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- 2021-04-14 发布
2020
届二轮复习数词和主谓一致
一、数词
1
．基数词的结构特点：
(1)
在表达上十位和个位之间要加连字符“－”。
(2)
在百位和十位之间要用
and
连接。
(3)
千位以上的数从后向前数，每三位加一个逗号。
(4)hundred
，
thousand
，
million
等前面有具体数字或
some
，
several
等修饰时，后面不加“
s”
；但当其后跟
of
短语时，要用复数形式。
2
．序数词的结构特点：
(1)
序数词第
1
～
19
除了
first
，
second
和
third
外，其余的大部分都是由基数词后加“
th”
构成。
(2)
十位数序数词如果含有
1
～
9
的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，并且中间用连字符连接。
(3)
百、千、万等的序数词由
hundred
，
thousand
，
million
等后加
th
构成。
(4)
序数词前一般要加
the
表示顺序。
3
．分数、小数、百分数的读法和写法
(1)
分数的分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示，分子大于一时，分母用复数；但要注意整数和分数之间必须用
and
连接。
25,6
表示为
two and five sixths
。
(2)
在读小数时，小数点后面的数字要单独读出。小数点读成
point
。
(3)
百分数用“基数词＋
percent”
表示，要注意
percent
不能用复数形式。
特别提醒：①
1/2
一般用
a/one half
表示。
②
1/4
一般用
a/one quarter
表示。
4
．表达倍数关系的句式
(1)
主语
A
＋谓语＋倍数程度＋
as
＋形容词或副词原级＋
as
＋比较对象
B
。
(2)
主语
A
＋谓语＋倍数程度＋
the
＋度量名词＋
of
＋比较对象
B
。
(3)
主语
A
＋谓语＋倍数程度＋
what
从句。
(4)
主语
A
＋谓语＋倍数程度＋形容词或副词的比较级＋
than
＋比较对象
B
。
(5)
主语
A
＋谓语＋形容词或副词的比较级＋
than
＋比较对象
B
＋
by
＋倍数。
特别提醒：表达倍数时，一倍用
once
，两倍用
twice/double
，三倍或三倍以上才用“基数词＋
times”
表示。
二、主谓一致
(
一
)
主谓一致三原则
1
．语法一致的原则。即主语是单数，谓语为单数；主语若为复数，谓语亦为复数。例如：
He does well in maths.
2
．意义一致的原则。根据主语的意义，而不是形式，决定谓语的数。例如：
The teacher and writer is going to give us a lecture on writing.
那位老师兼作者准备给我们讲讲如何写作。
3
．就近一致的原则。即谓语与靠近的那个主语一致。例如：
Either he or I am right.
特别提醒：①三个原则虽然不同，但在具体运用中，它们往往是协调的，并不矛盾。例如：
More than ten students have passed the driving test.(
形式和意义都是复数
)
②
当语法一致的原则与意义一致的原则发生冲突时，一般坚持语法一致的原则。例如：
More than one student has passed the driving test.(
形式是单数，意义是复数
)
(
二
)
主谓一致细说
1
．谓语用单数时的情况
(1)
不可数名词做主语时。例如：
There is a lot of water in the jar.
特别提醒：不可数名词前若有表示数量的物量词，则谓语动词与物量词本身的形式一致。例如：
One million tons of oil were produced last year.
(2)
不定式短语、动名词短语和从句做主语时。例如：
That she will come here tomorrow is certain.
特别提醒：①
what
从句做主语时，谓语动词的形式主要取决于后面的表语是单数还是复数。试比较：
What they want is nothing but a rest.
What he wants are two books.
②
当
what
从句表示所说的话或所做的事时，谓语动词应用单数。例如：
What he said has left us much to think about.
(3)
主语是形单意单的词
①主语若是单数名词，后面尽管跟有
as well as
，
with
，
together with
，
besides
，
except
，
but
，
including
，
rather than
等引导的短语，谓语仍用单数。例如：
The teacher as well as his students is playing football.
In some parts of the world
，
tea is served with milk or sugar.
②
主语是
each
或单数主语被
each
，
every
修饰时。例如：
Each of the boys has a pencil box.
Here every student is good at drawing.
特别提醒：单数的并列主语被
every
，
each
，
no
，
many a
修饰时，谓语也用单数。例如：
Every desk and chair is new.
Each teacher and each student has been told to attend the meeting after school.
特别提醒：
each
做主语的同位语时谓语由前面的主语决定。例如：
They each have finished their exercises.
③
主语是
either
，
neither
，
the other
或主语被
either
，
neither
修饰时。例如：
Either of the answers is correct.
Neither answer proves to be correct.
④every/some/any/no
＋
body/one/thing
构成的复合不定代词做主语时。例如：
Nobody is absent.
⑤
主语是
a kind/sort/type of
＋单数或复数名词时，因为
kind/sort/type
是短语中的中心词，也是信息的焦点，所以，谓语应与其一致。例：
This kind of wheat isn't grown in our country.
(4)
主语是形复意单的词
①以
s
结尾的国名、人名、书名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时。例如：
The United Nations(
联合国
) was founded in 1945.
②
以
s
结尾的学科名词做主语时。例如：
Physics is taught in all middle schools.
③“One and a half
＋复数名词”做主语时。例如：
One and a half days is all I can spare.
2
．谓语用复数时的情况
(1)
主语是形单意复的词
①
people
，
police
等集合名词做主语时。例如：
The police have caught the thieves.
②“the/these/those
＋形容词
/
分词形容词”可以表示一类人，这一结构做主语时。例如：
Those wounded were taken good care of.
“the
＋形容词”还可表示抽象事物，这时应视做单数。例如：
The beautiful gives pleasure to people.
③“the
＋表示国籍、民族的形容词”可以表示该国全体人民，这一结构做主语时。例如：
The Chinese are a brave and hardworking people.
(2)
主语是形复意复的词
①某些具有抽象意义的复数名词做主语时。例如：
Things are getting worse and worse.
The surroundings are usually quiet here.
②“one or two
＋复数名词”做主语时。例如：
There are one or two tickets left.
③glasses
，
compasses
，
trousers
等由两部分连成一体的名词做主语时。例如：
My trousers are worn out.
若前面有
pair
等物量词，则谓语由该物量词的形式决定。例如：
There is a pair of compasses on the desk.
There are two pairs of glasses needing to be repaired.
3
．谓语用单数或复数均有可能
(1)
表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词被看做整体时，谓语用单数。例如：
Ten dollars is what he needs.
Twenty kilometres isn't a short distance.
若侧重于一个个的个体，则用复数。例如：
Five years have passed since I joined the League.
(2)and
连接并列的名词做主语时，谓语一般用复数。例如：
Reading and writing are both very important.
Hard work and plain living (
艰苦和朴素
) are the fine qualities of a person.
若该结构表示一个单一的概念或指同一人、物时，谓语用单数，但这时两个名词前加一个冠词。例如：
The maths teacher and class teacher(
班主任数学老师
) is very strict with us.
Bread and butter(
涂有黄油的面包
)is their daily food.
Hard work and plain living(
艰苦朴素
)is a weapon with which we have won one victory after another.
(3)family
，
class
，
group
，
team
，
crowd
，
crew
，
enemy
，
committee
，
population
等集合名词做主语时，若强调整个集体，谓语用单数。例如：
The population of China is large.
中国人口众多。
若强调集体中的各个成员，谓语用复数。例如：
Nearly 80% of the population of China are farmers.
中国将近百分之八十的人口是农民。
(4)what
，
which
，
who
，
some
，
any
，
more
，
most
，
all
等词做主语时，谓语动词的数根据实际意义确定。例如：
All is silent.
万籁俱寂。
(all
指代整个情况、事件时是单数
)
All are silent.
所有的人都不做声。
(all
指代人或物时，是复数
)
(5)none
做主语时，若指代可数名词，谓语用单数和复数均可以；若指代不可数名词，谓语用单数。
(6)“half of
，
part of
，
most of
，
eighty percent of
，
one third of
，
the rest of
＋名词
/
代词”做主语时，谓语根据后面的名词或代词而定。例如：
Most of the people agree with us.
Most of the money is spent on clothes.
(7)
单复数同形的名词做主语时，谓语动词要根据主语的意义而定。例如：
All means have been tried.
Every means has been tried.
(8)
在四则运算中，加法、乘法后面的谓语动词用单、复数均可，减法、除法后面的谓语动词只能用单数。例如：
Three plus three makes/make six.
Thirtyfive divided by five is seven.
(
四
)
谓语与相邻的那个主语一致
(1)either...or
，
neither...nor
，
not only...but also
，
not...but
，
or
等连接两个并列的主语时，谓语须与靠近的那一个主语一致。例如：
Either you or I am wrong.
Are neither you nor he for the plan?
(2)
在
here is
，
there is
或其他状语提前的倒装句中，谓语动词的形式也适用邻近原则。例如：
Here is a pen and two pieces of paper for you.
5
．主谓一致的其他情况
(1)
在强调结构中，当被强调部分是主语时，从句中的谓语须与被强调词一致。例如：
It is I who am to answer for her safety.
(2)
定语从句中的谓语动词在意义上应与先行词一致。例如：
Do you know the girls who are soldiers?
①
当先行词为“
one of
＋名词复数”时，定语从句中的谓语动词用复数。例如：
She is one of the girls who have passed the exam.
②
当先行词为“
the(only)one of
＋名词复数”时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。例如：
She is the only one of the girls who has passed the exam.
(3)“many a/more than one
＋单数可数名词”做主语时谓语用单数。例如：
Many a student has joined the League recently.
(4)“the number of
＋名词复数”做主语时谓语用单数。
“
a number of
＋名词复数”做主语时谓语用复数。例如：
The number of the students in our school is larger than that in their school.
A number of people are against the proposal.
[
名校模拟演练
]
1
．
(
甘肃天水一中
)The exercises are extremely difficult, but half of the class ______ them ahead of time.
A
．
has already finished B
．
will finish
C
．
have already finished D
．
finishes
解析：考查时态及主谓一致。语意表明谓语动词用现在完成时；
class, family, army, government, group, team, staff, committee, nation, company
等集合名词作主语强调整体时，谓语用单数，如果强调个体，则用复数。句中强调个体，所以用复数。
答案：
C
2
．
(
北京海淀
)Three quarters of the forest ______ burnt to ashes, and the rest ______ cut down for construction.
A
．
was; has been B
．
was; have been
C
．
have been; is D
．
are; has been
解析：
Three quarters of
＋
n.
谓语动词取决于名词
the forest,
谓语用单数；第二空
the rest
也指代
forest,
谓语也用单数。
答案：
A
3
．
(
杭州一中月考
)Jane is one of the best students in her class who ______ by their teacher.
A
．
are praised B
．
is praised
C
．
praised D
．
praise
解析：
one of
＋复数名词做先行词时，定语从句中谓语动词用复数形式，且表被动，故选
A
。
答案：
A
4
．
(
合肥联考
)The population of this area ______ 100 000. Seventy percent of the population ______ natives and the rest ______ from China.
A
．
is; is; is B
．
are; are; is
C
．
is; are; are D
．
are; is; are
解析：第一空
population
指“人口数量”，谓语动词用单数；第二空
population
指“人”，谓语动词用复数；第三空
the rest
指“其他的人”，谓语动词用复数。
答案：
C
5
．
(
重庆联考
)Soon after feeling the slight shaking, every man, woman and child ______ about the earthquake that night.
A
．
were talking B
．
was talking
C
．
had talked D
．
talking
解析：
every
＋单数名词，谓语动词用单数。
答案：
B
6
．
(
皖中联考
)All the employees except the manager ______ to work online at home.
A
．
encourages B
．
encourage
C
．
is encouraged D
．
are encouraged
解析：
except
连接并列主语时，谓语动词与前一主语一致，且表被动，故选
D
。
答案：
D
7
．
(
杭州检测
)Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A
．
is B
．
was
C
．
are D
．
were
解析：
the League secretary and monitor
指“一个人”，谓语动词用单数。
答案：
B
8
．
(
皖西检测
)The results of the examination ______ that you have all made great ______.
A
．
show; progress
B
．
shows; progress
C
．
show; progresses
D
．
shows; progresses
解析：第一空主语是
the results,
谓语动词用复数；第二空
progress
是不可数名词，不加
s
。
答案：
A
9
．
(
安庆一中月考
)Either your parents or your elder brother ______ to attend the meeting tomorrow.
A
．
is B
．
are
C
．
are going D
．
have
解析：
either...or...
连接并列主语，用就近一致原则，故选
A
。
答案：
A
10
．
(
黄冈检测
)Neither of the novels which ______ popular with us ______ been translated into Chinese.
A
．
are; has B
．
are; had
C
．
is; have D
．
is; has
解析：定语从句的先行词是
novels
，故从句中谓语用
are
；第二空主语是
neither
，谓语用
has
或
have
都可以。
答案：
A