- 972.50 KB
- 2021-04-15 发布
第三讲 非谓语动词
1.
(2019·
江苏卷
)
China’s image is improving steadily, with more countries ________ its role in international affairs.
A.recognizing
B.being
recognized
C.to
be recognized
D.recognized
答案
A
[
句意:中国的形象正在稳步提升,更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。此处是
with
复合结构
(with
+宾语+宾补
)
,
more countries
与
recognize(
承认,认识,认可
)
之间是主动关系,故用现在分词作宾补。
]
2.
(2018·
江苏卷
)
Around 13
,
500 new jobs were created during the period
,
________ the expected number of 12
,
000 held by market analysts.
A.having
exceeded
B.to
exceed
C.exceeded
D.exceeding
答案
D
[
句意:这段时间大约
13 500
个新的工作岗位被创造了出来,超过了市场分析人士预计的
12 000
个。此处为现在分词作状语表示结果,故选
D
。
]
3.
(2017·
江苏卷
)
Many Chinese brands
,
________ their reputations over centuries
,
are facing new challenges from the modern market.
A.having
developed
B.being
developed
C.developed
D.developing
答案
A
[
句意:许多中国品牌正在面临现代市场的新挑战,几个世纪以来它们一直在提高自己的声誉。
Chinese brands
与
develop
构成主动关系,可将答案锁定在
A
与
D
之中;由于非谓语动词
develop
与谓语动词
face
之间存在时间先后关系,且发生于谓语动词之前,故选
A
。
]
一、判断
“
谓
”
与
“
非谓
”
句子按结构分为三类,即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连词来连接,如果两个句子用连词进行连接,应选谓语动词形式;如果两个结构中未出现连词,则考虑用非谓语动词。
[
典例
1
]
________ many times
,
but he still couldn’t understand it.
A.Having
been told
B.Told
C.He
was told
D.Though
he had been told
答案
C
[
用连词
but
连接并列句,因此,前面与后句一样也是个独立的句子,排除
A
、
B
两项;因
though
和
but
不能同时出现在一个句子中,故选
C
。
]
[
变式训练
]
________ many times
,
he still couldn’t understand it.
A.Having
been told
B.Told
C.He
was told
D.Though
he had been told
答案
A
[
逗号前后两个结构中未出现连词,则考虑用非谓语动词。根据句意选
A
。
]
二、确定与逻辑主语之间的关系
确定要选非谓语动词之后,第二步要找到其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语,但仍具有动词的特点,其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致,找不到其逻辑主语时,整个句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的前提,不管是作什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点:
1.
如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系,可用现在分词;
2.
如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系,可用过去分词。
[
典例
2
]
________ from the top of the tower
,
the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
A.Seen
B.Seeing
C.Having
seen
D.To
see
答案
A
[
句意:从塔顶看,这座山的南边脚下是一片树的海洋。
seen from the top of the tower
是一个过去分词短语,在句子中作状语。
see
的逻辑主语是句子的主语
the south foot of the mountain
,它们之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词。故答案选
A
。
]
三、确定非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的先后顺序
非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点,也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词我们用时态来表示动作发生的时间;对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间,即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所指时间的含义。如
to have done
,
having done
表示该动作在谓语动作之前发生;
to be doing
,
doing
强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
[
典例
3
]
Dina
,
________ for months to find a job as a waitress
,
finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
A.struggling
B.struggled
C.having
struggled
D.to
struggle
答案
C
[
句意:
Dina
奋斗了几个月,想找个做女服务员的工作,最后在当地一家广告社谋到了一个职位。因
Dina
与
struggle
之间为逻辑上的主谓关系;且
struggle
发生在
took
之前,故用现在分词的完成形式。
]
一、非谓语动词的形式和意义
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式
to be doing
不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to have done
to have been done
不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分
词
/
动名词
一般式
doing
being done
其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生
完成式
having done
having been done
其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成
二、非谓语动词的用法比较
1
.
现在分词与不定式作结果状语的比较
现在分词表示自然而然的结果;不定式表示意想不到的结果,其前常加
only
。试比较:
①
More highways have been built in China,
making
it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中国又建了更多的公路,这使得人们从一个地方到另一个地方的出行变得更加容易了。
②
George returned after the war,
only to be told
that his wife had left him.
乔治战争后回到家,结果被告知妻子已经离开了他。
[
典例
1
]
The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, ________ air conditioning unnecessary.
A.making
B.to
make
C.made
D.being
made
答案
A
[
句意:凉爽的风通过我们卧室的窗户吹进来,使空调变得没有必要了。句中
swept
是谓语动词,前后两部分之间没有连词,所以
make
只能用非谓语动词形式;句子主语
The cooling wind
与
make
之间是主动关系,故用现在分词作结果状语。故选
A
项。
]
2.
现在分词与过去分词作状语的比较
现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系;过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。试比较:
①
Seeing
from the top of the building, we can see the whole city.
②
Seen
from the top of the building, the whole city can be seen.
[
典例
2
]
________ over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
A.Ordering
B.To
order
C.Having
ordered
D.Ordered
答案
D
[
句意:这些书是一个多星期以前订购的,现在有望随时到货。句中
the books
与
order
之间是被动关系,应用过去分词作状语表被动和完成,故选
D
项。
]
3.
非谓语动词作后置定语的比较
表示被动、完成用过去分词
(done)
;表示主动、进行用现在分词
(doing)
;表示被动、进行用
being done
;表示被动的动作尚未进行用
to be done
。试比较:
①
The bridge
built
in 2016 was designed by a local company.
这座
2016
年建造完成的桥是由当地的一家公司设计的。
②
The bridge
being built
now was designed by a local company.
这座现在正在建造的桥是由当地的一家公司设计的。
③
The bridge
to be built
next year was designed by a local company.
这座明年将要建造的桥是由当地的一家公司设计的。
④
Today there are more airplanes
carrying
more people than ever before in the skies.
现在天空中比以前有更多的飞机,这些飞机能搭载更多的人。
[
典例
3
]
We’re having a meeting in half an
hour.The
decision ________ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A.to
be made
B.being
made
C.made
D.having
been made
答案
A
[
句意:我们半个小时以后开会。在会上做出的决定将会影响我们公司的未来。根据前面的
“
We
’
re having a meeting in half an hour.
”
可知会议还没开始,
the decision
后面的定语应用动词不定式,表示将要发生的动作。故选
A
项。
]
4.
不定式与动名词作宾语的比较
(1)
下列动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:
·
决心学会想希望
(decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish)
;
·
拒绝设法愿假装
(refuse, manage, care, pretend)
。
·
主动答应选计划
(offer, promise, choose, plan)
;
·
同意请求帮一帮
(agree, ask/beg, help)
。
·
此外,
afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten
等也要用不定式作宾语。
We
agreed to meet
here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
我们约好在此地见面,但是她到现在还没有露面。
(2)
下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:
·
考虑建议盼原谅
(consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon)
;
·
承认推迟没得想
(admit, delay/put off, fancy)
。
·
避免错过继续练
(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice)
;
·
否认完成就欣赏
(deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate)
。
·
禁止想象才冒险
(forbid, imagine, risk)
;
·
不禁介意准逃亡
(can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape)
。
·
此外,
be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote...to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand, give up, feel like, insist on, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)
等短语后也要用动名词作宾语。
He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t
risk losing
the good opportunity.
他为这次工作面试做了充分准备,因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。
[
典例
4
]
I remembered ________ the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.
A.locking
B.to
lock
C.having
locked
D.to
have locked
答案
B
[
句意:我离开办公室之前记得锁门却忘记关灯了。
remember to do
sth
表示
“
记得要做某事
”
,与后半句中的
“
forgot to...
”
相对应。
]
5.
非谓语动词作补足语的比较
(1)advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/
warn/wish
等动词后面常用不定式作补足语。
Tell the children
not to play
on the street.
The police warned us
not to go
out at night.
(2)make/let/have
等使役动词后面用不带
to
的不定式作补足语,但在被动句中则使用带
to
的不定式。
They
make
the students
do
too much homework every day.
The students
are made to do
too much homework every day.
[
典例
5
]
Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ________.
A.washed
B.wash
C.washing
D.to
wash
答案
A
[
句意:在驱车进城之前,你必须将你的车洗了。此题中使役动词
get
后接的宾语
car
与作宾语补足语的动词
wash
之间为被动关系,构成短语:
get
sth
done
。故选
A
项。
]
(3)
感官动词后面可用不带
to
的不定式或分词作补足语。
·
从时间上看,不定式表示发生或完成;现在分词强调正在进行;过去分词表示完成。
·
从逻辑关系上看,不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系;过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。
I
saw him cross
the street.
我看到他穿过了大街。
I
saw him crossing
the street.
我看到他正在穿过大街。
I
saw him surrounded
by a group of students.
我看到一群学生围着他。
[
典例
6
]
Back from his two-year medical service in Africa,
Dr.Lee
was very happy to see his mother ________ good care of at home.
A.taking
B.taken
C.take
D.be
taken
答案
B
[
句意:李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务,回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照顾得很好他很高兴。分析句子结构可知,此处是
“
see
+宾语+宾语补足语
”
结构,宾语补足语可以是
do
,
doing
或者
done
。此处
his mother
与
take good care of
之间是被动关系,故选
B
项。
]
[
典例
7
]
The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ________ them.
A.to
follow
B.following
C.followed
D.follows
答案
B
[with
的宾语后面可加形容词、副词、分词、不定式或名词等作宾语补足语,此处
their pet dog
与
follow
之间构成主动关系,所以用
following
。不定式表示动作尚未发生,不符合语境,故排除
A
。
]