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- 2021-04-14 发布
2018
届二轮复习
书面表达之
议论文
议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。
近年的书面表达中，主要命题形式是以表格式和提纲式来呈现写作材料的。
知识梳理
论点，论据和论证是议论文的三要素，论点是作者对所论问题所持的见解和主张；论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据；论证就是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说，议论文每段应有主题句来确定论点。结尾提出自己的看法、意见或建议，表示对某一现象或论点的赞成或反对。
议论文的结构一般较为固定，通常包括以下三部分：
1.
在导语部分提出需要讨论的主题；
2.
在正文部分对所提出的问题进行论证；
3.
在结论部分对以上的讨论进行总结和归
纳。
1.
首段：
1) Many students have been faced with the
problem of ……
2) Recently the problem has been brought into
focus.
3) Recently the phenomenon has become a
heated topic.
4) Recently the issue has aroused great
concern among …
5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over …
6) Faced with …, quite a few people argue
that …
7) According to a recent survey, …
8) With the rapid development of economy/
society…,
9) Recently we held (have hold) a discussion
whether….
10) When it comes to…, (
当说到
…)
2.
第二段首句：
As is known to all, …
play(s
) an important part/
role in our daily life/ modern society. However,
different people have different opinions…
Some people/The majority of the students think it (is) a good idea/important/useful/convenient
for somebody
（根据题意改人称）
to do…
Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true…
列举观点
:
Obviously… has both advantages and
disadvantages. .../ However, as every coin has
two sides, …has it’s disadvantages
．
两个论据：
on one hand+1…+on the other hand 2.
或
…is one thing…is another…
三个以上
：
Firstly,/to begin with…+Secondly/furthermore,…Finally/last but not the least,…
注意：表明各方观点时常用一般现在时态。
3.
结论陈述自己观点
:
There is probably some truth in both arguments
／
statements, but… As far as I’m concerned
/Personally/As for me/in my opinion/Personally
speaking(
尽量避免使用
I think).
总结全文
:
in one/a word, generally speaking, to conclude
提出解决办法：
1
)
From what has been discussed above, we
can draw the conclusion that ……
2
)
It is high time that
we should take measures
to…
3
)
We should take measures to …
4
)
We’d better take effective measures to
prevent …
5
)
The government decided to take strong
measures against …
6)
It is necessary that steps should be taken to…
7)
In conclusion, it is imp
ortant
that …
8)
To solve the above
-
mentioned problem,
we must…
9)
In summary, if we continue to ignore the
issue, more problems
will c
ome
up.
1
0)
Taking all these into account, we…
问题解决型
—
对某一问题
/
话题进行分析，找出解决办法
,
表达自己的看法。
第一段：
Nowadays, we have to face a problem that…
Nowadays, more and more people
are concerned about the problem that…
It is important for us to…
写作模板
第二段：
People have figured out many ways to solve the problem
．
Confronted with…(
问题
), we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation
．
Firstly, _________ (
方法一
)
Secondly, _________ (
方法二
)
第三段
：
Personally, I believe that______ (
我的方法
)
To me, I am taking two ways to solve the
problem of…(
问题
)
One of them is ______________ (
我的方法
)
The other way is ______________ (
方法二
)
By now ways have been working perfectly and
efficiently… (
结果
)
2) In conclusion/ In a word/ To sum up/ In
summary/ Obviously/ It’s clear that…/ It’s
no doubt that…
对比选择型
—
不同观点对比，列举理由，自己的观点。
第一段：
Some people tend to think that
________
(
观点一
)
They point out tha
t
________
(
理由一
)
Additionally
, _________ (
理由二
)
A case in point is
________ (
举例
)
Therefore
_________
(
小结
)
第二段：
On the contrary
,
other people hold the view
That
_____
(
观点二
)
They argue that
__________ (
理由一
)
What’s more
____________ (
理由二
)
As an illustration
, ________ (
举例
)
Accordingly
,
______________ (
小结
)
第三段：
As far as I am concerned
,
(I think) _____
____________
(
我的观点
)
The reason is that
___________
(
理由一
)
And also, _________
(
理由二
)
So, ____________
(
总结自己的观点
)
说明利弊型
—
某观点
/
现象有利
(
列举好处
),
也有弊
(
列举弊端
),
应如何正确对待。
第一段：某观点
/
现象有利
(
列举好处
)
Whenever we hear people say that _____ (
主题
) we’ll instantly have the idea that it is a good
／
bad thing for_______ (
某人
)
Indeed, ______ (
主题
) have advantages to _________ (
某人
)
We can take _______ (
举例
) as an example…
It will benefit _______ (
好处一
)
In addition ________ (
好处二
)
第二段：也有弊
(
列举弊端
)
In the mean time, we must realize we must realize those disadvantages of ____ (
主题
)
First of all, ___________ (
坏处一
)
Second, ____________ (
坏处二
)
第三段：如何正确对待
To sum up the above arguments
，
I think a proper attitude towards ________ (
主题
) is that _______________ (
我的观点
)
阐述主题型
第一段：
A famous saying goes that _____ (
名言或谚语
).
It means that _______ (
释义
).
An example of this case is _____ (
举例，解释
).
第二段：
Another case in point is _______ (
例二
) / Secondly, _______
第三段：
I like the saying _____ (
名言
) which encourages me _________ (
理由
)
常用的连接词和过渡词有：
递进：
also, and then, too, in addition, furthermore, moreover
时间顺序：
now, then, before, after, afterwards, earlier, later, immediately, soon, next, in a few days, gradually, suddenly, finally
空间顺序：
near (to), far (from), in front of, behind, beside, beyond, above, below, to the right / left, around, outside
比较：
in the same way, just like, just as
对照：
while, but, still, yet, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, by contrast, despite, in spite of, even though
结果和原因：
because, since, so, as a result, therefore, then, thus, otherwise
目的：
for this reason, for this purpose, so that
强调：
in fact, indeed, surely, necessarily, certainly, without any doubt, truly, above all, most important
解释说明：
for example, in this case
总结：
finally, at last, in conclusion, in a word, in brief, in short, in general, on the whole, as has been stated
并列：
and, also, as well, as well as, or, too, not only ... but also, both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor
陈述事实：
in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth
你校正在进行“英语读书周”活动。该活动要求学生摘录名言佳句
(quote)
并相互交流，以下是某同学摘录的句子：“
Your future depends on many things, but mostly on you”
。请按下列要求用英语写一篇
100-120
个词的短文：
1.
针对摘录句中的观点谈谈你的看法；
2.
举例说明理由。
注意：短文的开头已给出
(
不计词数
)
。
真题再现
In the English Reading Week, one of my classmates recommended a quote to us, which goes like this: “Your future depends on many things, but mostly on you.” I can’t agree more with this view. It’s true that our future is determined by many things, such as opportunities and help from others, but our own attitude, determination, and hard work play a more important role. In other words, we are the master of our own future.
Take Abraham Lincoln, for example. He was born in a poor family, and only received a limited education in his childhood. Yet through his painstaking efforts, he changed not only his own fate but also the history of America. Even to this day, Lincoln is regarded as one of the most inspiring figures in the world. Therefore, I firmly believe that our future is in our own hands.
如今， 选美比赛在青少年中越来越普及， 因此你们班就此开展了一场“
Should beauty contests be held among teenagers?”
的讨论， 请你根据下面表格内容写一份总结。
实战演练
一些同学认为
另一部分同学认为
1.
爱美之心是人之常情；
2.
提供了展示美和欣赏美的平台；
3.
提高青少年审美品位， 如在重要场所应如何穿衣。
1.
着重外貌，麻木追求外表美；
2.
商业化，参与比赛浪费时间和金钱。
总结：外貌并非成功的关键，应注重内在美。
【
写作要求
】
1.
只能使用
5
个句子表达全部的内容。
2.
文章的开头已给出，不计入总句数。
【
评分标准
】
句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。
Recently our class has had a heated discussion about whether beauty contests should be held among teenagers.
Recently our class has had a heated discussion about whether beauty contests should be held among teenagers. Some students hold the opinion that love of beauty is part of human nature, so beauty contests not only provide a stage for people to show off their beauty but also a good chance to appreciate beauty. Beauty contests, in their opinion, can help improve teenagers’ tastes like helping them choose the right for important clothes occasions.
【
参考范文
】
However, other students disagree because they are afraid that most beauty contests focus on contestants’ appearance, which encourages teenagers to run blindly after appearances. Moreover, many beauty contests are too commercialized and it is a waste of time and money to take part. Although our classmates’ opinions vary, we can still safely draw the conclusion that a good face is not the key to success and we should focus more on inner beauty.
【
解析
】
本文为典型的正方论证的写作方法，先提出一个主题，接着陈述正方的观点及理由，然后点明反方的观点及理由，最后才亮出作者的观点。首先，本文的语言比较丰富和地道， 如“人之常情”可以翻译为
human nature
，“提供平台”可以翻译为
provide a stage for
sb
.
，“提高品位”可以翻译为“
improve one’s taste”
，而“麻木追求
”
可以翻译为“
run blindly after”
。
本文句型也较丰富，第一句使用了
not only...but also...
；第二句把
in their opinion
放在句子中间，使句子显得更灵活；第三句用了
because
的原因状语从句；第四句是并列句；而最后一句则使用了
Although our classmates’ opinions vary...“
让步状语从句＋主句”的复合句。