【英语】2020届二轮复习阅读理解学案2间接细节理解题学案 11页

第二讲　间接细节理解题 Step1 典题感悟·高考名题这样考 (2019·全国卷Ⅱ) My Favourite Books Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co­author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads. Matilda Roald Dahl I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words. Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they're also aspirational. After Dark Haruki Murakami It's about two sisters—Eri, a model who either won't or can't stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student . In trying to connect to her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people”who are hiding secrets. Gone Girl Gillian Flynn There was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when everyone else on the planet did but the horror story is brilliant. There's tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. It's a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what's going on is horribly enjoyable. The Stand Stephen King This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world's population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。短文介绍了作家 Jo Usmar 最喜欢的书籍。 1．Who does“I”refer to in the text? A．Stephen King. B．Gillian Flynn. C．Jo Usmar. D．Roald Dahl. [解析]　细节理解题。由 Matilda 中的“I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words.”可知， “我”曾经写过一篇关于童话故事，这个童话故事对罗尔德·达尔写作有影响，这篇论文让 我对他奇怪而有趣的文字有了新的认识。所以 Jo Usmar 在介绍 Matilda 这本书时，用第一人 称“I”口吻来说明自己曾经写过一篇关于童话故事，这个童话故事对罗尔德·达尔写作有影响。 所以“I”指的是 Jo Usmar。故 C 选项正确。 [答案]　C 2．Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri? A．Cosmopolitan. B．Matilda. C．After Dark. D．The Stand. [解析]　细节理解题。由 After Dark 中的“It's about two sisters—Eri，a model who either won't or can't stop sleeping, and Mari，a young student.”可知，故事讲的是两个姐妹—Eri 是一 个突然一觉不醒的模特，玛丽是一个充满青春活力的学生。所以 After Dark 中讲述了 Eri 和 Mari 的故事。故 C 选项正确。 [答案]　C 3．What kind of book is Gone Girl? A．A folk tale. B．A biography. C．A love story. D．A horror story. [解析]　细节理解题。由 Gone Girl 中的“...but the horror story is brilliant.”可知，但是这 个恐怖的故事很精彩。所以 Gone Girl 讲述的是一个恐怖故事。故 D 选项正确。 [答案]　D Step2 题型分析·考情特征把握好 一、全国卷三年考情分析 年份 卷别 A 篇 B 篇 C 篇 D 篇 间接细节 理解题 全国 卷Ⅰ 广告 教育 科学技术 研究发现 2 个 全国 卷Ⅱ 文化生活 志愿者 工作 社会文 化生活 文化教育 22019 全国 卷Ⅲ 广告 社会文化 社会文化 实验 2 个 全国 卷Ⅰ 观光指南 大众生活 语言文化 社会生活 2 个 全国 卷Ⅱ 广告 健康饮食 学习策略 人际交往 3 个2018 全国 卷Ⅲ 旅游指南 城市发展 中国建筑 小孩子对待 物品(玩具) 的态度 3 个 全国 卷Ⅰ 新闻广告 个人经历 音乐文化 科普说明 3 个 全国 卷Ⅱ 新闻广告 人际关系 科普知识 科普知识 2 个2017 全国 卷Ⅲ 新闻广告 社会文化 人与自然 科普知识 3 个 命题 趋势 阅读理解通常以考查说明文、记叙文和应用文居多，题材以个人经历、人物故事、介绍说明、社会文化、新 闻广告等为主，内容更贴近生活、贴近时代；而在题型方面，会以细节理解题为主。 二、常见设问方式 1．What does the writer pay the least attention to? 2．Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. 3．All of the following statements may be true/false Except ____________. 4．What do we know from the text about...? 三、正误选项特征 1．正确选项特征 (1)正确选项在文字表述上和原文相关句相似度很高。 (2)正确选项和原文相关句的句式基本一致，关键信息换用原文的同义词语。此类方法 使用较多。(但干扰选项也会使用替换法，辨别选项时必须牢记内容一致！) (3)正确选项使用原文的反义词语，通过不同的结构表达相同的意思。 (4)正确选项使用与原文相反的句式结构，但表达的语义相同。 2．干扰选项特征 (1)无中生有。凭空捏造原文不存在的细节，以迷惑和干扰考生，制造的假象让考生怀 疑自己是否漏读了原文的相关信息。破解方法仍然是准确定位。有的是故意偏离主旨(通过 通读的句子概括出的大意就可以排除)。 (2)常识错位。干扰项是一些基本常识和我们对社会、生活等方面一些问题的一般看法 和认识，虽然符合客观现实，但并非文章所提及的或侧重的。此类干扰项很容易导致粗心错 误，因为选项的说法符合我们的一般认识，使得干扰项先入为主，误导了判断，忽略了要从 原文验证。 (3)偷梁换柱。这是细节题干扰项常见的方法，是大多数同学由于粗心失分的地方。干 扰项利用了原文的一部分结构和词汇，但在一些位置换掉个别词，造成了语义的变化。要留 意选项各个句子成分是否与原文表述的意义一致。地点、时间、方式、程度(副词)、性质 (如 形容词)，甚至是主语和谓语都可能被偷换掉。 Step3 增分攻略·献计献策献妙招 行去流水，字里行间； 材料观点，铭记心间； 牢记问题，抓住关键； 比较选项，得出答案。 间接信息题的审题、解题流程 [第一步]　阅读题干，锁定相关词句 在做细节理解题中的间接信息题时要有针对性地扫读原文，锁定相关词句，仔细比较选 项和原文信息，选择正确或最佳的答案。 [第二步]　通过语意转换，综合分析 锁定相关词句之后，准确理解各个选项的意思，寻找与原文信息相关的同义词、近义词 和反义词，得出正确答案。 [典例]　(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups. It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theater's 75­year history. This time, however, the cleanup was a little different. As one group of workers carried out the rubbish, another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building's end. The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater. Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary­eyed audience wanting to say good­bye to the old building. Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate. The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down. Why was The Last Picture Show put on? A．It was an all­time classic. B．It was about the history of the town. C．The audience requested it. D．The theater owner found it suitable. [解析]　第一步：阅读题干，锁定相关词句 通过阅读题干，可知题干中的词“Why”为问题的核心信息，即为本题的定位关键词。 第二步：通过相关词句，进行语意转换，综合分析 带着关键词“Why”回到原文中，发现原文中出现了同义词，即“because it seemed appropriate.”，根据这个复现词，我们可以确定答案为 D。 [答案]　D Step4 刷题训练·练稳练准练速度 A (2019·广东佛山第一中学段考)Like people, plants experience stress. And also, like people, the response to that stress can determine success. Bad environmental conditions, such as drought, flood, heat and other stresses, affect yields(产量) more than crop pests and diseases. We are trying to find a way to equip plants with the ability to tolerate environmental stress and maintain high yields, said Stephen Howell, a professor of genetics and cell biology. Plant cells produce proteins( 蛋 白 质 ) and ship them to different parts of the cell. Under normal conditions, these proteins are folded into their normal, healthy structures as they are produced. When a plant is under stress, its cells produce poorly folded or unfolded proteins. Then a built­in system senses this and“sets off an alarm in the cell，”said Howell. In response to the alarm, another protein(IRE1) starts working and creates a different process which activates(激活) the stress response genes whose products bring about defensive measures that help the plant survive. “As it turns out, responses that are activated under stress conditions actually inhibit the growth of plants，”said Howell.“This allows them to preserve their energy to survive the stress conditions.” For plants in the wild, this response is a help for survival, he said. In production of agriculture crops, however, this response reduces yields. “You don't want crop plants to stop growing，”Howell said.“You want them to continue to grow and produce even though they are under stress.” With the new understanding of this stress response, the next step may be to silence the alarm system, said Howell.“What may be important is to disable some of these stress responses. That may make the plant more productive under stress conditions.” 语篇解读：本文属于一篇说明文阅读。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了植物细胞的 报警是由改变蛋白质产生的，豪厄尔在压力条件下通过使报警系统停止工作使作物保持高产。 1．According to the text, what causes an alarm in the plant cells? A．The folded proteins. B．The changed proteins. C．The defensive measures. D．The stress response genes. [解析]　细节理解题。根据第三段：When a plant is under stress，its cells produce poorly folded or unfolded proteins.可知植物细胞的报警是由改变蛋白质产生的。故选 B。 [答案]　B 2．What does the energy preserved in the plants under stress conditions do? A．It helps the plants to survive. B．It helps to maintain high yields. C．It keeps the plants growing. D．It helps to produce proteins. [解析]　细节理解题。根据第四段：another protein (IRE1)starts working and creates a different process which activates ( 激 活 ) the stress response genes whose products bring about defensive measures that help the plant survive.可知胁迫条件下植物的能量保存帮助植物生存。 故选 A。 [答案]　A 3．Which word is closest to the meaning of the underlined word“inhibit”in Paragraph 5? A．Prevent. B．Start. C．Continue. D．Promote. [解析]　词义理解题。根据第五段：As it turns out，responses that are activated under stress conditions actually inhibit the growth of plants(事实证明，在压力条件下被激活的反应实际上抑 制了植物的生长)，可知此词意为阻止。故选 A。 [答案]　A 4．How does Howell intend to make crop plants maintain high yields under stress conditions? A．By making crop plants keep more energy. B．By making crop plants stop growing. C．By making the alarm system stop working. D．By making the alarm system respond quickly. [解析]　 细节理解题。根据最后一段：What may be important is to disable some of these stress responses.That may make the plant more productive under stress conditions.可知豪厄尔在 压力条件下通过使报警系统停止工作使作物保持高产。故选 C。 [答案]　C B (2019·广西玉林市期末考试)From American Express, wedding guests will，on average， spend $673 on each wedding they attend this year. It includes airfare ($225), hotel ($170), dining out ($116)and dressing up ($95)and the gift. If you have weddings to attend this year, here are some tips for you to avoid breaking the bank. 1．Book flights in advance The moment you decide to attend a wedding is the time to check flight prices at the best time. Plane fares are higher in the summer, especially in July and August. Booking in advance will save you money, as will watch for sales on lower­cost carriers like JetBlue and Frontier. You can check Google Flights for a calendar of prices showing the cheapest days to fly from apps like Hopper to get real­time alerts when a fare is at its lowest price point. 2．Don't blow your budget on the gift If you've got the money, an expensive gift is lovely. But there's no need to take out loans to prove your love for the happy couple. Skip an expensive necklace by giving (an appropriate amount of) cash instead. To save on the gift, consider making one: A photo album or scrapbook of memories with the bride and groom shows how much you care. You could also share the gift with other guest(s) or even make gifts with DIY ideas by yourself to save money. 3．Use old dresses and suits You don't always have to be on a new dress for a wedding. While men have the option of repeating their suits, women are more likely to spend money on new clothes for the special occasion. But before you take out your wallet, consider reinventing something already in your closet. Belts, colorful scarves, shoes can bring life to any outfit. 语篇解读：本文是一篇社会类短文阅读。文章主要讲述了美国人参加婚礼时的费用高， 文章针对这一现象给读者提出一些建议，以减少这方面的开支。 5．How much does a wedding guest spend on the gift on average? A．$673. B．$225. C．$67. D．$95. [解析]　细节理解题。根据文章第一段“From American Express, wedding guests will，on average，spend $673 on each wedding they attend this year. It includes airfare ($225), hotel ($170), dining out ($116)and dressing up ($95)and the gift.”可知，参加一场婚礼的总费用是 673 美元， 包括机票 225、酒店 170、吃饭 116、服装 95，那么礼物的费用就是剩余的 67 美元。故选 C。 [答案]　C 6．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．People always wear their new clothes at the wedding. B．Men are more likely to wear new clothes to attend a wedding. C．It saves you money to creatively wear old clothes. D．Ladies tend to wear their favorite suits for a wedding. [解析]　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段内容可知，参加婚礼不必每次都买新衣服，可 以将衣柜里的衣服整理一下，即循环利用。故选 C。 [答案]　C 7．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To help people save money while holding their weddings. B．To give some tips on saving money to attend a wedding. C．To introduce general expenses of attending a wedding. D．To state some aspects to be considered while holding weddings. [解析]　写作目的题。根据文章第一段“If you have weddings to attend this year, here are some tips for you to avoid breaking the bank.”及全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了美国人参加婚 礼时的费用高，文章针对这一现象给读者提出一些建议，以减少这方面的开支。故选 B。 [答案]　B 专题强化训练(十八) Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2019·都匀市第一中学月考)Louise Blanchard Bethune showed early promise in math. But Louise did not go to school. Instead, her father taught her at home until she was 11 years old. She also discovered a skill for planning houses. It developed into a lifelong interest in architecture and a place in history as the first professional female architect in the United States. After graduating from high school in 1874, Louise traveled and studied. She hoped to prepare herself to attend the new architecture school at Cornell University. But then Buffalo's leading architectural firm of Richard A．Waite and F．W. Caulkins offered her a job. She knew that architects gained their training from practical experience, not from school. She took the job. Louise worked there as an assistant, 10 hours a day for five years. She learned and mastered drawing and architectural design. She also met her husband, Robert A．Bethune. Their new firm, R．A. and L．Bethune, opened in October 1881. Bethune appeared to be the strength of the business. At the turn of the 20th century, the city of Buffalo was rapidly expanding to meet the demands of growing industry. The firm received tasks to build hundreds of structures throughout western New York. The firm designed lots of schools, apartment buildings, department stores, churches and factories. Bethune believed that being an architect meant being an artist, a scientist and a business person. She made a point of advocating for women in the profession. She became a member of the Western Association of Architects(WAA) in 1885. In 1888, she was the first woman to join the American Institute of Architects(AIA). Besides, Bethune took a firm stand on equal treatment for women architects. She insisted on equal pay for equal work. Bethune left almost no papers or letters, and few people recognize her name today. But her legacy remains in the foothold she established for women in the field of architecture. She started her own firm and enjoyed a successful career. 语篇解读：本文是一篇人物类阅读，介绍了 Bethune 尽管没有上过学，但是她对于建筑 有很大的兴趣，她凭借自己的努力在建筑行业取得了很大的成功，并且还坚持平等地对待女 性，要同工同酬。 1．When Louise Bethune was a girl, she liked to ________. A．design buildings B．read picture books of buildings C．play with toy houses D．make models of buildings [解析]　细节理解题。根据第一段“She also discovered a skill for planning houses.”可知， 她对于建筑感兴趣，故选 A。 [答案]　A 2．Why did Louise Bethune give up going to university? A．She got married. B．She lacked money. C．She started her own business. D．She wanted to learn through work. [解析]　细节理解题。根据第二段“She knew that architects gained their training from practical experience, not from school. She took the job.”可知，她没有去上大学，她接受了公司 的工作，她认为应该在工作中获得建筑的实际经验，而不是在学校里获得，故选 D。 [答案]　D 3．What does the fourth paragraph show? A．Bethune' s business was a success. B．Bethune' s city developed quickly. C．An architect should be an artist first. D．Women can be professional architects. [解析]　段落大意题。根据第四段内容可知，公司设计了很多学校、公寓、商店、教堂 和工厂等，Bethune 的生意非常成功。故选 A。 [答案]　A 4．What contribution did Louise Bethune make to society? A．She educated a lot of women architects. B．She wrote a lot of letters and papers. C．She founded the AIA and WAA. D．She fought for women' s rights. [解析]　细节理解题。根据第五段“Bethune took a firm stand on equal treatment for women architects. She insisted on equal pay for equal work.”可知，Bethune 坚信女建筑师应该享受平等 待遇，她坚持同工同酬。故选 D。 [答案]　D B (2019·河北衡水中学高三月考)It is not unusual for people to speak two or three languages; they're known as bilinguals or trilinguals. Speakers of more than three languages are known as polyglots. And when we refer to people who speak many languages, perhaps a dozen or more, we use the term hyper－polyglot. The most famous hyper － polyglot was Giuseppe Mezzofanti, a 19th century Italian cardinal( 红 衣 主 教 ), who was said to speak 72 languages. This claim sounds absurd. If_you_assume_each_language _had_20,000_words,_Mezzofanti_would_have_to_learn_a_word_a_minute,_six_hours_a_day,_fo r_eleven_years—an_impossible_task. But Mezzofanti was tested by critics, and they were all impressed. Did Mezzofanti have an extraordinary brain? Or are hyper－polyglots just ordinary people with ordinary brains who manage to do something extraordinary through hard work? US linguist( 语 言 学 家 ) Stephen Krashen believes that outstanding language learners just work harder at it and then they acquire unusually strong language ability. As an example, he mentions a Hungarian woman who worked as an interpreter during the 20th century. When she was 86, she could speak 16 languages and was still working on learning new languages. She said she learned them mostly on her own, reading fiction or working through dictionaries or textbooks. Some researchers argue to the contrary. They believe that there is such a thing as a talent for learning languages. In the 1930s, a German scientist examined parts of the preserved brain of a hyper－polyglot named Emil Krebs, who could speak 60 languages fluently. The scientist found that the area of Krebs' brain called Boca's area, which is associated with language，looked different from the Boca's area in the brains of men who speak only one language. However, we still don't know if Krebs was born with a brain ready to learn dozens of languages or if his brain adapted to the demands he put on it. Although it is still not clear whether the ability to learn many languages is born，there's no doubt that just about all of us can acquire skills in a second, third, or even fourth language by putting our mind to it. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一些会讲多种语言的人，并探讨了关于掌握 多种语言的能力是否是天生的这一话题。 5．What does the underlined sentence imply? A．Mezzofanti could remember 360 words a day. B．Mezzofanti had a special way to learn languages. C．Mezzofanti's achievement was ridiculous. D．Mezzofanti's language ability was astonishing. [解析]　句意猜测题。根据下文可知，Mezzofanti 完成了这项几乎不可能完成的任务， 且通过了评论家对他的测试；由此可推知，画线句应表明他的语言能力令人吃惊。故选 D。 [答案]　D 6．The Hungarian woman became a hyper－polyglot mainly because of her ________. A．good memory B．hard work C．unique brain D．learning methods [解析]　推理判断题。根据第四段的第一句和第三句可推知，这位 Hungarian 女士是因 为自己的努力才学会了多种语言的。故选 B。 [答案]　B 7．The German scientist's findings showed that Krebs ________. A．had an unusual brain B．was born with great talent C．had worked hard at languages D．expected too much of himself [解析]　细节理解题。根据第五段第四句可知，Krebs 的大脑看起来和寻常人的不一样。 故选 A。 [答案]　A 8．What is the purpose of the text? A．To explain what hyper­polyglots do. B．To introduce some famous hyper­polyglots. C．To present new findings on hyper­polyglots. D．To explore if hyper­polyglots are born talented. [解析]　写作意图题。通读全文并结合最后一段可知，本文主要是为了探讨掌握多种语 言的能力是否与自己的天赋有关这一问题。故选 D。 [答案]　D Ⅱ.七选五阅读填空 (2019·石家庄市第二中学期末)People have always wanted to know what the future will look like. Then, how can we? ____1____ The world has changed a lot in the past 150 years, but we humans are driven by the same basic needs as we were 150 years ago, such as food, sleep, the feeling of being appreciated and loved. ____2____ No. In addition, generally speaking, the inventions for the last 150 years have been a human effort for freedom and communication, to be able to get in control of the time and world. Since there is still much to do in this area, this will be the focus at least for the next 150 years. But why do we need to predict the future? Predicting the future is important for two reasons: First, we need to start to think about what kind of future we would like for ourselves and to pass on to the next generation. ____3____ How about the virtual worlds? It might be in the future to experience the sand between your toes, and hear the waves, just lying in your bed at home. ____4____ So, even if a great invention is there for an affordable price, it'll never take the place of the common experience if it is not real. 5____ What we'll see in the next 50 years is the transition( 过 渡 ) from an oil­dependent society to a new society. Here there'll be new medicine, continued exploration of space, challenges in the climate change, and new inventions that make life a little easier. A．So what will the future look like then? B．Will this change in the next 150 years? C．Predicting the future can help us in many ways. D．However, you'll never get the feeling of being there. E．Well, to understand the future, you must know the past. F．However, no matter how real the experience will feel, it doesn't happen for real. G．Then we need to know what decisions we need to make today that will give the best result in the future. 语篇解读：这篇文章主要讲了我们想要更好的预测未来，就必须了解过去。 1．[解析]　根据“The world has changed a lot in the past 150 years, but we humans are driven by the same basic needs as we were 150 years ago, such as food, sleep, the feeling of being appreciated and loved.”提到了过去，所以选 E。(为了更好的理解未来，我们必须知道过 去。) [答案]　E 2．[解析]　根据“No. In addition, generally speaking, the inventions for the last 150 years have been a human effort for freedom and communication, to be able to get in control of the time and world. Since there is still much to do in this area, this will be the focus at least for the next 150 years.”可知意思是：在接下来的 150 年，这些会改变吗？故选 B。 [答案]　B 3．[解析]　由“Predicting the future is important for two reasons: First, we need to start to think about what kind of future we would like for ourselves and to pass on to the next generation.”可知意思是：然后我们需要知道今天什么样的决定，会给未来带来最好的结果， 故选 G。 [答案]　G 4．[解析]　由“So, even if a great invention is there for an affordable price, it'll never take the place of the common experience if it is not real.”可知，然而不管这种经历有多么的真实，它都 没有真实的发生，故选 F。 [答案]　F 5．[解析]　由最后一段内容可知选 A。(那时候，未来看起来是什么样的？) [答案]　A Ⅲ.短文改错 (2019·唐山期末考试)In the village store, John observed the little girl asking for cookies but her mother told her“no”. The girl immediate got angry, but the mother said ， “Ellen, don't be upset.”Then in the candy area, the girl began to shout candies. After being told“no”again, he began to cry. The mother said，“Ellen, don't lose temper. We'll check in.”John happened to be at the check­out, there the little girl burst into tears on finding no gum buying today. The mother patiently said it，“Ellen, we'll go home soon.”John stopped the woman，“I couldn't help notice how patient you were with Ellen...”The mother breaks in，“My daughter is Tammy... I'm Ellen.” [答案]　 In the village store, John observed the a little girl asking for cookies but her mother told her“no”. The girl immediate immediately got angry, but the mother said，“Ellen, don't be upset.”Then in the candy area, the girl began to shout ∧ for candies. After being told“no”again, he she began to cry. The mother said，“Ellen, don't lose temper. We'll check in out.”John happened to be at the check­out, there where the little girl burst into tears on finding no gum buying bought today. The mother patiently said it＼ ，“Ellen, we'll go home soon.”John stopped the woman，“I couldn't help notice noticing how patient you were with Ellen...”The mother breaks broke in，“My daughter is Tammy... I'm Ellen.”