to...“( 对某人来说 ) 足够做某事 ” 等是几种常用不定式表示结果的结构。 - 22 - 三、非谓语动词的独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时 , 其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致即句子主语必须是非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者或承受者。但有时候无论非谓语动词采用哪种形式都不能使其逻辑主语与句子主语一致 , 此时非谓语动词需带有自己的逻辑主语 , 即构成 “ 名词 / 代词 + 不定式 / 现在分词 / 过去分词 ” 形式的独立结构。 独立主格结构的特点是 : 独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的不定式、现在分词、过去分词是逻辑的主谓或动宾关系 ; 独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。 - 23 - 1. 名词 / 代词 +to do 动作没有发生 , 表示动作即将发生。 例 :With so much homework to do,Tom looks sad. 2. 名词 / 代词 + v. - ing 形式 两者之间是主动关系 , 或表示动作正在进行。 例 :The students seating themselves,the professor began his lecture. 3. 名词 / 代词 + v. - ed 形式 两者之间是被动关系 , 或表示动作已结束。 例 :Her glasses broken,she couldn ’ t see the road clearly. - 24 - 第 2 步 　 真题试做 1 .(2019· 广东 )He was very clever but didn’t want 　　　　 (work) at all.  2 .(2019· 广东 )Then he could earn a small amount of money by 　　　　 (sell) them at a very good price.  3 .(2018· 广东 )Not only can they do simple jobs for us, such as 　　　　 (put) things into boxes, but also they can look after babies.  to work 解析 : want to do sth .“ 想做某事 ”, 故答案为 to work 。 selling 解析 : 固定搭配 :by doing sth .“ 通过做某事 ”, 故答案为 selling 。 putting 解析 : such as 是介词短语 , 其后接动名词作宾语。 4 .(2017· 广东 )I always enjoy 　　　　 (talk) with her.  talking 解析 : 固定搭配 :enjoy doing sth .“ 喜欢做某事 ”, 故答案为 talking 。 - 25 - 5 .(2018· 课标高考 Ⅰ )You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 　　　　 (die) early by running.  6 .(2018· 课标高考 Ⅰ )To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 　　　 　 (strength) your leg muscles( 肌肉 ),avoid hills and get good running shoes.  dying 解析 : 介词 of 后用动词 - ing 形式。 strengthen 解析 : 此处不定式表示目的 , 空格处填动词。不定式 to 后接动词原形 , 故填 strengthen 。 7 .(2018· 课标高考 Ⅱ )The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice 　　　 　 (improve) water quality.  to improve 解析 : 此处在句中作目的状语 , 故用不定式。 - 26 - 8 .(2018· 课标高考 Ⅱ )China’s approach to protecting its environment while 　　　　 (feed) its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide.”says the bank’s Juergen Voegele .  9 .(2018· 课标高考 Ⅲ )I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 　　　　 (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel 　 　　　 (challenge).  feeding 解析 : 此处为 “while+ 现在分词短语 ” 作伴随状语。 looking challenged 解析 : avoid 后应用动词 - ing 形式作宾语 ,avoid doing sth . 意为 “ 避免做某事 ”, 为固定短语。 challenge 和句子主语 he 之间为被动关系 , 故系动词 feel 后用过去分词表示被动。 - 27 - 10 .(2018· 课标高考 Ⅲ )Once his message was delivered, he allowed me 　　　　 (stay) and watch.  to stay 解析 : allow sb.to do sth .“ 允许某人做某事 ”, 为固定短语 , 其中动词不定式作宾语补足语。 - 28 - 第 3 步 　 模拟通关 1 .(2019· 广东中山段考 ) Inside,though,the place was practically empty—there was just one couple, 　　　　 (sit)at a table near the window.  2 .(2019· 广东示范性高中第二次联考 )These clubs give you the opportunity 　　　　 (play)a sport you love or learn a sport that is new to you.  3 .(2019· 广东示范性高中第二次联考 )In these cases,club members have to work hard to organize fundraisers and collect money to keep their sports 　　　　 (go).  sitting 解析 : 描述前面 one couple 所发生的动作行为 , 用动词的现在分词。 to play 解析 : opportunity 后接动词不定式作定语 , 表示 “ 做 …… 的机会 ” 。 going 解析 : keep doing sth .“ 一直做某事 ” 。 - 29 - 4 .(2019· 广东肇庆期中考试 )He saw the stone, 　　　　 (say)to himself...  5 .(2019· 广东佛山模拟 )By chance Elizabeth saw Darcy’s and Wickham’s faces at the moment when they caught sight of each other,and she was 　　 　　 (astonish)at the effect of the meeting.  6 .(2019· 广东深圳高二联考 )We should try every effort 　　 　　 (prevent) violence happening at school...  saying 解析 : 根据句子结构可知 , 此处用非谓语动词形式 ,he 和 say 之间是主动关系 , 须用现在分词。 astonished 解析 : 根据句意可知 , 表示人的心理状态 ,astonish 用过去分词形式的形容词 astonished“ 吃惊的 ” 。 to prevent 解析 : try every effort“ 尽一切努力 ”, 后面接不定式作目的状语。 - 30 - 7 .(2019· 广东揭阳联考 )...and I need to have this position 　　　　 (fill)as soon as possible.  8 .(2019· 广东东莞模拟考试 )Congratulations on 　　　　 (win)the Handyman of the Year.  9 .(2019· 广东江门模拟考试 )You never really realize that the problems 　　　　 (disability)people have until they affect your own family.  filled 解析 : 此处是 have sth.done 的结构 ,this position 与 fill 之间为被动关系 , 故填过去分词 filled 。 winning 解析 : 本句中 on 为介词 , 需要 win 的动名词形式作 on 的宾语。 disabled 解析 : 此处 disabled 是过去分词作定语 , 修饰 people 。 - 31 - 10 .(2019· 广东汕头模拟考试 )Then I went to evening classes 　　　　 (learn)basic skills.  11 .(2019· 广东茂名模拟 )If you dream about something that is worrying you,you may wake up 　 　　　 (exhaust)and with a rapid heartbeat.  12 .(2019· 广东汕头基础测试 ) 　　　 　 (prevent)her life from becoming a typical child actor soap opera,Portman decided to take a break from acting to study psychology at Harvard.  to learn 解析 : 根据语意可知 , 此处为不定式作目的状语 , 故填 to learn 。 exhausted 解析 : 此处 exhaust 为形容词作状语 , 表示伴随状况 , 故填 exhausted 。 To prevent 解析 : 此处不定式表示目的 , 故填 To prevent 。 - 32 - 13 .(2019· 广东湛江联考 )If they have been caught several times 　　　　 (play)video games at work,their salary may be cut,and even worse,they may lose their jobs.  14 .(2019· 广东惠州九校联考 )I like staying up late 　 (watch) TV,surfing the Internet or doing something I’m fond of.  15 .(2019· 广东珠海期末考试 )I even noticed a rainbow appear in the fog 　　　　 (cause)by a heat wave.  playing 解析 : 根据语意可知此处表示 “ 做某事当场被抓 ”, 构成 be caught doing 结构 , 所以填 playing 。 watching 解析 : 逻辑主语 I 与 watch 构成主动关系 , 表示伴随状况 , 故填现在分词 watching 。 caused 解析 : 根据 by a heat wave 可知 , 此处构成被动关系 , 需用过去分词作定语 , 故填 caused 。