- 2.57 MB
- 2021-04-16 发布
2018
届二轮复习
动词与动词短语
(一) 连系动词
连系动词又称系动词,本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后面必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
知识梳理
类别
概念
例词
例句
状态系
用来说明主语的性质或状态。
be
(am
,
is
,
are
,
was, were)
China
is
definitely able to become the strongest in the world.
持续系
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状态或态度。
keep
,
rest
,
continue
,
hold, remain
,
stay
,
lie
,
stand
No one can
remain
youthful forever.
表像系
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念。
seem, appear, look
Well
,
it doesn’t
seem
quite true to me that I am fascinating.
感官系
用来说明主语“感觉上”的状况。
feel, smell, sound, taste, look
I
felt
awkward as everyone except me was in evening dress.
变化系
说明主语变成什么样。
become, grow, go, get, turn, come, fall
The girl has
become
skillful in reading and writing.
终止系
表示主语已终止动作。
prove, turn out
I think it would
prove
impossible for me to mend the broken vase.
温馨提示
有些动词,如
feel
,
look
等,既可用作实义动词,又可用作系动词。
系动词常跟形容词作表语;实义动词则常用副词作状语
。
e.g. The newly-invented drink
tastes
quite
unique
.
(taste
系动词,后接形容词作表语
)
The chef is
tasting
the fish
carefully
.
(taste
实义动词,后用副词作状语
)
2)
系动词一般不用进行时,但在表示探询口气,使语气显得客气、生动、亲切时,可用进行时
。
e.g. I hope
you’
re keeping
well.
(
语气委婉
)
我希望你保持健康。
Are
you
feeling
any better?
(
语气亲切
)
你感觉好些了吗?
3)
系动词不用被动语态
。
e.g. The apple
tastes
good. (taste
是系动
词,“尝起来好”指苹果的性质,不用
被动语态
)
(二) 助动词
协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫做助动词,其自身没有词义,不可单独使用。它与其他词一起构成时态、语态、疑问和否定等形式。
助动词
用法
例句
be
构成进行时态
(
be
+
doing
)
They
were discussing
something about
climate change.
构成被动语态
(
be
+
done
)
English
is spoken
all over the world.
表将来、命令、征求意见、约定等
(
be to do
)
We
are to meet
at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
have
“
have
+过去分词
”构成现在完成时态
She
hasn’t bought
a new pair of shoes since 2006.
“
have been
+现在分词
”构成现在完成进行时态
He
has been working
in this factory for twenty years.
do
构成
疑问句
Do
you want to pass the TOEFL
?
“
do
+
not
”
构成否定句
In the past, many students
didn’t
know the importance of English.
don’t
构成否定祈使句
Don’t
be so absentminded.
do
放在
动词原形前
,用来加强语气
I
did
lose my temper.
用于
倒装句
Never
did
I hear of such a thing.
用于
替代动词
—
Do you like Beijing?
—
Yes
,
I
do
.
shall/
will
作为助动词与动词原形一起构成
一般将来时
I
shall study
harder at English.
He
will go
to Hainan
during the Spring Festival.
should/would
should
为
shall
的过去式,接动词原形构成
过去将来时,只用于第一人称
;
would
为
will
的过去式,后接动词原形构成
过去将来时,用于第二、三人称
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I
should do
next week.
He said he
would come
to my birthday party.
温馨提示
现在,尤其是在口语中,
will
常用于第一人称,但
shall
只用于第一人称,如用于第二、三人称,就失去了助动词含义,已变成情态动词。
e.g. He
shall
come.
他必须来。
(shall
有命令的意味
)
(三) 常用动词短语及其构成
1.
不及物动词+副词
该结构在句中直接作谓语,
后不加任何宾语
。常见副词有
away, along, back, down, in, off, on, out, up
等。如:
break out
爆发;
break down
坏掉,失败,中止,
(
身体等
)
垮掉;
come up (
计划等
)
被提出;
die away
渐渐消失;
get along
进展;
give in
屈服;
look ahead
向前看;
pass away
去世;
run out
被用光;
start off
出发;
stay up
熬夜。
2.
不及物动词+介词
该结构
后需带宾语
。常见的此类介词有
for, about, over, after, into, at, to, on, across, with
等。如:
account for
作出解释,说明;
break into
破门而入;
call for
去叫
(
人
)
,需要,呼吁;
care for
喜欢,关心;
care about
在乎;
come across
偶然碰到;
deal with
处理,对付;
get over
克服;
go about
着手做;
laugh at
嘲笑;
look after
照顾;
look into
调查;
run into
碰到,偶然遇上;
stand for
代表;
stick to
坚持;
wait for
等候;
wait on
伺候。
3.
及物动词+副词
该结构有的必须加宾语,宾语如果是人称代词的宾格形式
(
如:
it, them, us, me, you, him, her
等
)
,需将其放在动词和副词中间;如果是名词或
nothing
,
everything
等代词时,可以放在动词和副词中间,也可以放在副词后面。有的不能加宾语,相当于一个不及物动词。如:
add up
加起来;
break off
折断,中止;
bring in
引进,赚取;
bring up
抚养,提出,呕吐;
call off
中止,叫停;
carry out
实施,执行;
drink up
喝光;
find out
查明,查出;
get in
收割;
give away
暴露,捐赠;
hold up
举起,阻止,抢劫;
point out
指出,指明;
put off
推迟;
put on
穿上,上演;
put out
使熄灭;
put up
举起,张贴;
pick up
捡起,接某人,加快;
take off
起飞;
take down
声音调小,拒绝;
turn in
上交;
turn up
出现,找到;
wear out
磨损,使筋疲力尽;
work out
计算出。
4.
动词+副词+介词
get away from
逃离;
get along with
进展;
get away with
逃脱处罚;
get down to
开始认真做;
get through to
与
……
通话;
keep away from
远离;
keep up with
与
……
保持同步;
keep on with
继续做;
live up to
不辜负;
look down upon/on
蔑视,瞧不起;
look forward to
盼望;
look out for
警惕;
make up for
弥补;
settle down to
开始做某事;
run out of
用光;
put up with
容忍;
come up with
提出;
go in for
喜欢;
hold on to
抓住;
look around for
到处寻找。
5.
动词+名词
make sense
讲得通;
make the bed
整理床铺;
make a bet
打赌;
make a bow
鞠躬;
make faces
扮鬼脸;
make fashion
做样子;
lose courage
丧失勇气;
lose heart
灰心;
lose interest
失去兴趣;
lose patience
失去耐心;
lose weight
减肥;
take action
采取行动;
take advice
征求意见;
take aim
瞄准;
take breath
歇口气;
take care
当心;
take charge
看管;
take one’s time
慢慢来;
take courage
奋勇;
take effect
生效;
take exercise
做运动;
take place
发生;
take power
取得政权;
take office
就职。
6.
动词+名词+介词
make contributions to
对
……
作出贡献;
make friends with
与
……
交朋友;
make fun of
取笑;
make peace with
与
……
讲和;
make preparations for
为
……
作好准备;
make progress in
在
……
取得进步;
make room for
为
……
腾出空;
make sense of
理解,弄明白;
make way for
让路给;
make use of
利用;
take advantage of
利用;
take care of
照顾;
take charge of
负责,看管;
take command of
开始控制;
take delight in
乐于;
take hold of
握住;
take notice of
注意到;
take part in
参加;
take pride in
以
……
为自豪。
7.
动词+介词+名词
bring... to an end
使
……
结束;
bring... under control
使
……
在掌控下;
have... in mind
牢记;
keep... in mind
牢记;
keep... in touch
使保持联系;
bear... in mind
牢记;
put... at ease
使
……
放松;
put... into effect
使
……
生效;
learn... by heart
背熟;
know... by heart
熟记;
take... by surprise
使吓一跳;
set... on fire
点火烧;
take... into account
把
……
考虑在内;
take... into consideration
把
……
考虑在内。
8.
带宾语的动词短语
burst into tears
突然大哭起来;
come into being
形成;被运用;
come to the point
言归正传;
come into power
执政;
come into use
开始;
come into effect
生效;
go to bed
上床睡觉;
fall into pieces
崩溃;
put on weight
长胖;
keep in touch
保持着联系;
get in touch
取得联系。
动词及其词组的灵活运用是英语的特色,也是难点,每年均为重点。历年高考试题中动词所占的比例最大,设题时都是给出不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词
(
短语
)
意义的理解和运用。考点主要包括:
1.
动词词义辨析。
包括常见动词用法辨析、近义词辨析、词形相近词辨析和用法相近词辨析。
考点归纳
2
.
动词短语辨析。
主要包括同根动词短语的辨析、同根介词或副词的动词短语的辨析、 不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析以及
“
动词+副词+介词
”
短语的辨析。在动词词组的测试中,绝大多数为基础动词,出现频率较高的词有:
get, turn, make, put, go, give, break, cut, come, look, keep, bring, show, pick, hold, fall, carry, pull, catch, call, take
等。
除了考查其基本含义辨析外,更注重动词
(
短语
)
的新义和引申义,如:
polish
抛光, 磨光
(
本意
)→
修正,文饰
(
引申
); sniff
嗅,闻
(
本意
)→
鄙视地说
(
引申
); break down
发生故障,失灵,失效
(
本意
)→
坍塌,崩溃,瓦解,中断,中止
(
引申
)
;
look into
向里面看
(
本意
)→
调查, 研究
(
引申
)
,同时还有
“
浏览
”
之意;
work out
基本意思为
“
解决, 算出, 制订出
”
,还有
“
锻炼
”
的意思。
3.
系动词、半系动词用法。
动词作系动词用时,后面常接形容词、名词、分词和不定式等,此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。这类动词有:
appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, stay, grow, turn, go, come, fall, stand, lie, exist
等。一些无被动语态形式的动词
(
短语
)
也是学习的重点,如
belong to, witness
等。
高考命题仍然会坚持结合语境考查考生对意义的理解和运用能力,尤其是动词短语的新义、动词的一词多义等。
1.
(
2013
·
浙江
)
When the group discussion is nearing its end, make sure to ____ it with important points.
A. conclude B. lead
C. avoid
D. hold
解析
:当小组讨论接近尾声时,一定要以重点而结束。
conclude
结束;
lead
指导
,
指引;
avoid
避免;
hold
抓住
,
握住。
真题自测
2. (2013
·
新课标全国卷
Ⅰ)
Try not to cough more than you can ____ since it may cause problems to your lungs.
check B. allow
C. stop D. help
解析:
尽量能控制咳嗽就别咳嗽,因为会伤到肺。
check
检查;
allow
允许;
stop
停止;
help
帮助。
can help (doing) sth
. “
阻止或避免
(
做
)
某事”。
3. (2013
·
新课标全国卷
Ⅱ)
The watch was very good, and he ____ 20 percent down for it.
paid B. cost
C. bought D. spent
解析:
pay+ money+ for sth
.
为某物付多少钱;
cost“
花费”时,主语是物不是人;
buy sb. sth./ buy sth
. for sb.
为某人买某物;
spend +money+ on sth./ in doing sth
.
在某物
/
做某事上花多少钱。
4. (2013
·
湖北
)
While intelligent people can often ____ the complex, a fool is more likely to complicate the simple.
sacrifice B. substitute
C. simplify D. survive
解析:
智者经常能够简化复杂的问题,而愚人更可能把简单的事情复杂化。
sacrifice
牺牲;
substitute
替代,顶替;
simplify
简化;
survive
幸存下来。
5. (2013
·
新课标全国卷
Ⅱ)
Would you like to _____ with us to the film tonight?
A. come along B. come off
C. come across
D. come through
解析:
今晚你愿意和我们一起去看电影吗?
come along
一起来,出现,进展,赶快;
come off
实现,举行;
come across
被理解,偶然碰到;
come through
传出,恢复。
6. (2013
·
天津
)
I had hoped to take a holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to _____.
A. get away B. drop in
C. check out D. hold on
解析:
我原本希望今年去度假的,但是我没能休假。
get away
离开,逃脱,休假;
drop in(
顺便
)
拜访;
check out
检查,结账离开;
hold on
坚持,别挂断。
7. (2013
·
陕西
)
My uncle hasn’t been able to quit smoking, but at least he has _____.
A. cut out B. cut down
C. cut up
D. cut off
解析:
我叔叔一直没能把烟戒掉,但是至少他抽烟少了。
cut out
停止运转,删去;
cut down
砍倒,缩减;
cut up
切碎;
cut off
切断,切除。
8. (2013
·
辽宁
)
Briggs will _____ as general manager when Mitchell retires.
A. get away B. take over
C. set off
D. run out
解析:
Mitchell
退休后
Briggs
将接替她任总经理。
get away
离开,脱身,逃掉;
take over
接替,接管;
set off
动身,出发;
run out
用光,用尽。
热点考向
1
动词词义辨析
1.
主要考点
:
考查常见动词词义辨析。强调语言的情境化
,
把动词放在语境中进行考查。
2.
突破技巧
:
这类试题的选项往往结构相同
,
词形或意义相近。要做好这类试题
,
必须从各个动词的语意差别、用法特点等方面入手
,
然后结合题意选用合适的动词。
热点预测
热点考向
2
高频动词短语意义辨析
主要考点
:
考查主要集中于高频的动词短语
,
如
break, bring, call, come, get, go, make, take, turn, put, pick, hold, keep, look, carry, set, cut, show, pull
等构成的短语。需要特别关注
:
1. break
break away from
放弃
,
打破
;
脱离关系
break down
发生故障
; (
计划等
)
失败
;
(
精神、身体
)
垮掉
;
分解
break in
闯入
,
插嘴
break into
闯入
break out (
战争、瘟疫等
)
爆发
,
突然发生
break up
打碎
,
分手
,
分开
,
关系破裂
2. bring
bring about
导致
,
造成
,
引起
bring down
使倒下
,
使降低
bring in
引进
;
带来
;
赚得
;
收获
bring forward
提出
;
提前
bring out
出版
;
生产
;
使显现
bring up
抚养
,
教育
;
提出
;
呕吐
3. call
call for
要求
;
需要
;
去取或去接
call back
回电话
;
回忆起
call in
召集
;
请
;
召来
;
顺便来访
call up
打电话给
;
召集
;
使想起
call off
取消
call on
号召
,
拜访
4. come
come about
发生
come to
苏醒
;
总计
come across
偶遇
;
无意中发现
come true
实现
,
成为现实
(
不及物
)
come out
出版
;
结果是
come up
(
建议、计划等
)
被提出
come up with
提出
(
建议、计划等
)
come on
(
催促
)
快点
; (
鼓励
)
加油
;
(
不耐烦
)
得了
,
算了吧
!
5. get
get across
解释清楚
;
使
……
被理解
get away from
避免
;
摆脱
,
逃离
get away with
侥幸成功
;
侥幸做成
get around
四处走动
;
传播开来
get down to
开始认真做某事
get along/on with
进展
;
与
……
相处
get over
克服
;
恢复
get rid of
摆脱
;
除去
get through
通过
;
完成
;
接通电话
6. give
give away
赠送
;
泄露
;
分发
give back
归还
give in
屈服
;
让步
;
投降
;
认输
give out
分发
;
发出
;
公布
;
用尽
give up
放弃
7. go
go against
违背
;
不利于
;
反对
go ahead
开始
(
做某事
); (
表同意
)
go around
参观
; (
消息
)
传播
go by
过去
;
经过
go down
下降
;
下沉
go on
继续
;
发生
;
进行
go over
复习
,
仔细检查
go through
穿过
;
经历
;
仔细检查
go with
与
……
相配
go without
没有
……
也行
8. hold
hold back
犹豫
;
隐瞒
;
阻止
hold on=hang on
别挂断
;
等一会儿
;
坚持
hold out
坚持
;
伸出
hold up
举起
;
阻挡
,
使耽搁
hold on to
紧紧抓住
;
保留
;
不放弃
9. keep
keep away from
远离
;
避开
keep back
留下
;
隐瞒
;
克制
(
感情
)
keep on
继续
;
坚持下去
keep out of
置身于
……
外
;
避开
keep up
保持
;
继续
;
不低落
keep up with
跟上
;
keep an eye out for
密切注意
;
留心
;
警惕
keep an eye on
照看
;
密切注视
10. leave
leave alone
不打扰
;
不理
,
不管
leave behind
留下
;
丢下
,
丢弃
leave out
遗漏
,
忽略
11. look
look around
环顾四周
look away from
把目光从
……
移开
look into
调查
;
窥视
look back on/upon
回忆,回顾
look up
查找
,
查询
;
向上看
look up to
尊敬
;
敬仰
look down upon
歧视
,
看不起
look forward to
盼望
;
期待
look through
浏览
;
快速查看
look out (for)
当心
,
留意
,
小心
look on
旁观
12. make
make use of
利用
make up
组成
;
编造
;
化妆
;
和解
make up for
补偿
;
弥补
make for
走向
;
有助于
;
促成
,
导致
make sense
有意义
;
有道理
;
讲得通
make sense of
理解
;
弄明白
make out
理解
;
分辨出
,
辨认出
make it
成功
13. put
put aside
撇开
;
暂不考虑
;
储蓄
put away
收拾
,
整理
;
储存
put back
把
……
放回原处
;
推迟
put forward
提出
;
拨快
put down
记下
,
写下
,
镇压
put out
伸出
;
扑灭
;
生产
;
出版
put up
建造
,
张贴
;
提供住宿
put up with
忍受
;
容忍
put on
穿上
,
增加
,
上演
14. set
set aside
划出
;
留出
;
拨出
set about doing sth
.
着手做某事
set out
出发
,
动身
set out to do sth
.
着手做某事
set off
动身
;
引起
;
使爆炸
set up
建立
,
创立
15. turn
turn away
走开
;
转过脸去
turn down
拒绝
;
关小
,
调低
turn up
开大
;
出现
,
到场
turn out
结果是
,
证明是
;
生产
turn over
翻转
;
翻阅
,
仔细考虑
turn against
反对
;
背叛
turn to
转向
;
求助于
16. take
take after
长得像某人
take apart
拆开
;
拆卸
take back
收回
,
撤销
take down
记下
;
拆卸
;
取下
take away
带走
,
拿走
,
剥夺
take up
从事
;
占据
(
时间、空间
);
着手处理
;
接着做
take in
吸收
;
接受
;
理解
,
欺骗
take off
起飞
;
脱下
;
成功
,
take on
呈现
;
具有
;
承担
;
雇用
take over
接管
,
接收
take advantage of
利用
take it easy
放松
,
别紧张
take your time
慢慢来
,
别着急
take measures to do sth
.
采取措施做某事
take action
采取行动
热点考向
3
常见的系动词的用法
1.
表示
变化类
的系动词,如
become, go, turn, grow, get, fall, make
等。
2.
表示
感觉类
的系动词,如
feel, smell, taste, look, sound
等。
3.
表示
状态类
的系动词,如
keep, remain, stand, stay, lie
等。
4.
表示
“像”类
系动词,主要有
seem, appear, look,
表示“看起来,似乎,显得”。
5.
此类系动词的
特点
:
①
只适用于主动语态;
②
只用于一般时态
(
一般现在时和一般过去时,不能用于进行时态
)
。
热点考向
4
动词的一词多义用法
很多动词在不同的语境中有不同的意义,因此要进行专门复习,常见的有:
1. act
(
v
. &
n
.
行动
)
e.g. It will take several hours before the
drug really
acts
. (
vi
.
起作用
)
2. address
(
n
.
地址;
vt
.
写地址
)
e.g. President Obama was scheduled to
address
the American people on the
evening of May 7. (
vt
.
向
……
做演说
)
3. appreciate
(
vt
.
欣赏,感激,感谢
)
e.g. They soon
appreciated
that it must be a
well-designed trap. (
v
.
意识到
)
4. attend
(
vt
.
参加,出席
)
e.g. With several patients to
attend
that night,
the nurse felt very tired. (
vt
.
照料,照顾
)
With three kids
attending
high school in the town, the couple had to work day and night to earn more money. (
vt
.
上学
)
5. count
(
n
. &
v
.
计数,数
)
e.g. It is not what you are thinking but what you are doing that
counts
. (
v
.
重要,有价值
)
6. escape
(
vi
.
逃跑,逃脱
)
e.g. I saw a familiar face in the crowd. However, his name
escaped
me for the moment. (
vt
.
被忘掉
)
The harmful gases are
escaping
from the pipe. (
vi
.
泄漏,漏出
)
7. fail
(
vi
.
失败
)
e.g. Fresh vegetables used to
fail
in winter. (
vi
.
不足,缺乏
)
With time passing by, his memory is
failing
. (
vi
.
衰退
)
Try as the family might, they
failed
to find the lost child in the town. (
vi
.
未能
)
8. introduce
(
vt
.
介绍
)
e.g. When tomatoes were first
introduced
into Europe, they didn’t accept them at all. (
vt
.
引入
)
9. make
(
vt
.
制造
)
e.g. New laws have been
made to
protect the interests of the farmers. (
vt
.
制定
)
He is
making
his own trouble by doing this. (
vt
.
引起,导致,造成
)
She will
make
a great teacher. (
vt
.
成为,使形成
)
10. observe
(
vt
.
观察
)
e.g. Having lived abroad for many years, he still
observed
the old traditions and customs. (
vt
.
遵守
)
Every year, we will
observe
the traditional Spring Festival in different ways. (
vt
.
庆祝
)
11. work
(
v
. &
n
.
工作
)
e.g. The medicine will soon
work
. (
vi
.
起作用
)
The machine
works
very well. (
vi
.
运转
)
1. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature was
to Chinese writer Mo Yan
, whose novel
Red
Sorghum
was successfully filmed in 1987.
A. returned B. distributed
C. abandoned
D. awarded
解析:
2012
年度诺贝尔文学奖被授予了中国作家莫言
,
他的小说
《
红高粱
》
在
1987
年被成功拍成了电影。
return
归还
; distribute
分布
,
分配
; abandon
放弃
,
遗弃
; award
授予
,
奖给。
巩固练习
2. Many pupils said they were not happy
because varieties of classes _____ their
playtime.
A. occupied
B. wasted
C. covered
D. divided
解析:
许多学生说他们不快乐
,
因为各种各样的课占用了他们做游戏的时间。
occupy
占用
,
侵占
; waste
浪费
; cover
覆盖
,
涉及
,
包括
; divide
划分
,
使产生分歧。
3. My best friend, Amy, is always supportive,
so her friendship undoubtedly_____ a great
deal to me. (2013
·
合肥模拟
)
A. devotes B. contributes
C. means
D. submits
解析:
我最好的朋友
,
埃米
,
总是支持我
,
她的友谊对我来说无疑是非常重要的。
devote to
专心于
,
致力于
; contribute to
贡献
,
有助于
; mean (a lot) to sb. (
某事
)
对于某人而言非常重要
; submit to
顺从
,
听命于
……
。
4. We are disappointed that the rainy weather
has _____ a picnic for the weekend.
A. ruled out B. turned out
C. brought out
D. taken out
解析:
阴雨天气让周末的野餐成为了泡影
,
我们感到很失望。
rule out
阻止
……
的发生
,
使
……
成为不可能
; turn out
结果是
,
生产
; bring out
出版
,
使显现
; take out
取出
,
去掉。
5. Tom received a promotion to the role of
assistant manager and was the youngest
person to _____ that post in this
international company.
A. adopt B. occupy
C. acquire D. seek
解析:
汤姆受到提拔担任了助理经理的角色。他是这家跨国公司中最年轻的担任这一职位的人。
adopt
采纳
,
收养
; occupy
占据
,
担任职务或处于某一地位
; acquire
获得
; seek
寻找。
6. A yellow taxi _____ alongside a truck at
the traffic lights when an elderly woman
was crossing the road. (2013
·
苏州模拟
)
A. brought up B. took up
C. pulled up
D. put up
解析:
正当一位老太太穿越马路时
,
一辆黄色的出租车在交通灯处停在了一辆卡车旁边。
bring up
抚养
,
提出
,
吐出
; take up
从事
,
占据
(
时间、空间
); pull up
停下
,
停车
,
拔掉
; put up
举起
,
张贴
,
建造。
7. The US President Obama
____ unity and
hoped to do things as one nation and one
people at the ceremony for his second term.
(2013
·
内江模拟
)
A. called in B. called off
C. called up
D. called for
解析:
美国总统奥巴马在第二届任期的庆祝会上要求团结
,
并且希望以一个国家和一个民族的身份行事。
call in
召集
; call off
取消
; call up
打电话
; call for
要求
,
需要。