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初中英语知识点复习系列
一．系动词和助动词
1．系动词
连接主语和表语。它不表示动作，与表语一起描述主语的性质、特征、状态、身份等。它也不能单独作谓语，但它有自己的汉语意思，和其后面的形容词等一起构成句子的谓语。英语系动词分为两类。
例如：
1）表示情况的。如：be, look, keep,等。
He is a student.（表示身份）
The coat is nice and cheap.（表示性质）
The cat looks like a hat.（表示特征）
2) 表示变化的。如get, grow, become, turn等。
Winter is coming, the weather gets colder and colder.
The rice grows fine.
Our country becomes stronger and stronger.
Spring comes, the tree turn green again.
常见的连系动词有：
be + adj. / n. 是，在 become + n. /adj. 变成 turn + adj. 变得 get + adj. 变得 grow + adj. 长得
keep + adj. 保持着 feel + adj. 感到 look + adj. 看上去 seem + adj./n. 看起来好象
smell + adj. 闻起来 fall asleep 入睡
2．助动词
本身无词义，不能单独作句子的谓语动词。在句中，它主要帮助句子中的谓语动词构成各种时态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如果句子是否定结构，not必须放在助动词后面。
英语助动词有shall, will, should, would, be, have, do等。
例如：The students are playing football now. (构成现在进行时)
He does not like playing football. (构成否定句)
Do you like playing football? (构成一般疑问句)
Do come here tomorrow! （构成强调句 ）
典型错句解析
1. You must look after yourself and keep health.
[解析] health→healthy. keep作系动词用时，后接形容词。
2. He will become a pianist.
[解析]will become→became become作系动词用时，一般不用于“将来成为”的意思。此句又可改为
He has become a pianist.
3. You will twenty-five years old next month.
[解析] will→will be。助动词will本身没有词义，可用在各种人称的将来时态中。 Will在将来时态中后接动词原形。 will + be才能构成完整的谓语。
4.He works even harder than you work.
[解析] work→do。助动词do代替主要动词，以避免重复。
二．代词
代词是用来代替名词或名词词组的词，因此代词在句子中的功能和名词一样，可作主语、宾语和表语，有些代词还可修饰名词。
英语代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词、相互代词等九种。
现把学过的六种代词介绍如下：
代 词
单 数
复 数
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
人称代词
主格
I
you
he, she, it
we
you
they
宾格
me
you
him, her, it
us
you
them
物主代词
形容词性
my
your
his, her, its
our
your
their
名词性
mine
yours
his, hers, its
ours
yours
theirs
反 身 代 词
myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
指 示 代 词
this, that
these, those
不定代词
可数
each, one, many, (a)few, both, another, either, neither
不可数
much, (a) little
可数、不可数
all, some, none, such, any, other
复合不定代词
anybody(one, thing), somebody(one, thing), nobody(thing), everybody(one, thing)
疑 问 代 词
who, whom, whose, which, what
1．人称代词
表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”“它”“我们”、“你们”、“他们”等的词，叫做人称代词。人称代词的排列有以下几种；
①我、你、他
第二人称→第三人称→第一人称 即：you，he and I
②她和老师
名词→人称代词 即：the teacher and she
③我、他和一些别的人
人称代词→其他代词 即： he，I and some others
④第三人称两性（性别）并用时，如：他和她；即：he and she
人称代词的主格作主语，宾格作及物动词宾语或介词宾语。作表语时，书面语用主格，口语中则用宾格。
例如：You must speak English as often as possible．
He told me the bad news．
He didn't listen to me．
Who's going to go?
（以上代词在句中分别作什么成份？）
2．物主代词
物主代词表示所有关系，分为形容词性和名词性两种，形容词性物主代词作定语，名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语。形容词性物主代词后要跟名词。名词性物主代词可以单独使用，其作用相当于一个形容词加上一个名词。物主代词有人称和数的区别。
例：This is my dictionary．Yours (=Your dictionary)is on the desk．
一Is this your classroom?
—No．It's theirs(=their classroom)．
3．反身代词
表示动词所表达的动作反回到施动者本身，一般是由第一、二人称的形容词性物主代词或第三人称代词的宾格加上self (复数selves) 构成，起强调作用，反身代词可作动词宾语、介词宾语、同位语等。
例如：Please help yourself to some fish．(作动词宾语)
He thinks more of himself than“others．(作介词宾语)
I myself did it．（作同位语）
I spoke to the manager himself．（作同位语）
注：反身代词常接在动词enjoy, hurt, help等词后。
4．指示代词
指示代词是将所指事物与同类中的其他事物区分开来的一种代词。表示：“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念。指示代词在句中相当于名词、形容词的作用，可作主语、宾语、定语、表语等。
例如：This(That) is what I want to say．(作主语)
We should always keep this(these) in mind．（作宾语）
For these(those) reasons，I was late．（作定语）
The reason is this．（作表语）
5．不定代词
不定代词用来代替或修饰任何不定数量和不定范围的人和事物。不定代词可代替名词或形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。下面举例说明：
①some和any
some(一些)、any(一些、任何)修饰可数名词和不可数名词。some用在肯定句中，any多用于疑问句和否定句中。
例如：There are some books in the desk．
There are not any books in the desk．
Have you any money?
注意：some可用于表示邀请、请求的疑问句或用于说话者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，any有时也用于肯定句，表示“任何的”“任何一个”“任何一些”等。
例如：—Would you like some tea? （希望对方肯定回答）
—Yes, thank you.
—Could I ask you some questions? （希望对方肯定回答）
—Of course, you can.
You can ask me any questions.（任何问题）
②little、a little、few、a few
little、a little修饰不可数名词，few、a few修旆可数名词；a little、a few表示肯定的概念，即：尽管少但“有”；few、little表示否定的概念，表示“没有”。
例如：There is a little water in the river. You can walk across it.
There is little water in the river. You have to swim across it.
He has few friends, so he often feels lonely.
I have a few friends in America．I often write to them.
③each、every、everybody、everyone、everything。
each相当于名词和形容词，用作定语或单独使用作主语、宾语、定语、同位语等。every不可单独使用，它必须放在名词等前，只能作定语。
each与every的区别：
1)each侧重于单个，every侧重于全体 、整体。
2)each用于二者或二者以上，every用于三者或三者以上。
everybody与everyone相同，意思是“每人、人人”。
everything意思是“一切”“每件事”。
例如：Two boys came into the classroom．Each wore a red coat.
Every student has a new book．
Everybody knows this thing．(don’t they?)
Everything goes well．(doesn’t it?)
(把上面两个句子改为反意疑问句，注意用什么代词代替everybody, everything)
④ both、either、neither
both、either、neither都与“两个”有关。
both “(两者)都---”"全”，指两个人或事物，可作主语、宾语、定语。
例如：Both books are good．
There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.
either (两个中间的)任何一个，这个或那个”，可作主、宾、定语。
例如：There are two books. You may take either of them．
—Would you like a cup of tea or coffee?
—Either is OK.
neither “(两者之间) 一个也不---”，neither是either的否定形式，可作主语、宾语、定语。
例如：Neither of them knows Japanese．
Either Li or Wang knows English．
⑤none、no、nobody、no one、nothing
none、no、nobody、no one、nothing都与“无”有关。
none用于指人或物，可与of短语连用，用作单数或复数，而且常用于习语中。
nothing“没有东西；没有什么 (=not anything)”，若作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
例如：—Is there nothing in the box?
—No. It's empty．
一How many elephants did you see there?
—None．
—What did you see in the zoo yesterday?
—Nothing.
注意：以上两句中的答句None, Nothing不可相互替代。
no表示“没有(任何的)---”，等于not any--- 或 not a(an)---。
例如： He has no money．（= He has not any money.）
We have no lessons on Sundays. (= We have not any lessons on Sundays.)
She has no brother. (= She has not a brother.)
nobody或no one后不可接of短语来表示“某些人当中”；
⑥a11
a11作形容词且与名词连用时，名词前需加the或one's，即：all the(one’s) + 名词。
例如：I will teach English all my life．
All the people are here．
当all代替可数名词作句子主语时，谓语动词用复数；当all代替不可数名词作句子主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例：All are here．Let’s begin our meeting. (all代替所有参加会议的人)
All is well that ends well.（all代替所有事情）
⑦other、the other、others 、the others、another
the other指两者中的另外一个。
例：He has two pens，one is blue，the other is yellow．
other + 复数名词 = others相同，泛指其他的人或物。
例：Some students are carrying water，others(other students) are watering the trees．
the other + 复数名词 = the others ，特指一定范围内的其他人或物。
例：There are fifty students in Miss Gao’s class, twenty students are boys, the others are girls．
the other + 数词，指剩余的数目。
例：He bought three pencils，one is for me，the other two are for him．
another + 单数名词或another + 数词+复数名词。表示在原来基础上再来一个或一些。
例：I don't like the color of this bag. May I have a look at another one．
May I have another three books?
6．疑问代词
疑问代词有who，whom，whose，which，what等。
①who和what
who问姓名，what问职业。
例：—Who is he? —He is Smith．
—What's your father? —He is a worker．
②what和which
which表示在一定数目(或范围)之内的选择，某某范围内的“哪一个”“哪一些”；what则没有这种限制。
例：What do you usually have for lunch? 你通常午餐吃什么？
Which do you prefer，apple or pear? 苹果和梨，你喜欢哪一个？
Which of you comes from Beijing? 你们当中哪一个来自北京？
③whom和whose
whom作宾语，whose作定语。
例：With whom is she talking now?
Whose book is on the desk?
典型错句分析
1. — Is there any one in the classroom?
—None.
[解析] None → No one 。none是对 all, 即三个以上的否暄，后面常接带 of的短语。而 no one代表单数名词，意为“没有一个人”，不能与 of连用。
2. The bird builds its nest in the tree.
[解析]it’s → its。 it’s是 it is或 it has的省略形式，而its则是物主代词“它的”，意义不同，不能混淆。
3. I like none of the two novels.
none → neither。对两者both否定应为neither。
4. Do you think the TV sets made in Shanghai are better than ones made in Beijing are?
[解析]ones → those 。one, ones和 that, those 皆可代替前面的名词，避免重复但one, ones要求有代词或形容词之类的前置定语；that , those则要求有介词短语、分词短语或从句一类的后置定语。
例：—What kind of ice-cream would you like?
—A big pink one.
The days in summer are longer than those in winter.
典型错句解析
1. –Is there any one in the classroom? –None.
[解析]None → No one。None是对all，即三个以上的否定，后面通常接带of的短语。而no one代表单数名词，意为“没有一个人”，不能与of连用。
2. The bird builds its nest in the tree.
[解析] it’s → its是it is或it has的省略形式，而its则是物主代词“它的”，意义不同，不能混淆。
3. I like none of the two novels.
[解析] none → neither.对两者both否定应为neither。
代词练习
A)人称代词
( )1. Is this picture ________ ?
A. my B. her C. yours D. our
( )2. Some of ________ are Young Pioneers.
A. they B. their C. them D. themselves
( )3. A friend of ________ came here yesterday.
A. my B. his C. her D. your
( )4. I saw ________ in the street yesterday afternoon.
A. he B. his C. him D. himself
( )5. I’ll go to see ________ tomorrow morning.
A. she B. hers C. her D. herself
( )6. Mary decided to do the work ________.
A. she B. hers C. herself D. himself
( )7. Nobody taught him drawing. He learned it - .
A. him self B. herself C. his D. himself
( )8. This is his ruler. That’s ________.
A. I B. me C. my D. mine
( )9. Whose pencil-box is this ? It’s ________.
A. he B. his C. him D. he’s
( )10. My dictionary is here. Where is ________?
A. you B. your C. yours D. your’s
( )11. She told ________ a friend of ________ would go to America.
A. him; her B. his; hers C. him; hers D. he; she’s
( )12. ________ pencil-box is beautiful. But ________ is more beautiful than ________.
A. Tom’s; my; he B. Tom’s; mine; his C. Toms; mine; him D. Tom’s; my; his
( )13. Most of ________ want to do the work ________.
A. us; ourselves B. us; ours C. we; ourselves D. ours; ourselves
( )14. Whose exercise-books are these? They are ________.
A. their B. theirs C. them D. their’s
( )15. Did the children enjoy ________ last Sunday?
A. them B. themselves C. himself D. themselves
( )16. Don’t tell me the answer. I’ll work out the problem ________ .
A. by me B. myself C. my self D. me
( )17. Help ________to some meat, please.
A. you B. your C. yourself D. yours
( )18. Lei Feng was always ready to help others. He never thought of ________ .
A. him B. his C. himself D. he
( )19. Their room is on the first floor and ________ is on the second.
A. our B. ours C. us D. ourselves
( )20. A friend of ________ will give ________ a talk next Monday.
A. him; our B. his; we C. his; us D. he; ours
( )21. That is ________ violin.
A. Tom B. Tom’s C. Toms D. Toms’
( )22. The hospital is a bit far from here. It’s about ________.
A. forty minutes’s walk B. forty minute’s walk
C. forty minutes walk D. forty minutes’ walk
( )23. This dictionary is not. It’s ________.
A. I B. me C. mine D. my
B）不定代词
( )1. I have two pens. One is red, ________ is blue.
A. the other B. others C. other D. another
( )2. There ________ wrong with my bike.
A. are something B. are anything C. is anything D. is something
( )3. Mike and Joan are – good at math's.
A. neither B. both C. each D. no one
( )4. There are two maps on the wall. One is a map of America, ________ is a map of the world.
A. others B. other C. the other D. another
( )5. I’m not busy. Haven’t ________ to do.
A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything
( )6. His parents are ________ doctors.
A. each B. all C. both D. no one
( )7. Of the three foreign friends, one is from London, ________ two are from New York.
A. other B. the other C. others D. the others
( )8. Are these two books interesting? Yes, ________ of them are interesting.
A. both B. all C. either D. neither
( )9. Mary wanted to have a work with Tom. She had ________ to tell him.
A. important something B. nothing important
C. anything important D. something important
( )10. There ________ wrong with the machine.
A. aren’t something B. aren’t anything C. isn’t something D. isn’t anything
( )11. My parents are I are ________ interested in music.
A. both B. all C. neither D. no
( )12. Look at those students. Some are cleaning the window, ________ are sweeping the floor.
A. the other B. other C. others D. the others
( )13. She has an apple in one hand and a knife in ________ .
A. other B. the other C. another D. others
( )14. You may keep the book for two weeks, but you mustn’t lend it to ________.
A. other B. others C. the other D. the others
( )15. I study Chinese, English and some ________ subjects.
A. other B. the other C. others D. the others
( )16. Do they often talk to each ________ in English?
A. others B. the other C. other D. the others
( )17. World you like ________ milk?
A. some B. any C. little D. a few
( )18. ________ beasts nor birds would have the bat as their friend.
A. Either B. Neither C. Not D. Both
( )19. I’m hungry. Please give me ________ to eat.
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
( )20. Mary sings better than ________ of the other girls in her class. She sings best.
A. some B. any C. most D. one
( )21. This story is more interesting than ________ two.
A. other B. others C. the other D. the others
( )22. All the students had gone out. There was ________ in the classroom.
A. somebody B. anybody C. nobody D. everybody
( )23. Since ________ is here, let’s begin our meeting.
A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody
( )24. ________ has taken my pencil by mistake. I can’t find it.
A. Somebody B. Everybody C. Nobody D. Anyone
( )25. Did they find ________ in the park? No, they found ________ there.
A. anybody; nobody B. somebody; everybody
C. anybody; somebody D. everybody; anybody
( )26. Tom and Mary are ________ good at French.
A. each B. both C. no one D. all
( )27. She made ________ mistakes in her exercises
A. any B. another C. no D. one
( )28. There are fifty students in their class. ________ of them are league members.
A. Both B. Either C. All D. No one
( )29. We must learn from ________ other.
A. every B. on C. each D. all
( )30. The students have __________ on Sundays.
A. no any classes B. no class C. no classes D. no any class
( )31. There isn’t ________ on the playground.
A. anyone B. everyone C. nobody D. any people
( )32. If you need a ruler. I’ll lend you ________.
A. some B. one C. another D. the one
( )33. I have two friends. One is from Australia, ________ is from Japan.
A. other B. the other C. another D. others
C）不定代词little, a little, few, a few
( )1. The film is not interesting. ________ people like it.
A. Little B. A little C. Few D. A few
( )2. That teacher was too busy to work in his office. He had ________ time to do the work.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( )3. The artist has learned Russian for four months and he can write ________ Russian now.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( )4. Don't hurry! You still have ________ time.
A. little B. a little C. few D. a few
( )5. There is ________ ink in the bottle. I have to buy some.
A. little B. a little C. few D. a few
( )6. Tom made quite ________ mistakes in the test.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( )7. Can you speak English? Yes, but only ________. I’ve studied it for only ________ months.
A. a little; few B. little; a few C. a little; a few D. few; a little
( )8. Would you like some meat? Yes, just ________.
A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
( )9. Be quick! There is ________ time left.
A. little B. a little C. few D. a few
( )10. The question is so difficult that ________ students can answer it.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( )11. You did quite well in the test. You made ________ mistakes.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( )12. Is there any ink in the bottle? Yes, there is ________ .
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( )13. Have you any friends in Pairs? Yes, I have ________ there.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( )14. Tom was ill yesterday, but he is ________ better today.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( )15. The children want to play ________ longer.
A. little B. a little C. few D. a few
( )16. Sorry, I can’t answer your questions. I know ________ about the subject.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( )17. Don’t hurry. We still have ________ time left.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
D）疑问代词
( )1. ________ went to the Great Wall with you?
A. What B. When C. Who D. Whose
( )2. ________ is Jim’s bag, the blue one or the red one?
A. Which B. What C. Whose D. Where
( )3. ________ newspaper is this? It’s mine.
A. Who’s B. Whom C. Which D. Whose
( )4. ________ did Jack do last Sunday?
A. When B. What C. Where D. Who
( )5. ________ is your father? He is very well, thank you.
A. What B. Who C. How D. Where
( )6. ________ will you have the meeting? Tomorrow morning.
A. Where B. When C. How D. Who
( )7. ________ are you doing now? I’m making a model plane.
A. What B. When C. How D. Where
( )8. Do you know ________ they’re talking about?
A. where B. why C. what D. how
( )9. Do you know ________ daughter she is?
A. where B whose C. what D. which
( )10. Could you tell me ________ train is leaving for Shanghai?
A. what B. which C. where D. when
( )11. ________ subjects do you have this year?
A. Which B. When C. What D. Whom
( )12. ________ do you find easier to learn, English or Chinese?
A. What B. Which C. How D. Where
( )13. ________ do we have for lunch?
A. What B. When C. Where D. How
( )14. ________ did you meet at the station?
A. What B. Who C. Where D. Why
( )15. ________ do you like the film? I like it very much.
A. How B. What C. When D. Where
三．名词
名词是表示人、事物、地点的名称的词或抽象概念的名称的词。名词分类见下表：
个体名词
可数
集体名词
普通名词
物质名词
名词 不可数
抽象名词
专有名词
1．专有名词的用法。
1) 表示一个人、物或地点的专有名词，须以大写字母开头。
例如：Ann，Lucy，Lily，Tom，Mike，John
Beijng，Shanghai，Nanjing，Washington D．C．
Christmas，New Year's Day，May Day
March，April，June，July，October
2) 专有名词前不加冠词，也无复数。
例如：English spoken in England．
John lives on Lincoln Street．
Tuesday comes after Monday．
3) 海洋、河流、山脉、岛屿等专有名词前要加the。
例如：the Pacific(Ocean)，the Yellow River，the Tienshan Mountains等。
4) the + 姓 + s 表示：某某一家人或某某夫妇二人。
例：The Zhangs are having supper at home now．
The Browns are going to England next month．
2．普通名词的用法。
1)普通名词有单、复数变化。单数名词前加a，an，the等冠词，复数名词加—s或—es，而变化过的复数名词前不加冠词。
例：This is the book you lent me yesterday．
Books are our friends．
2)普通名词前如有this，that, every，whose，which，John's等修饰，它们的作用已与冠词修饰名词的作用相同，名词前则不能再加冠词。
例：What does this word mean，Dad?
This is my cap．Where is yours?
3)复数普通名词用many，a lot of等修饰。
例：There are too many people in that room．There is no room to stand in now.
There are a lot of eggs in the basket．Would you like some of them?
3．集体名词的用法。
1)常用的集体名词有：family，population, people, class, police等。
2)强调指整个集体，则视为单数，谓语动词用单数形式。如果该名词强调组成集体的各个分子, 则视为复数。
例：His family is going to move into a new house．
His family are good at swimming．
Class 5 is a good class.
Class 5 all like playing basketball.
3)police只用复数名词。
例：The police are looking for that lost girl these days．
4．不可数名词
不可数名词主要以下同类：表示物质类和抽象类。
1）表示物质类的名词
食品：food，fish，rice，coffee，wine
材料：wood，stone，brick，iron，steel
气(液)体：air，gas，oil，rain，snow
物质名词是不可数名词，无复数形式，前面不可加冠词a／an，the修饰，但前可用much，little，some，no等修饰。
例：We had little rain last year．
There isn’t much water left．
表示物质名词的数量时，须在物质名词前，另加计量的名词。如：a piece of; a cup of等。
a cup of tea，a piece of paper
two cups of tea，two pieces of paper
2）表示抽象类的名词
如：health, knowledge, success等。
抽象名词为不可数名词，所以无复数，前不可用不定冠词。
例：Health is more important than wealth．
Failure is the mother of success．
抽象名词可以用单位名词来表示数的概念。
例：a piece of paper（music, news, advice etc.）
抽象名词一般为不可数，常用much，little，no来修饰。
注意：of + 抽象名词 = 形容词 即：of后接抽象名词等于该抽象名词形容词形式的用法。
He is a man of virtue（美德）．= He is a virtuous man．
It is of great value(价值)．＝It is very valuable．
a man of ability(能力)＝an able man
a man of wealth(财富)＝a wealthy man
5．可数名词复数形式的构成
①规则复数形式的拼写。
名词的复数一般只加“s”，但以下几点注意：
1) 以s, sh，ss，ch或x结尾的词其复数通常加“es”。
glasses，brushes，boxes，watches
2) 以元音字母+ o结尾的词其复数加“s”。
radios，zoos
注：凡缩略词后均只加“s”。
3)辅音字母+o结尾的词其复数加“es”。
heroes，tomatoes，potato但pianos，photos, kilo例外。
4)以辅音字母+y的词，应也把y换成i，然后再加“es”。
babies，cities，countries，parties
5)以f，fe结尾的词，变f为v再加“es”。
leaf→leaves，knife→knives，thief→thieves，half→halves，但要注意：
gulf（海湾），chief（首领），roof（屋顶），belief（信仰），
self（本质），proof（证据）例外。
②不规则变化。
1)元音字母发生变化。
foot→feet，tooth→teeth，man→men
woman→women，mouse→mice
2)单、复数同形。
deer→deer，sheep→sheep, fish →fish，Chinese→Chinese，Japanese→Japanese
3)词尾变化。
child→children
4)只有复数形式。
thanks，clothes, people, police.
5)常用复数。
trousers，glasses，shoes
6)复合名词的复数形式。“主体名词+s”。
例如：a flower shop→two flower shops; an apple tree → some apple trees
由man、woman、boy、girl等表示性别的名词与其它名词构成复合名词，该名词变成复数时，将man、woman 、boy、girl以及它们后面的名词一起变为复数。
例如：a man doctor → two men doctors a woman driver → some women drivers，
6．名词复数形式应该注意的事项
①单复数意义不同。
glass→glasses cloth→clothes good→goods
②名词作形容词表示单位时用单数形式。
a five-year-old boy an eight-meter-long ruler
7．名词的所有格
名词所有格在句中表示所有关系、所属类别、动作执行者或承受者。
①表示有生命物体的所有格，常用’s。
1)在名词后加’s。
Mary's books Li Lei’s bag Women’s Day Children’s Day
2)以“s”结尾的名词后只加 ’。
Teachers’ Day， parents’ books James’ eyes
3)如所有物归各名词分别所有，则在各名词后分别加-’s；如所有物归各名词共同所有，则在最后一名词后加’s。
Kate’s and Jim’s bags （分别所有） Kate and Jim’s parents（共同所有）
4)复合名词或字群的所有格在最后一个名词的词尾加-’s。
somebody else's book，each other’s names, brother-in-law's car
5)下列无生命名词的所有格也可用’s表示。
例如： 时间名词 tomorrow's meeting，today’s newspaper
距离名词 twenty minutes’ walk
长度名词：three meters’ ruler
价格名词 a dollar's worth
国家、团体、城市、机构等名词 China's capital
②无生命名词的所有格，常用---of---来表示。
例如：a map of China a photo of my family the gate of the school。
a photo of my father 我父亲的照片（照片上是我父亲）
a photo of my father’s 我父亲的一张照片 （照片归我父亲所有）
③双重所有格。在英语中，如of短语和名词所有格结合起来使用时，便叫双重所有格。
例如： a friend of my father's。
典型错句分析
1. How many shipps can you see in the picture?
[解析] shipps → ships。ship的复数形式是ships，不能双写p。这要与动词加-ing的情况区分开来。
2. He lives at 124 room.
[解析] 124 room → Room 124。表示房间编号时，名词置前，数词置后。
3. You’d better go home on feet.
[解析] feet → foot。on foot 是惯用表达用法。
4. Where’s Lucy’s trousers/shirt?
[解析] 此误句可改作：Where’s → Where are, 其后不变；又可改作：shirt →blouse, 其前不变。也就是说，Lucy是女性名，因她一般穿shirt（男衬衫）；trousers作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但a pair of trousers(一条裤子)作主语时，谓语动词则用单数。
5. Tom is a seven-year-old boy. 复合形容词中的名词不用复数。
[解析] seven-years-old → seven-year-old。复合形容词中的名词不用复数。
6. Give him two piece of paper.
[解析] piece of papers → pieces of paper。不可数名词能在词尾变复数，要计算时，应将数词后的名词变为复数。
四、冠 词
冠词，就是放在名词之前，修饰名词的词，为虚词。
1．冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种
a，an为不定冠词，用于单数可数名词前，表示泛指，说明其名称和种类，具有“一个（本、块-----）”的意思。 the为定冠词，用于各类名词前，表示特指，具有“这”、“那”的意思。
2．使用冠词的注意事项
①a用于以辅音音素(包括[w] [j] )开始的词前。
a student a book a useful book
注意：字母u读作[ju:]时，由于第一音是[ j ]是辅音，所以前面用a，而不用an。
②an用于元音音素开始的词前。
an old man an hour an eight-year-old boy an one-meter-long ruler
【说明】几个干扰均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案填C。第一空填 a，因为 one-act 的读音是以辅音开头，即第一个音是辅音不是元音；第二空填an，是因为 11的英文是eleven，它的第一个音是元音不是辅音。类似以下各题的答案是 C 不是其他：
(1) Before he was arrested, he had taken _______ one-month holiday, and stayed in the country with ________ 18-year-old girl, one of his students.
A. a, a B. an, an C. a, an D. an, a
(2) We hired _______ one-eyed man to play in our film, and we gave him _______ 100-pound check for just one minute.
A. a, an B. an, a C. a, a D. an, an
③the既可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。其用法如下：
1）特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。
例如：The book on the desk is mine.
2）指说话双方都知道或彼此熟悉的人或事物。
例如：Open the window, please.
3）指上文提到过的人或事。
例如：There is a pen on the desk. The pen is my father’s.
4）指世界上独一无二的事物。
例如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, the world.
5）表示弹奏某种乐器时，该乐器前要加the.
例如：She plays the piano, and her husband plays the violin.
6）用在某些专有名词前。
例如：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Changjiang River
7）用在序数词和形容词最高级前。
例如：Mr. Smith taught the first class.
Kate is the tallest in her class.
8）用在固定搭配的短语中。
例如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), by the way
注意：下列情况不用定冠词。
1）在球类运动名称前不用。
例如：play football(basketball, volleyball)
2）在三餐前不用。
例如：have(has) breakfast(lunch, supper)
3）在某些固定搭配的词组中不用。
例如：at night(noon), go to school(bed), on foot, by bus(car, bike, air, plane, train, ship),
at home(work)
注意：在汉语节日中，由Day构成的节日前常不用冠词，而专有名词所表示的节日前常用冠词。
如：Mid-autumn Day, Children’s Day, Teachers’ Day, Women’s Day, May Day, National Day, New Year’s Day等前常不用冠词。而由Festival构成的节日前常用冠词，
如：the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival，the Lantern Festival等。
冠词练习
( )1. Lucy is ________ American, and Kate I ________ English girl.
A. /; / B. a; a C. an; an D. an; a
( )2. Jack is ________ American boy.
A. a B. an C. the D. some
( )3. It is ________ interesting book.
A. the B. a C. an D./
( )4. Mr. Wang is ________ old worker.
A. a B. an C. the D. some
( )5. There are six minutes in ________ hour.
A. a B. the C. an D. /
( )6. The train will leave in ________ hour.
A. a B. the C. an D. /
( )7. There is ________ “u” and ________ “s” in ________ USA.
A. a; an; the B. an; a; the C. an; an; the D. /; /; /
( )8. He is ________ unknown man in the world.
A. the B. a C. an D. /
( )9. This is ________ useful book.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
( )10. What ________ exciting match it is!
A. an B. a C. the D. /
( )11. This is ________ easy job that I can finish it in half ________ hour.
A. so; an B. a such; a C. such an; an D. such a; an
( )12. Here is a book. ________ book is hers.
A. The B. A C. An D. /
( )13. I like playing ________ football and my sister likes playing ________ piano.
A. /; the B. /; / C. the; / D. the; the
( )14. She had ________ apple in one hand and ________ knife in the other.
A. an; an B. a; a C. an; a D. /; /
( )15. ________ moon moves round ________ earth.
A. A; a B. The; the C. A; an D. /; /
( )16. That’s ________ good idea.
A. an B. the C. a D. /
( )17. There is ________ orange on the table.
A. a B. an C. the D. some
( )18. ________ next morning, Kate went to ________ school without ________ breakfast.
A. /; /; the B. The; the; a C. The; /; / D. /; the, her
( )19. Please take ________ medicine three times ________ day.
A. /; one B. /; a C. the; a D. a; a
( )20. China is ________ largest country in ________ Asia.
A. the; / B. the; the C. a; / D. a; the
( )21. ________ workers in that factory are mostly from ________ north.
A. /; the B. /; / C. The; a D. The ; the
( )22. Does she often have ________ lunch at ________ home?
A. the; the B. /; the C. the; / D. /; /
( )23. Mr. Green is ________ headmaster of our school.
A. the B. a C. an D. /
五、疑问词和疑问句
疑问句：用来提出疑问的句子叫做疑问句，句末用问号。疑问句有4类，即：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。下面，我们分项论述。
1．一般疑问句。用yes或no来回答的疑问句，叫做一般疑问句。
一般疑问句的构成有三种情况：
1)当谓语动词为be、have(作“有”解)时，将其放在主语之前。
例如： Are you a student?
Have you any pen?
2)谓语动词含有系动词（is, am are）、情态动词(can, must, may)或助动词(is, am, are, have, has, will, shall等)时，要将其放在主语之前。
例如：Was the house built two years ago?
Must I finish the work before supper?
3)谓语是单一实义动词时，要在主语前加do、does或did。
例如：Does he live on the third floor?
Did you have a good lunch?
4)有时为了表达一种特殊的感情或观点，可用否定形式的一般疑问句(此时要注意回答)。
例：Didn't I tell(或Did I not tell) you to come earlier?
Aren’t these pictures lovely (或Are these pictures not lovely)?
在回答这种否定问句时要注意，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的用no，这与汉语有很大差异。
例：—Doesn't he like playing football?
—Yes，he does．He often play it after school.
—Aren’t your mother a doctor?
—No, she isn’t. She works in a school.
2．特殊疑问句。就句中某一部分提问的疑问句，叫做特殊疑问句。句首要用特殊疑问代词或特殊疑问副词引导，答句不能用yes或no回答。
1）特殊疑问词
①特殊疑问代词：who，whom，whose，which，what
②特殊疑问副词：when，where，why，how
2）特殊疑问句的语序
①当特殊疑问词或由其所修饰的词不作主语时，用一般疑问句语序。
②当疑问词或由其所修饰的词作主语时，用陈述句语序。
例如：Who(或Which student ) is the tallest in your class? （作主语）
When did you begin to learn English? （不作主语）
3．选择疑问句。提供两种或两种以上情况让对方选择哪一种的疑问句，叫做选择疑问句。在句中常由or连接被选择部分。
例如：Would you like a cup of tea or a cup of coffee?
4． 反意疑问句。反意疑问句由一个肯定(或否定)陈述句加上一个否定(或肯定)简略式的疑问句构成。即：“前肯后否式”或“前否后肯式”。
例：It was very co1d yesterday，isn’t it?
There won’t be any class on Sundays，will there?
用法：
1）当陈述句部分是肯定句时，疑问句部分用否定。
You are a student, aren’t you?
He likes playing football, doesn’t he?
She often went to school on foot, didn’t she?
They are going to have a meeting this afternoon, aren’t they?
There is a picture on the wall, isn’t there?
He can speak Japanese, can’t he?
2）当陈述句是否定句时，疑问句部分用否定句。
You aren’t a student, are you?
He doesn’t like playing football, doesn’t he?
She didn’t often go to school on foot, did he?
They aren’t going to have a meeting this afternoon, are they?
There isn’t a picture on the wall, is there?
He can’t speak Japanese, can he?
3）当陈述句部分主语是名词时，疑问句中主语用相应的代词代替。
Ann is from the USA, isn’t she?
Bill isn’t from Canada, is he?
Li Lei doesn’t like playing football, does he?
Kate likes watching TV, doesn’t she?
The students don’t play football every day, do they?
The weather gets cool in autumn, doesn’t it?
4）祈使句的反意疑问句。
Let’s go to school, shall we? (Let’s包括说话者，反意疑问句用shall we?)
Let us do the exercises, will you? (Let us不包括说话者，反意疑问句用will you?)
Don’t be late, will you? （常用于陈述句为否定的祈使句）
Open the door, won’t you? (常用来表示：建议、邀请或命令)
5）当陈述句部分主语是指人的不定代词somebody、nobody。等时，疑问部分的主语要用he或they。当陈述句部分主语是指物的不定代词nothing, everything等时，疑问句部分的主语要用it。
Everyone is here，aren’t they? (isn’t he?)
Everyone(Everybody will be good at English, won’t they? (won’t he?)
No one can do it, can they? (can he?)
Everything is ready now, isn’t it?
All the food was on the table, wasn’t it?
Nothing can stop us now, can it?
6）含有否定词的反意疑问句。
There are few students in the classroom, are there?
There is little water in the cup, is there?
He never be late, is he?
There is no air on the moon, is there?
I have nothing else to say, do you?
Nothing can stop us now, can it?
No one knows this thing, do they?
7）含有think的主从复合句的反意疑问句。
I think he is from England, isn’t he?
I don’t think he can finish the work, can he?
He thinks the weather will be fine tomorrow, doesn’t he?
Mrs. Green doesn’t think Jim is a good student at school, does she?
注意：含有think的主从复合句的反意疑问句，如果主语是第一人称I或We时，反意疑问句就从句反问。
8) had better句型的反意疑问句。
You’d better go to bed earlier, hadn’t you?
You’d better come back this evening, hadn’t you?
9) 陈述部分有情态动词must，并且其表示“一定，想必”等推测意义，其疑问部分不用must引导，而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构采用相应的助动词形式。
She must be hungry，isn’t she?
Your brother must have waited there for a long time，hasn't he?
六、形容词和副词
1．形容词
用来修饰名词，表示名词的属性，一般放在所修饰的名词之前，在句中可作定语、表语和宾语补足语。
例：He is a good boy．（作定语）
I am very glad to see you．（作表语）
We keep our rooms clean and tidy．（作宾语补足语）
1）形容词的位置问题。
①单个形容词作定语修饰名词时，通常放在所修饰的名词前，但修饰something等复合不定
代词时要放在这些词后面。
例如：Is there anything interesting in the new book?
②多个形容词修饰同一名词时的顺序如下：
限定词 （数词，形容词性物主代词等）+ 一般描绘性的 + 表示大小形状的 + 表示性质的 + 表示色彩的 + 表示长幼、新旧的 + 表示国籍、地区、出处的 + 表示物质、材料的 + 表示用途、类别的 + 被修饰的名词
例如：a big quiet white old British wooden house
注意：一般说来，关系最密切的最靠近被修饰的名词，关系较远的离被修饰的名词也较远些。
2）关于“级”的问题。英语形容词的级分为原级、比较级、最高级。英语形容词的本来形式称 为原级；表示“更……”意义的形式称为比较级；表示“最……”意义的形式称)最高级。
①级的构成
形容词的比较级和最高级的构成有规则变化和不规则变化。规则变化规则如下：
比较级：形容词+后缀er more + 形容词（多音节）
最高级：形容词+后缀est most + 形容词（多音节）
原级 比较级 最高级
tall taller tallest
nice nicer nicest
happy happier happiest
thin thinner thinnest
interesting more interesting most interesting
delicious more delicious most delicious
不规则的则需特别记忆，如：
原级 比较级 最高级
good/well better best
many/much more most
little less least
bad worse worst
far farther/further farthest/furthest
old older/elder oldest/eldest
③“级”在句中的用法。
1) 原级的用法。表示两人或物在某种形式上一致或一样，其结构是：主语 + be + as +形容词的
原级 + as + 比较部分
例如：Jim is as tall as Tom. (Jim isn’t as tall as Tom.)
2) 比较级用法。用于二者的比较，其结构是：主语 +be + 形容词比较级 + than + 比较部分
例如：He is older than you．
There are more workers in this factory than those in that factory．
3) 最高级用法。用于三者或三者以上的比较，其结构是：
主语 + be + the + 形容词最高级+表示 范围的短语或从句。
表示范围时常用到介词in和of，其中in后接表示集体的名词；of后接表示数量范围的名词。
例如：Jim is the tallest in his class．
Beijing is the most beautiful city in the world．
2．副词
副词修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词分为：时间副词、地点副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、频度副词和说明性副词。副词主要用作状语。
例：It is raining hard．
She is out．
1) 副词的位置问题。
①修饰动词时有三种位置。
在句子基本结构之后：Finish your homework first．
在句子基本结构之前；There he comes．
在助动词、情态动词之后，在其他动词之前。
例如：Is the shop still open?
I shall never forget that day．
②修饰形容词和副词时，须放在被修饰词之前。
例如：It is a rather difficult job．
She runs very fast．
注意：always放在单个be动词之后，单个实义动词之前；enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时常放在被修饰词之。
多个副词同时出现时词序通常为：方式副词→地点副词→时间副词
例如：He spoke well in the meeting in our school yesterday.
2）关于副词的“级”的问题。副词的“级”与形容词的“级”的形式变化完全相同，但以词尾ly结尾的副词(early一词的1y不是词尾)须用more和most。要注意well、badly为不规则变化。
原级 比较级 最高级
well better best
badly worse worst
副词比较级的用法与形容词比较级相似。
例如：You speak English better than me．
副词最高级用法，除副词前可以不用the外(用the也可以)，其余与形容词最高级相同。
例如：He swims the best in Class One．
典型错误解析：
1．注意比较对象。
①Miss Green's pronunciation(发音) is worse than Mr. Green．
[解析]Mr. Green → Mr. Green's。在进行比较时，被比较的双方应是平行对等的、一致的，不可将人与物相比较。
②Students in Class One study harder than that in Class Two．
[解析]that→those。比较对象应为students。在比较状语从句中，可由those来代替(单数则由that来代替)主句中的名词。
2．than前后的谓语形式要保持统一。
①She looks more beautiful than she does years ago．
[解析]does→did。此句为主语本身现在与过去的比较。从句中有years ago作时间状语，因此，从句应为一般过去时，由did来代替looked。
②I am taller than all of them is．
[解析]is→are。主、从句都为一般现在时的主、系表结构，该从句主语为all，故用are。
3．注意比较等级中冠词的运用。
①Shanghai is the bigger than any other city in China．
[解析)the bigger→bigger。一般情况下，比较级不能与定冠词连用。
②This book is better of the two．
[解析)better→the better。比较级与of the two短语连用，须加定冠词，因此时比较级已名词化了。
4．注意比较级中的修饰语。
①This story is quite more interesting than that one．
I解析]quite more →much more。虽然有more构成比较等级，但quite是不能修饰比较级的。注意常用来修饰比较级的词语有：much，rather，very much (单用very是绝不可与比较级连用的)，a lot，a little，no，any等。quite只能用来修饰表示身体好转的better。
②There're much more students than those in Class Three．
[解析]much→many。复数名词有more时，可用many来加重语气。
形容词和副词练习
( )1. Shanghai is one of ________ cities in our country.
A. large B. larger C. the largest D. largest
( )2. July and August are the ________ months in a year.
A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. hotest
( )3. My uncle is ________ that my father.
A. old B. more old C. oldest D. older
( )4. He learns Russian ________.
A. good B. nice C. well D. fine
( )5. Jane is ________ of the two sisters.
A. young B. the youngest C. the younger D. younger
( )6. Jack doesn’t jump so ________ as his brother.
A. high B. higher C. highest D. more higher
( )7. Which subject do you like ________, English or Chinese?
A. best B. better C. well D. very much
( )8. This picture is ________ than that one.
A. beautiful B. more beautiful C. most beautiful D. the more beautiful
( )9. Which is ________, the sun, the moon or the earth?
A. big B. bigger C. biggest D. the biggest
( )10. Of all the stars, the sun is ________ to the earth.
A. near B. nearer C. nearest D. the nearest
( )11. The Huanghe River isn’t as ________ as the Changjiang River.
A. long B. longer C. longest D. more long
( )12. Of all the students in our class, Kate writes ________.
A. very carefully B. the most carefully C. more carefully D. the most careful
( )13. I don’t feel very ________ today.
A. good B. well C. nice D. better
( )14. This box is ________ than that one.
A. heavy B. more heavy C. heavyer D. heavier
( )15. This question is ________ than that one.
A. easy B. easier C. easyer D. more easier
( )16. Mike doesn’t write as ________ as Mary.
A. careful B. carefully C. more carefully D. more careful
( )17. She speaks English ________ than any other student in her class.
A. well B. best C. better D. good
( )18. There are ________ students in their class than in ours.
A. many B. much C. a lot of D. more
( )19. This pig is ________ than that one.
A. fat B. fater C. fatter D. fattest
( )20. He is two years ________ than I .
A. young B. younger C. youngest D. the youngest
( )21. Which is ________, the moon or the earth?
A. big B. bigger C. biggest D. the biggest
( )22. I spend a lot ________ time on English than before.
A. much B. more C. most D. many
( )23. Which do you like ________, water, tea or milk?
A. well B. better C. best D. very much
( )24. He was too tired to go any ________.
A. far B. farther C. farthest D. farer
( )25. Among the three boys he works ________.
A. hard B. harder C. the hardest D. most hard
( )26. John doesn’t speak so ________ as Jack.
A. fast B. faster C. fastest D. the fastest
( )27. We can’t hear you. Please speak a little ________.
A. loud B. louder C. loudest D. loudly
( )28. You can jump ________ on the moon than on the earth.
A. high B. very high C. much high D. much higher
( )29. May I keep the book ________ ?
A. a little long B. little longer C. a little longer D. longest
( )30. Mike draws ________ than Tom and John.
A. slowly B. slowlier C. more slowly D. most slowly
七、祈使句和感叹句
l．祈使句
祈使句表示请求、命令、建议、号召等，主语you 常省略，谓语动词用原形，句子用降调。
例如：Come in!
Be careful!
注意否定用法：
①普通祈使句的否定式以do not(缩写don't)或never引导。
例如：Don't be late!
Never do that again!
②1et结构。如let的宾语是第一人称时，否定式在宾语后加not；如let的宾语是第三人称时，否定式在let前加don't。
例：Let’s not waste time．
Don't let them make any noise．
2．感叹句
感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等情绪，句子读降调，感叹句多用what或how引起。它们引导感叹句的结构为：
What + a + adj. + 名词（单数）+ 主语 + 谓语！
What + adj. + 名词（复数或不可数名词）+ 主语 + 谓语！
How + adj.(adv.) + 主语 + 谓语！
例如：What a kind girl she is!
What a good time they are having!
What good news it is!
What bad weather it is!
What delicious fish they are!
What beautiful flowers they are!
How bad the weather is!
How delicious the meat is!
How beautiful the flowers are!
How well she speaks English!
How he loved his motherland!
How time flies!
八、There be和It
1．There be
There be即"There + be + 名词 + 地点(时间)状语”结构，它表示“什么地方或时间存在什么事物”。此时的There无词义，作引词用，be为谓语动词，be 后的名词为主语，be的形式由紧跟其后的名词单、复数来决定。
例如：There is a blackboard on the wall．
There are many desks and chairs in the room．
There is going to be a meeting this afternoon.
注意：There is a pen, two pencils and three erasers in the pencil-box.
There are two pencils, a pen and three erasers in the pencil-box.
①注意There be的否定用法。变成否定句式时，须在动词to be后加not(any)或no。
例如：There is an airplane in the sky．
There isn't an airplane in the sky．
②There be与have的用法。
have表示所有关系，意思是“所有”，主语常是人，表示：某人有某物。
there be则表示“某地或某时存在某物”。
例如：He has an English book．
There is an English book on the desk．
There is going to be a class meeting this afternoon.
2．It
①当it作为代词时。
1) 代替末知的人或事物。
例如：–Who is that baby in the picture? –It’s me.
2) 代表前面已提到的或将会发生的某件事情。
例如：I had a chat(和---聊天) with our leader. It was very helpful．(it指a chat)
There is a strong horse under the tree．It belongs to(属于) my uncle．（it指a horse）
3) 指时间、距离和自然现象。
例如：It is late autumn now．(it指时间)
4) It可以代替动词不定式、动名词、主语从句作形式主语或宾语。
例如：It is possible to learn English very quickly．
It is no use talking．
It is clear that he means well．
She found it very difficult to answer the question．
I think it no use telling them．
例：There will be no meeting this evening.
We’ll both be at the meeting tomorrow morning.
九．数词
数词分为基数词和序数词两种，基数词表示人或事物的数量，序数词表示人或事物的次序。
1．最基本的基数词和序数词的构成。（略）
2．基数词和序数词的表示法。
①基数词单词的拼写。1～12为单词，13～19都以后缀-teen结尾，像20、90这样的整十数都以后缀-ty结尾，其他基数词中间加连字符号“—”，再按照上述的变化进行。
例如：2l → twenty—one 85 → eighty—five，
三位数的构成为； 百 + and +末两位(或末一位)数。
例如：132 → one hundred and thirty—two
205 → two hundred and five
千以上的数字的读法：从后面往前，每三位数作为一个单位，从后往前分别为thousand，million, billion等。
例如：32，548，652读作：
thirty two million five hundred and forty eight thousand six hundred and fifty-two
②序数词：基数词 + th(1、2、3为first，second，third)。但以下几种情况要注意：
1) fifth(第五)，eighth(第八)，ninth(第九)，twelfth(第十二)。
2) 以ty结尾的基数词变词尾为tieth。
例如：twenty—)twentieth，ninety’ninetieth
3)二位数以上的序数词是在个位数上用序数词。
例如：第二十一 twenty—first
第二百四十五 two hundred and forty—fifth
3．基数词和序数词的用法
①hundred，thousand，million与数字连用，表示一定量的具体数字，不用复数。但表示不定
概念可用复数。
例如：three hundred people
注意：hundred，thousand，million与of构成短语时，hundred，thousand，million要用复数。但不表示具体的数字。
例如：millions of people
②基数词表示时间。
例如：7点整读作，at seven o'clock 7：20读作seven twenty。
③给某些事物编号。
例如：Lesson One ＝ the first lesson
No．10 Middle School ＝ the number ten middle school
Bus No. 2 = the No.2 bus
Room 208 = room two o eight
Tel No．201—2635 = Telephone Number two o one two six three five
World War I：World War two；the Second World War
7月1日＝July 1(July 1st) （读作：July the first）
1996年6月3日 写作：June 3，1996 读作：June the third，nineteen ninety—six
④有关分数表示法。分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母就用复数。
例如：I've read one—fifth of the books．(1/5)
I've finished three—fifths of the word．(3/5)
⑤有关倍数表示法。
两倍用twice，三倍以上用times，要注意倍数在句子的位置。
例如：The door is three times the size of this. (= The door is three times as large as this.)
数词和量词练习
( )1. The girl has learned ________ English words.
A. two hundreds fifty-five B. two hundreds and fifty five
C. two hundred and fifty five D. two hundred and fifty-five
( )2. There are ________ workers in the factory.
A. seven hundreds and twenty six B. seven hundred twenty-six
C. seven hundred and twenty-six D. seven hundreds and twenty-six
( )3. The king has ________ guards.
A. four hundred eighty four B. four hundreds eighty four
C. four hundred and eighty four D. four hundred and eighty-four
( )4. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottle of ink B. tow bottles of ink
C. two bottles of inks D. two bottle of inks
( )5. I want to write a letter. Please pass me ________.
A. two papers B. two piece of paper C. two pieces of paper D. two pieces of papers
( )6. Would you like to have ________.
A. two glass milk B. two glasses of milks C. two glass of milks D. two glasses of milk
( )7. We are thirsty. Please give us ________.
A. three cups tea B. three cups of tea C. three cup of teas D. three cups of teas
( )8. I’m hungry. Please bring me ________ yesterday.
A. four pieces of breads B. four piece of bread
C. four pieces of bread D. four pieces of breads
( )9. My mother bought me ________ yesterday.
A. two shoes B. a pair of shoe C. a pair of shoes D. pair of shoes
( )10. She wants to buy ________ for her son.
A. two pairs of trousers B. two pair of trousers C. two pairs of trouser D. two trousers
( )11. I bought ________ yesterday.
A. a food B. some foods C. a bag of food D. some bags of foods
( )12. ________ people took part in the meeting last Saturday.
A. A hundred of B. Hundred of C. Hundred D. Hundreds of
( )13. We can see ________ stars at night if it doesn’t rain.
A. thousand B. thousands C. thousand of D. thousands of
( )14. They have had ________.
A. five bowls of rices B. five bowls rice
C. five bowls of rice D. five bowls of rices
十．介词
介词的搭配能力很强，它可以与名词或代词一起构成介词短语，该名词或代词称为介词宾语。介词短语在句中可作状语、定语、补语、表语等。
例如：We have lunch at school every day. （作状语）
The girl in the hat is Kate. （作定语）
The students keep their hands behind their backs. （作宾补）
We are in the classroom now. （作表语）
注意下列一些常用介词的用法或区别：
1．in，on，at表示时间的用法。
in + 年、季、月、年月。
on + 月日、日、日（上、下、晚上等）。
at + 时、时分。
例如：
in 2002, in summer, in July，
on Sunday afternoon，on a cold morning in June , on February 12，2001，on Children's Day
at twelve o’clock, at half past 2 p．m．
注意：in the morning(afternoon, evening), at noon, at night等为固定用法。
2．in和after区别。
两者都可指“在------之后”。after常放在表示时间的“某时”或“某刻”的前面；in常放在一段时间的前面，以现在为起点，表示在“将来一段时间”之后，常用于将来时态中。
例如：The Greens are going to England in three hours. (从现在开始三个小时之后)
The Greens are going to England after three o’clock today. (三点钟以后)
3．besides、except和but .
①besides意思是“除……之外(还有---)”。
例如：They all went there besides Tom．除了汤姆去了以外，他们也都去了。
Besides English we also learn Chinese, French and Japanese.
②except意思是“除……之外(在整体中除去一部分)”。
例如：We all went the Great Wall except Tom．除了汤姆，我们都去了长城。（汤姆没去）
The students go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday.
③but意思是“除……之外(在整体中除去一部分)”，它与except的区别是：but常放在不定代词之后；而except没不是。
例如：I have nothing but a million pound note.
4．by，with，in“通过”，“用”
①表示用“方法、手段”使用by。
例如：We go to school by bike every day。
I live by teaching. 我依靠教书为生。
②表示“用工具”的用with。
例如：We write with pens (or pencils)。
He cut the apple in half with a knife.
③表示“用语言” 用in。
例如：He can write a letter in English now.
5．among和between
among(通常用于三个或三个以上)的中间，among后的名词或代词必须是复数，between用于(二者之间)，且“两者”常用and连接。
例如：There is a village among the hills．
Tom is the tallest among these students.
Kate sits between Lucy and Lily.
Switzerland lies between France，Italy，Austria and Germany．
6．across和through
across和through都有“穿过”的意思。across指从某一物体表面“越过、跨过”（相当于on）；through指从物体中间或内部穿过（相当于in）。
例如：I walked across the square to the museum．
We walked through the forest (the door) ．
7．on，above，over
①on“在……（表面）上”，指某事物的平面与该事物有直接接触。
例如：There are five books on the desk．
There is a map of China on the wall.
②over指在某事物的垂直上方。
例如：There is a bridge over the river.
③above 指“在……上方”，指一个事物的高度高于另一个事物。
例如：The plane is flying above the clouds．
8．under，below
under与over相反，表示指“在---（垂直）下方”。
below与above相反，指“在……下面”，指某物位置低于另一物。
例如：Our boat went under the bridge．
There is a small town below the hill.
注意：below也可指“（温度）低于---”
例如：The temperature will fall below zero in the night again.
典型例句解析
1．I've got the key ________ the lock．
A．of B．to C．on D．by Key：B
[解析] 表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系一般用of构成短语，如：the door of the room。但题
中的to表示key与lock的一一对应关系。再如：the answer to the question。
2．They're working ________ the farm．
A．on B．in C．at D．over Key：A
[解析]“在农场”应说on a farm，不说in a farm。
3．There is a hole ________ the wall．
A．on B．at C．in D．of Key：C
[解析]“在墙上”常说on the wall，但说“墙上有洞”时，应说in the wall。因为洞深入墙“内部”。
4．The man was killed _________a stone．
A．by B．in C．with D．on Key：C
[解析]被动语态中的“被”“由”常由by表示，
例如：The work was finished by Mr. Green．但表示器具时，应用with。因为器具不能发出动作。
介词练习
( )1. There will be a meeting _________ Friday.
A. at B. in C. on D. for
( )2. I was born _________ September, 1 1990.
A. in B. on C. at D. by
( )3. The visitors arrived at the small village _________ the morning of October 8, 2001.
A. in B. at C. on D. to
( )4. They will have an English party _________ Saturday afternoon.
A. in B. at C. on D. to
( )5. Mr. Brown came to China _________ April, 2001. He has been in China for two years.
A. on B. in C. at D. by
( )6. Tom often gets up _________ six _________ the morning.
A. at; in B. on; in C. by; on D. at; at
( )7. What’s wrong _________ you?
A. to B. with C. about D. on
( )8. What’s the matter _________ with you?
A. with B. to C. about D. for
( )9. Mr. Green has lived _________ London _________ ten years.
A. at; for B. in; since C. in; for D. on; by
( )10. He got _________ the bus, sat down and bought a ticket.
A. in B. into C. off D. on
( )11. The boy helped the blind man to get _________ the bus.
A. of B. out C. off D. about
( )12. These beautiful flowers are made _________ paper.
A. from B. of C. by D. by
( )13. The bridge is made _________ stone.
A. with B. from C. of D. by
( )14. Paper is made _________ wood.
A. from B. of C. with D. by
( )15. They are all interested _________ history.
A. on B. in C. at D. to
( )16. My brother is good _________ Chinese.
A. in B. at C. on D of
( )17. The People’s Republic of China was founded _________ October 1, 1949.
A. at B. in C. on D. by
( )18. Christmas Day is _________ December 25 every year.
A. at B. on C. in D. by
( )19. My Johnson is very strict _________ his work.
A. at B. with C. in D. on
( )20. Our teacher is very strict _________ us.
A. in B. on C. at D. with
( )21. There’s something wrong _________ my watch.
A. in B. with C. at D. about
( )22. My teacher often helps me _________ my English. _________ his help, I have kept up
_________ the class.
A. with; Under; with B. with; With; with C. of; With; to D. in; Under; with
( )23. We’ll listen to a talk _________ British history.
A. at B. on C. with D. by
( )24. Fish can’t live _________ water.
A. with B. without C. in D. by
( )25. He spent three hours _________ his exercises.
A. in B. on C. at D. with
( )26. It’s time _________ the meeting.
A. for B. to C. by D. on
( )27. Nothing could make him turn _________ his country.
A. to B. against C. down D. over
( )28. Don’t forget to turn _________ the light when you leave the room.
A. of B. in C. off D. down
( )29. Please turn _________ the radio and listen to the news.
A. in B. on C. into D. over
( )30. A bottle of water may be turned _________ ice in freezing weather.
A. in B. on C. into D. over
( )31. The teacher was quite satisfied _________ my answer.
A. at B. of C. by D. with
( )32. They had learned one thousand English works _________ the end of last term.
A. at B. in C. by D. on
( )33. There is a bookshop _________ the other side of the street.
A. in B. on C. for D. by
( )34. Let me take a look _________ your picture.
A. at B. on C. of D. for
( )35. She had to look _________ her younger sister because her mother was ill.
A. at B. after C. out D. for
( )36. The two farmers set out to look _________ the lost animal.
A. after B. at C. for D. out
( )37. May I use your dictionary for a minute? I want to look _________ a word.
A. at B. for C. on D. up
( )38. Our teacher looks _________ us _________ her own children.
A. on; as B. at; for C. on; for D. at; as
( )39. Can you write letters _________ English?
A. with B. in C. by D. use
( )40. I am preparing _________ a trip to the Unite States.
A. for B. to C. of D. at
( )41. The policeman caught hold _________ the thief and hit him _________ the face.
A. of; on B. on; in C. of; in D. off; at
( )42. He has nothing to do _________ the matter.
A. about B. in C. for D. with
( )43. The basket is full _________ vegetables.
A. about B. of C. with D. by
( )44. Let me introduce the foreign friend _________ you.
A. to B. for C. at D. of
( )45. It is impossible for me to work out this difficult problem _________ your help.
A. with B. without C. on D. at
( )46. Will you take a message _________ Mr. Smith?
A. for B. to C. on D. at
( )47. There is a railway _________ these two cities.
A. between B. among C. in D. at
( )48. The volleyball match was _________ the Chinese team _________ the Japanese team.
A. between; with B. among; and C. between; and D. among; with
( )49 He said he would show the students _________ the factory.
A. about B. around C. on D of
( )50. The sun rises _________ the east and gets down _________ the west.
A. in; in B. on; on C. from; from D. at; at
( )51. Guangzhou is a beautiful city _________ the south of China.
A. on B. at C. to D. in
( )52. Who is knocking _________ the door.
A. at B. in C. of D. to
( )53. They are nice boys. I’m sure you’ll get on well _________ them.
A. of B. with C. about D. by
( )54. Thank you _________ your help.
A. for B. with C. of D. about
( )55. I want to have a word _________ you.
A. to B. with C. for D. at
( )56. _________ my way home. I met an old friend of mine.
A. In B. By C. On D. At
( )57. _________ the way, where is Li Ping, do you know?
A. On B. In C. By D. At
( )58. _________ my surprise, the strange man speaks Chinese, too.
A. In B. With C. To D. By
( )59. “How do you know I’m a scientist?” the man asked _________ surprise.
A. at B. in C. to D. with
( )60. The old fisherman asked the Genie if he could change _________ smoke again.
A. into B. in C. to D. with
( )61. Hurry up, or we’ll be late _________ the meeting.
A. to B. of C. at D. for
( )62. Don’t read _________ the sun. It’s bad _________ your eyes.
A. in; for B. under; to C. in; with D. under; for
( )63. You’d better come here _________ time tomorrow. Don’t keep us waiting.
A. at B. on C. by D. before
( )64. The doctor came _________ time to save her life.
A. in B. on C. at D. before
( )65. I haven’t heard _________ him for a long time.
A. on B. about C. from D. to
( )66. Tom was very tired but he still went on _________ his work.
A. with B. in C. about D. to
( )67. _________ the age of twelve, Edison began selling newspapers on a train.
A. On B. At C. In D. To
( )68. A lot of old things are _________ show in The Palace Museum.
A. on B. at C. in D. by
( )69. The people had to work hard _________ their farms, because their lives depend _________
their crops.
A. at; at B. on; on C. in; on D. on; in
( )70. I’m going to work hard _________ physics this term.
A. in B. on C. at D. with
( )71. My father often goes out _________ a walk after supper.
A. to B. of C. with D. for
( )72. Please talk _________ a low voice, the baby is sleeping.
A. with B. in C. by D. on
( )73. The village school is _________ great need of teachers.
A. in B. on C. about D. at
( )74. I saw them leave the post office _________ a hurry just now.
A. with B. at C. in D. by
( )75. The teacher told us to make sentences _________ these words.
A. with B. by C. use D. about
( )76. You should pay attention _________ your pronunciation.
A. in B. on C. to D. about
( )77. It’s cold outside. You’d better put _________ your coat.
A. down B. in C. up D. on
( )78. The play will be put _________ at this cinema.
A. up B. into C. on D. down
( )79. Put _________ your hand if you know the answer.
A. on B. up C. down D. into
( )80. Take _________ your coat, boy. It’s warm in the room.
A. of B. down C. off D. out
( )81. Her mother was ill, so she had to stay at home to take care _________ her mother.
A. of B. about C. at D. off
( )82. Will you take part _________ the sports meeting?
A. of B. on C. in D. to
( )83. Do you know who they are waiting _________ ?
A. at B. for C. on D. of
( )84. Can you work _________ this Chinese problem in two minutes.
A. at B. for C. out D. up
( )85. “Take _________ your notebooks and write _________ the new words,” the teacher said to
the students.
A. out; down B. off; to C. out; to D. down; to
( )86. Will you make room _________ the old man?
A. for B. with C. of D. by
( )87. Jenny picked _________ the wallet and turned it in to the headmaster.
A. of B. up C. out D. at
( )88. There is a bookshop _________ the street corner.
A. at B. in C. of D. to
( )89. Mary did quite well _________ English.
A. on B. in C. at D. with
( )90. Don’t shout _________ me.
A. of B. at C. on D. for
( )91. The dog is blind _________ the right eye and lame _________ the left foot.
A. on; on B. in; on C. on; in D. in; in
( )92. The bottle is filled _________ milk.
A. of B. With C. by D. about
( )93. In winter the ground is covered _________ snow.
A. by B. on C. with D. in
( )94. They filled the jar _________ rice.
A. by B. with C. on D. in
( )95. Must we hand _________ our compositions after class?
A. on B. to C. in D. up
( )96. If you come late to class, you should make an apology _________ at that time.
A. to B. at C. for D. on
( )97. The doctor was busy operating _________ the wounded soldier at that time.
A. in B. at C. with D. on
( )98. This kind of TV set is made _________ Shanghai.
A. from B. of C. in D. by
( )99. _________ all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth.
A. Of B. In C. With D. By
( )100. Children like playing _________ snow in winter.
A. at B. in C. with D. of
( )101. There is a bridge _________ the river.
A. on B. above C. over D. between
( )102. Don’t worry _________ the safety of the children.
A. of B. at C. for D. about
( )103. There are some beautiful flowers _________ the house.
A. in the front of B. in front of C. on the front of D. at front of
十一．情态动词
本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须后接动词原形，和其一起构成句子的谓语成份。常用的情态动词有：can／could，may／might，must，
此外：have to，shall，should，will，would等也为情态动词。
can表示人具备某种能力，意为“能，会”。口语中表示请求、允许等。
例如：I can speak English now.
The boy could swim across the river when he was five years old.
Can you help me with my English?
此外：can可用于否定句或疑问句中表示推测。
Mr. Green can’t be at home, he has gone to England.
Can the news be true, but I don’t think so.
2．may／might 在肯定句中表示允许，在疑问句中表示请求，意为“可以---”“充许---”。
例如：You have finish your homework , you may go home now．
May l borrow your bike?
3．must 表示某人的主观看法，意为“必须---”“一定---”。
例如：You must finish your homework first.
We must learn English well today.
此外：may与must都可用于肯定句中表示推测，其中must的可能性远大于may。
例如：The light in Jim’s room is on, he must be at home now.
Mr. Li must be over seventy now, because his son is fifty this year.
She must know how to do farm work, because she has worked on the farm for ten years.
Mr. Gao may be in the office now, but I don’t know.
注意：must与have to的区别
must强调主观要求，体现人的要求；have to强调客观需要，不以人的意志为转移。
例如：You must come to school on time every day.
You must listen to the teacher carefully in class.
There are no buses in the station, I have to walk home.
情态动词练习
( )1. –Must I hand in my exercise-book now? –No, you ________.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. needn’t
( )2. You ________ talk loud in the library when others are reading books.
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. may not D. needn’t
( )3. –________ I finish my work tonight? –No, you needn’t.
A. Must B. Need C. Can D. May
( )4. –________ I keep the book for two weeks.
–No, you mustn’t. You can keep it for a week at the most.
A. May B. Must C. Need D. Can
( )5. –Can you answer this question in English? –No, I ________.
A. needn’t B. may not C. can’t D. mustn’t
( )6. Don’t be late. You ________ be there on time.
A. must B. can C. may D. needn’t
( )7. –________ I use your dictionary? –Certainly, here you are.
A. Must B. May C. Need D. Shall
( )8. –________ you swim? –No, I ________.
A. Can; can B. Must; can’t C. Can; can’t D. May; can’t
( )9. “What ________ for you?” said the waiter.
A. I can do B. can I do C. I may do D. may I do
( )10. We ________ hardly hear you. Please speak up a bit.
A. can B. can’t C. may not D. must
( )11. The light is poor. I ________ see the words on the blackboard.
A. mustn’t B. don’t C. can’t D. needn’t
( )12. It’s a fine day today. You ________ take a raincoat with you.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. can
( )13. You ________ play football in the street. It’s dangerous.
A. can B. must C. needn’t D. mustn’t
( )14. I’ve looked for my pen everywhere, but I ________ find it.
A. couldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. didn’t
( )15. Excuse me, ________ I have a look at that book?
A. will B. do C. may D. would
( )16. This clock ________ I two days.
A. can mend B. can be mended C. can be mend D. can be mending
( )17. The exercise-books ________ in after class.
A. must hand B. must be hand C. must be handed D. must handed
( )18. The exercises ________ tomorrow.
A. may do B. may be doing C. may done D. may be done
( )19. The dictionary ________ good care of.
A. must be take B. must take C. make be taken D. must to be taken
( )20. The stars ________ in the daytime.
A. can’t be see B. can’t see C. can’t be saw D. can’t be seen
( )21. –Must I come here before eight o’clock? –No, you ________.
A. can’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
十二．连 词
连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分，它只是起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的作用。连词主要可分为并列连词和从属连词两种。
1．并列连词
常用的并列连词有and、but、so、not only…but also…、or、…either…or…、和both…and等。①and。
1)用来连接语法作用相同的词语，表示“和”的意思。
例如：My uncle lives and works in Wuhu．（连接两个谓语）
He can speak Chinese and French．（连接两个宾语）
2)当两个名词代表互有密切关系的物或人时，第二个名词前的限定词不必重写。
例如：a knife and fork，my father and mother
3)连接一个人有两种身份，第二身份前不加限定词。
例如：The teacher and writer is giving us a talk now．
②but
1)作并列连词用，意思是“但是”、 “而”、“却”。
例如：Though he is in poor health，he works hard．
He is in poor health，but he works hard．
注意：在英语句子里有了but就不能再用though，或有了though就不能再有but，but是表示转折的并列连词。
2)but用在表示歉意的话后，引起一个分句。这个but通常不译成汉语，该句不表示转折意。例如：I'm sorry，but I don't think I know you．
Excuse me，but what time is it now?
I'm sorry，but I will not go tomorrow．
③so表示“因而”、 “所以”等意思，表示结果。
例如：I'm tired，so I stayed at home．
He was ill, so he didn’t come to school today.
注意：so与because连接句子时，在句中不能同时出现，只能用其一。
④or表示“或”
1)表示二者选择其一。
例如：Is it green or blue?
You may go or stay．
2)either．．．or 意思是“不是…，就是…”“要么---要么---”。
例如：Either you or I am right．(注意谓语就近一致的原则)
Please either come in or go out．
3)or 表示“否则”之意。
例如：Hurry up，or you'll not catch the train．
⑤not…but… “不是…而是…”。
例如：He was not here but his mother was．
We saw not Mr. Green but Mrs. Green．
⑥neither…nor两者“既不…也不…”，连接语法功能相同的词或词语。
例如：He neither drinks nor smokes．
It's neither green nor blue．
Neither you nor I am right．(注意谓语就近一致的原则)
⑦not only…but also… 意为“不仅…而且…”。
例如：He is not only wise but also brave．
Not only you but also my father has been to Paris．(注意谓语就近一致的原则)
2．从属连词
引导时间状语从句，常用的有以下几种：
①when“当……时候”，既表示时间的某时、某刻又可表示一段时间。
例如：It was raining when we arrived at home．
Li Ping is doing his homework when I get his home.
②while “当……时候”“在……时间内”，只能表示在一段时间内, 所引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词用持续性动词。
例如：He fell asleep while he was doing his English exercises．
Lucy is watching TV while Lily is doing her homework.
注意：while也可作转折连词用，语气较轻，意为“而，却”。
例如：Tom studies hard while Jim hardly studies.
⑧as“当……之时”，强调“—边……—边……”，表示句子的前后两个动作同时进行。
例如：I read the letter as I walked along the river．
He went out(just) as I entered．
④till，until“直到……”、“到……为止”。
如果主句中谓语动词是短暂性动词，用not……until…… ，意为：“直到……才……”。表示这个动作一直到till(until)所表示的时间才发生。
例如：I waited for him until three o’clock.
He didn't go home until he finished his homework.
Jim won’t go to bed until his mother comes back.
典型错句解析
1. For it was raining hard, they stayed home.
[解析]For→As。For作连词用时一般不放在句首。as表示原因，这种原因比较明显。
2. The boy was away as he was ill.
[解析]as → because。如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，就用because。如果原因已为人们所知或不如句子的其余部分重要，就用as或since。Because表示原因，语气强，回答“为什么”。
3. For everybody is here, let’s begin our class.
[解析]For → Since。Since引导的句子一般放在句子开头，表示已知悉的原因。For一般不置于句首。
4.The days are short, because it is now December.
[解析]because → for。此句并不是回答“为什么”的问题。根据句意：“白天短了，因为现在已是12月。”for所论述的理由使人觉得仅是补充说明，表示新的情况。
连词练习
( )1. Hurry up, ________ we’ll be late for the concert.
A. and B. but C. so D. or
( )2. He liked collecting stamps ________ he was a child.
A. before B. after C. when D. as soon as
( )3. ________ I got home, my parents were reading newspapers,
A. As soon as B. Before C. After D. When
( )4. The nurse is very tired ________ she is still working very hard.
A. but B. and C. or D. if
( )5. She had cleaned the room ________ her mother came home.
A. after B. before C. as soon as D. if
( )6. I haven’t heard from him ________ he left Beijing.
A. after B. since C. when D. before
( )7. Do you know ________ she will go to the cinema with us?
A. if B. where C. who D. which
( )8. Be quick, ________ you’ll miss the train.
A. but B. and C. or D. so
( )9. Li Ping passed his mother his bag ________ asked for some more apples.
A. but B. and C. of D. if
( )10. Take the medicine ________ you go to bed.
A. until B. before C. because D. but
( )11. He didn’t go to the park with us ________ he was very busy.
A. when B. while C. if D. because
( )12. Are you going to play football ________ volleyball this afternoon?
A. and B. or C. but D. so
( )13. He speaks not only French ________ also Russian.
A. and B. but C. or D. that
( )14. Tom was very hungry, ________ he ate all the cakes.
A. and B. but C. so D. or
( )15. The doctor didn’t take a rest ________ the operation was over.
A. after B. until C. and D. because
( )16. The old man was ________ tired ________ he couldn’t work any longer.
A. so; that B. both; and C. either; or D. not only; but also
( )17. You can ________ stay at home ________ go out to play.
A. either; or B. both; and C. so; that D. as; as
( )18. I saw Li Ming yesterday. We had not seen each other ________ I left Beijing.
A. after B. before C. since D. until
( )19. ________ he had finished his work, he left his office.
A. Until B. After C. If D. Before
( )20. We’ll go to visit the Science Museum ________ it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
A. since B. as soon as C. when D. if
( )21. This is ________ a German book ________ an English one. It is a French book.
A. either; or B. not only; but also C. neither; nor D. both; and
( )22. You may ________ do it yourself ________ leave it to me.
A. either; or B. not only; also C. neither; nor D. both; and
( )23. I’ll give the note to her ________ she comes back.
A. until B. as soon as C. before D. since
( )24. You should ________ help each other ________ learn from each other.
A. neither; nor B. not only; but also C. either; or D. both; and
( )25. ________ my father ________ my mother are teachers.
A. Neither; nor B. Both; and C. Either; or D. Not; but
( )26. I won’t believe it ________ I see it with my own eyes.
A. and B. that C. until D. if
( )27. The baby is only three months. He can ________ read ________write.
A. neither; nor B. either; or C. both; and D. not; but
( )28. Please answer the question in a loud enough voice ________ all the class may hear.
A. so; that B. so that C. and D. or
( )29. English isn’t easy, ________ I like it.
A. but B. or C. since D. because
十三、主谓一致
一个句子的谓语动词形式必须和其主语在数和形式上保持一致，我们称这种现象为主谓一致。学习中需注意以下几种情况：
①两个主语(名词或代词)由not only…but also…，either…or…，neither…nor…连接时，谓语动词应根据后一个主语的人称和数而定(即谓语的就近一致原则)。
例：Not only the twins but also Kate likes playing basketball．
Either he or I am going to Beijing next week．
Neither I nor he knows the news.
②主语后接with，like，but，except等短语时，谓语动词必须与这些介词前的主语保持一致。
例：My father with my uncles has gone to London．
Nobody but the girls was there．
③集体名词作主语时：如集体名词强调一个整体，谓语用单数；如强调整体中的各个成员时，谓语用复数。
例：The Greens has moved away．
The Greens are good at swimming.
④表示数目、时间、钱数、重量、距离等名词的复数作主语时，谓语形式仍用单数。
例：Two minutes is enough．
Ten dollars is too dear．
⑤不可数名词前含有“复数意义的词+量词+of”短语时，其谓语动词用复数形式。
例：There are many kinds of bread in the shop．
There are three bottles of milk on the table.
⑥如果and连接两个主语，主语提到的是同一个人或同一种事物，谓语仍用单数形式。
例：The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk tomorrow.
The woman and mother is crying.
⑦“each，every + 单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例：Every man and woman is going to take part in the meeting.
Each boy is standing in a low.
⑧none作主语时，谓语动词用单数或复数。
例：None has(或have)been found．
None knows(或know)it.
⑨“there(或here) be + 并列主语”结构中的谓语动词随第一个主语的单复数而定。
例：There is a pen and two books on the desk．
Here is a knife and two pens for you．
⑩This pair of shoes...这儿应根据pair的单复数来确定谓语动词
十四、非谓语动词
在英语中，不能作谓语动词，而是担任其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式，即：动词不定式、动名词和分词。
A）动词不定式
1．形式
不定式是一种非谓语动词，它不能在句中单独作谓语，不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化。但它仍保留动词的某些性质，如：可以有自己的宾语、状语等。不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成，此处to不是介词，而是不定式的标志。不定式连同它的宾语、状语等一起构成动词不定式短语。
2．作用：动词不定式相当于名词、形容词和副词的功能，可以在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等。
①作主语。
例：To learn English well is very important for us
注意：对上例又可改写成(主要避免头重脚轻!)，
It is very important for us to learn English well.
②作宾语
例：He wants to visit America one day.
③作宾语补足语
例：I asked him to show me his new bike.
The teacher told us to listen to him carefully.
注意：动词不定式的否定式只须在to前加not。
例：The teacher told him not be late again.
注意：动词不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语时必须省略to。这些动词有：hear, listen to, watch, look at, see, notice, feel, make(have), let, help等。（二听，四看，一感觉，一使，一让，一帮助），动词不定式用来表示宾补表示的动作。
例：I often hear him sing in his room．
The teacher made me do my homework carefully.
Tom felt his heart beat fast when he saw Kate come into the room.
注意：动名词也可作上述动词的宾语补足语，它们主要用来强调宾语动作所处的状态。
例：Listen! Can you hear Kate singing in her room?
I can feel something moving on my back.
Look! Mr. Green is watching Jim playing football on the playground.
④作定语。
动词不定式作定语时，须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。
例：He is always the first one to get up.
Here is a good book for you to read.
⑤作状语
例：He came to see me yesterday. （目的）
He opened the door for her to come in. （目的）
My brother is too young to go to school. (结果)
3．“特殊疑问词+不定式结构”
不定式前有时可加上疑问词how, when, where, what, which等。这种结构具有名词的功能，在句中主要用作动词或介词的宾语，有时也可作主语、表语。它们常用在动词tell, teach, know, learn, show, find out, ask, understand等后。
例：My teacher is teaching me how to work that problem out．
He asked me when to start.
Jim didn’t know what to do next.
Can you tell me where to get the book?
B）动名词
动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。作各种成份时动名词仍保留动词的一般特征，它可以有自己的宾语和状语，和它们一起构成动名词短语。
1．作主语
Playing football is my favorite sport.
Seeing is believing.
2．作宾语
Let’s stop working have a rest.
He is good at playing football.
3．作表语
My favorite sport is running.
His work is teaching English.
4．作定语
He is in the reading room.
Who is that man standing under the tree?
注意：有些动词后只能用动名词，有些动词后只能用动词不定式，有些动词后两者都可以用，有时含义相同，有时含义不同。
1．在下列动词后只能用动名词（也可用名词）作宾语。
enjoy, finish, mind, miss, excuse, keep, understand等。
在某些惯用语后也用动名词，如：can’t help, it’s no use(good), be busy等。
例如：He can’t help laughing when he hears the joy.
It’s no use waiting here today, come here tomorrow.
Jim was busy doing his homework when I got to his home yesterday.
2．在下列动词后只能用动词不定式。
decide, wish, hope, learn, agree等。
3．在下列动词后可以用动名词也可以用动词不定式，两者无区别。
start, begin
4．在下列动词后可以用动名词也可以用动词不定式，但两者有区别。
1) love, like, hate, prefer等动词后用动名词时，表示习惯性的，经常性的动作；用动词不定式时，表示一次性的，具体的动作。
例如：It’s hot, I like to go swimming.
He likes swimming, he often swims in the river.
I hate getting up early.
He hates to spend a night in such a small room.
I prefer going by bike to walking to work.
I prefer to go by bike today.
2）remember, forget 等动词后接动名词时，动名词所表示的动作已发生；后接不定式时，动词不定式的动作还没有发生。
Remember to close the door when you leave.
I remember meeting him somewhere, but I can’t remember now.
He forgot to post the letter today, so he has to go there tomorrow again.
I shall never forget seeing Mr. Mao.
3) stop后接动名词，表示就是停止动名词的动作；接动词不定式时，表示停下某个动作去做该动词不定式所表示的动作。
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.
“Stop to listen to me, please.” the teacher said to the students.
4）want, need后接动名词时，该动名词所表示的动作不是句子的主语自己来完成；接动词不定式时，该动词不定式所表示的动作由句子主语自己来完成。
The boy wants to wash. (He is old enough, he can wash himself now.)
The baby wants washing. (It’s too young, it couldn’t wash itself, others have to help it)
My bike is broken, it needs mending.
My bike is broken, I need to mend my bike.
5）try后接动名词时，表示主语试着做某件事，抱着试试看为目的；后接动词不定式时，表示主语努力或尽力去做某件事。
I can’t drive a car, but I still want to try starting it.
I will try to learn English well.
C) 分词（现在分词）
分词也是一种非限定动词，分词有现在分词和过去分词两种形式，现在分词由动词原形加ing构成，它在句中可作表语、定语
1．作表语（其实为分词形容词形式，它具有形容词特征）
eg. The news is encouraging.
The story is interesting.
注意：动名词与现在分词的区别
eg. Her job is washing clothes.
She is washing clothes.
2．作定语（表示动作）
eg. He is an attacking player.
This is Mr. Smith speaking. (后置作定语)
Oh, it’s the cake burning. (后置作定语)
3．作状语
eg. Carrying a book under the arm, Mr. Smith came into the classroom.
Saying these words, the tiger jumped into the river.
Being sick I have to stay at home. (作原因状语)
4．作宾补（强调动作的延续性）
eg. Listen! Can you hear Kate singing in her room?
I saw you going into the room with my own eyes.
非谓语动词练习
( )1. You’d better ________ to see the doctor.
A. to go B. go C. went D. going
( )2. We’d better ________ our meeting at once.
A. began B. beginning C. begin D. to begin
( )3. Can you finish ________ an elephant in two minutes?
A. draw B. to draw C. drew D. drawing
( )4. After he finished ________ the letter, he went to bed.
A. to write B. writing C. written D. wrote
( )5. This book is well worth ________.
A. to read B. reading C. read D. to reading
( )6. That film is not worth ________.
A. to see B. seen C. saw D. seeing
( )7. This TV play is very instructive. It is worth ________ twice.
A. watch B. to watch C. watching D. to watching
( )8. The doctor was busy ________ on the boy at that time.
A. operate B. operating C. to operated D. operated
( )9. Our teachers are busy ________ for the lessons now.
A. prepare B. prepareing C. to prepare D. preparing
( )10. My father enjoys ________ to light music.
A. listens B. to listen C. listening D. listen
( )11. Most students enjoy ________ questions in English.
A. to ask B. asking C. ask D. to asking
( )12. When we heard what he said, we couldn’t help ________.
A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughed D. laughing
( )13. He couldn’t help ________ when he heard from his best friend.
A. jumped B. jumping C. to jump D. jump
( )14. It was very late at night, but Mr. Brown still went on ________.
A. works B. worked C. working D. work
( )15. The young man rushed in and told Dr. Li not to go on ________ any more.
A. operate B. operating C. operated D. operateing
( )16. “Stop ________ and listen to me carefully,” said the teacher.
A. to talk B. talking C. talk D. talks
( )17. We have worked for two hours. Now let’s stop ________ a break.
A. having B. to have C. to has D. have
( )18. I really don’t know ________ the clock.
A. to mend B. how mend C. to how mend D. how to mend
( )19. The teacher asked me ________ the question in English.
A. answer B. to answer C. answered D. answering
( )20. He told them ________ on with the work.
A. to go B. going C. go D. went
( )21. Do you know ________ a washing machine?
A. where to get B. to where to get C. where get D. to where get
( )22. The students don’t know ________ next.
A. to do what B. what to do C. what D. do what
( )23. The policeman told the boys ________ in the street.
A. to not play B. not play C not to play D. don’t play
( )24. The doctor told my brother ________ in the sun.
A. don’t read B. not read C. to not read D. not to read
( )25. He asked me ________ leave him.
A. don’t B. not to C. not D. doesn’t
( )26. I won’t let you ________ that in this way.
A. to do B. do C. doing D. done
( )27. This maths problem is difficult. Let me ________ it over.
A. to think B. thinking C. think D. thought
( )28. The boss made them ________ ten hours a day.
A. worked B. working C. work D. to work
( )29. What makes you ________ I’m a farmer?
A. think B. to think C. thinking D. thinks
( )30. I’ll have my hair ________ tomorrow.
A. cutting B. cut C. to cut D. cutted
( )31. He said he would have his radio ________ the next day.
A. mend B. to mend C. mended D. mending
( )32. John had his wallet ________ yesterday.
A. steal B. stole C. stolen D. to steal
( )33. I have something important ________ you.
A. tell B. telling C. to tell D. tell to
( )34. She has a lot of work ________.
A. to do B. doing C. did D. does
( )35. I am hungry. Please give me something ________ .
A. eat B. eating C. to eat D. eaten
( )36. It is not easy ________ a foreign language.
A. learns B. learn C. to learn D. learning
( )37. It’s important ________ and helpful.
A. to be kind B. to kind C. be kind D. kind
( )38. It’s nice ________ you again.
A. see B. seen C. seeing D. to see
( )39. It’s necessary ________ an apology when you knock into someone.
A. make B. making C. to make D made
( )40. He is strong enough ________ the heavy box.
A. carry B. to carry C. carrying D. carries
( )41. The young man is old enough ________ the army.
A. join B. joining C. to join D. joins
( )42. His wish was ________ a scientist.
A. to become B. becomes C. become D. to became
( )43. To the doctor, the most important thing was ________ lives.
A. saved B. to save C. saves D. save
( )44. Sorry. I’ve kept you _______ for a long time.
A. wait B. to wait C. waiting D. waited
( )45. I saw the girl _______ in the garden.
A. danced B. dancing C. to dance D. dances
( )46. I heard him _______ in the next room.
A. sings B. sang C. sung D. singing
( )47. When they came to a forest, they suddenly heard somebody _______ for help.
A. called B. to call C. calling D. calls
( )48. Did you watch us _______ basketball yesterday?
A. to play B. playing C. played D. to playing
( )49. Did you see somebody ________ in front of the house?
A. standing B. stood C. to stand D. stands
( )50. At the school gate, Jenny found a walled ________on the ground.
A. lay B. lies C. lain D. lying
( )51. She could feel her heart _________ fast.
A. beats B beating C. to beat D. beaten
十五．宾语从句
用作宾语的是一个完整的句子，引导宾语从句的引导词有：that, if, whether, what, where, when, which, who, whose, how等。
1．that引导的宾语从句。（that在口语中可以省略）
He knows that Lucy will work hard.
The mother likes saying that she has a good daughter.
I hear that he will be back in a week.
He told me that he was feeling much better now.
She said that he might fall behind the others.
He was afraid that Jim would forget his Chinese.
2．由连接代词what, who, which, whose, whom引导的宾语从句。（这些引导词在句中作不同的句子成份）
Tom’s mother didn’t know what the doctor said.
The teacher asks what you want to do.
The children didn’t know who was Father Christmas.
The teacher asked who could answer the question.
The policeman asks whose bike this is.
He asks me whom she was waiting for.
Can you tell me which school are you in?
3．连接副词when, why, where, how等引导的特殊疑问句作宾语从句。
He asked me when your uncle will leave.
Do you know when Jim could come back to Chine.
The teacher asked that boy why he always asked so many questions in class.
Could you tell me why the bus is late?
Could you tell me where the nearest station?
Could you tell me where you live?
Could you tell me how I can get to the people’s hospital?
Nobody knows how he did the work by himself.
I don’t know how much money he had.
He asked the assistant how long he could keep that book.
在宾语从句中要注意以下三个问题：
①引导词that 引导的宾语从句是陈述句，在口语或非正式文体中that常省略。
②宾语从句中，只能用陈述句语序。
③当主句是一般现在时，从句可用任何时态；当主句是过去时，从句必须用属于过去的某种时态。 （以上可简称为：导词、语序、时态）
4．由引导词whether和if引导的宾语从句，该从句表示主句对从句讲述的内容不能肯定。引导词whether和if译成“是否”
Kate didn’t know if(whether) her grandmother like this bag.
I want to know if(whether) you get up early every day.
Could you tell me if(whether) Tom will be back in three hours.
I don’t care if she doesn’t come.
注意：当宾语从句是否定句时，只能用if引导。下列情况只能用whether引导。
1）宾语从句中有or not时。
I really don’t know whether they will go there or not.
I am not sue whether it will be fine or not tomorrow.
He didn't say whether or not he would stay here.
I don’t know whether I shall catch the early bus or not.
2）当宾语从句是选择疑问句时。
They couldn’t find out whether it was a girl or a boy.
I didn’t know whether you went or I went.
3）作介词的宾语从句时。
It all depends on whether we can get their help.
4）宾语是不定式短语时。
He wonders whether to come.
Please tell me whether to go or stay.
He asked me whether to start early.
注意：①如果从句表示“普遍真理”或“客观事实”，不管主句是什么时态，从句均用一般现
在时。
②特殊疑问词+to do也可作宾语。（注意该结构不是宾语从句）
The teacher told us that the earth moves round the sun.
The teacher said the light travels faster than the sound.
The old man told the children the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Mr. Smith will teach us how to use the machine.
Can you tell me where to get the book?
He didn’t know what to say. (do next)
I want to know when to start.
I really don’t know which to choose.
宾语从句练习
( )1.We know __________ they will win the game.
A. if B. that C whether D. what
( )2. He couldn’t understand __________ .
A. what did I say B. what I say C. what I said D. what I’m saying.
( )3. He said __________ they __________ cleaning their classroom.
A. if; are B. that; be C. /; were D. when; will be
( )4. Could you tell me if __________ cotton in your country?
A. do you grow B. did you grow C. you grew D. you grow
( )5. Do you remember __________ League Members there are in your class?
A. how many B. how much C. who D. what
( )6. I hope __________ .
A. him to come back in a month. B. him coming back in a month
C. him come back in a month. D. that he will come back in a month.
( )7. Lily didn’t think __________ .
A. him right. B. he be right. C. he was right. D. him to be right.
( )8. I found __________ impossible that we could reach the camping place in time.
A. it B. them C. myself D. /
( )9. They want to know __________ the library is open on Sunday or not.
A. when B. if C. whether D. how long
( )10. The teacher is very angry with __________ .
A. I have done B. all what I have done.
C. that I have done D. what I have done.
( )11. I think __________ something must be done to keep the city clean.
A. that important. B. important that C. it important that D. it important.
( )12. I __________ think he will __________ come again.
A. /; not B. not; / C. /; don’t D. don’t; /
( )13. Do you remember __________?
A. who is he B. who he is C. he is who D. whom he is
( )14. Nobody can tell just __________ they worked out the difficult problem.
A. how B. that C. who D. which
( )15. They were all pleased with __________ them.
A. what you said B what did you say. C. what you had spoken. D. what you had told.
( )16. I hope he __________ come to our party tomorrow evening.
A. can he able to B. will be able to C. is going to be able to D. shall he able to.
( )17. The pupil asked why __________ than the moon.
A the sun is brighter B. is the sun brighter C. the sun was brighte4r. D. was the sun brighter.
( )18. Do you know __________?
A. who is he speaking to B. whom he is speaking to
C. he is speaking to whom D. he is speaking to who
( )19. He didn’t tell us __________.
A. what did he come that day B. what he came here for that day.
C. what did he come here for that day D. why he come that day
( )20. The weather reporter says __________ may stop raining later this afternoon.
A. that B. the sky C. it D. he
( )21. I didn’t know __________.
A. whom was wanted on the phone B. who wanted on the phone
C. who was wanted on the phone D. you wanted whom on the phone
( )22. I didn’t know what __________ .
A. is his name B. he is name C. his name is D. is he name
( )23. Can you tell me if __________ important to learn it now?
A. is it B am I C. I am D. it is
( )24. Tell me __________ you did with that old bike.
A. what B. how C. where D. who
( )25. Do you hope __________ buy a new car for you?
A. that B. me to C. that I will D. you
( )26. He asked me __________ during the winter holidays.
A. where I had gone B. where I had been C. where had I gone D. where had I been
( )27. Can you see __________?
A what he’s reading B. what is he reading C. what does he read D. he reads what
( )28. I can’t understand __________ the boy alone.
A. why she left B. why did he leave C. why had she left D. why she had left.
( )29. I don’t know __________.
A. he is how old B. he how old is C. how old is he D. how old he is
( )30. Miss Li wants to know __________ next week.
A. when my uncle leaves B. when will my uncle leave
C. where my uncle will stay D. where does my uncle stay
( )31. She asked me if I know __________.
A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it
( )32. Could you tell me __________ with the money.
A. how to do B. what should I do C. how I should do D. what I should do
( )33. The small children don’t know __________.
A. what in their stocking is B. what is in their stockings
C. where is their stockings in D. what in their stockings.
( )34. I don’t know __________ he still leaves here after so many years.
A. whether B. where C. what D. when
( )35. Could you tell me __________ the radio without any help?
A. how did he mend B. what did he mend C. how he mended D. what he mended
( )36. Can you tell me __________?
A. when does the ship have B. when the ship will leave
C. when the ship leave D. when will the ship leave
( )37. Can you tell me __________?
A. when did he come B. when he came C. when did he came D. he came when
( )38. Excuse me, could you tell me __________ for Beijing?
A. what time did the train leave B. what time the train left
C. when does the train leave D. when the train leaves.
( )39. He asked his father __________.
A. where it happens B. where did it happen
C. how it happened D. how did it happen
( )40. I want to see Mrs Wang, but I don't know __________.
A. she lives where B. she where lives
C. where she lives D where does she live
( )41. Could you tell me __________ you were late for the meeting this morning?
A. where B. why C. when D. what
( )42. I don’t know __________ I can do for you.
A. who B. that C. what D. it
( )43. Can you tell me __________ you were born, Betty?
A. who B. what C. when D. that
( )44. Can you show me __________?
A. where is the People’s Shop B. where the People’s Shop is
B. the People’s Shop is where D. where was the People’s Shop
( )45. Could you tell me __________ we will have the meeting this afternoon?
A. that B. whom C. what D. where
( )46. Could you tell me __________?
A. where would we meet B. where shall we meet
C. where we shall meet D. where are we going to leave
( )47. Are you interested in __________?
A. how did he do it B. he did it how C. how he did it D. he how did it
( )48. The small children don’t know __________.
A. who was Father Christmas B. who is Father Christmas
C. who are Father Christmas D. who Father Christmas are
( )49. When do you think __________ see our teacher?
A. we are going B. we will go to C. shall we go to D. are we going to
( )50. __________ is the best student in your class?
A. Whom do you think B. Do you think who
C. Do you think whom D. Who do you think
( )51. Did you see __________ our teacher was talking with?
A. which B. whose C. that D. whom
( )52. I didn’t know what __________.
A. was the matter B. is the matter C. the matter was D. the matter is
( )53. The teacher told us __________.
A. that light runs faster than sound B. that light ran faster than sound
B. what light runs faster than sound D. what light ran faster than sound
( )54. The officer said __________ hadn’t been decided.
A. when to started B. when to start that
C. that when to start D. when will start
( )55. You have no idea __________ then.
A. how excited I am B. how I was exciting C. how excited was I D. how excited I was
( )56. What time do you think __________ when he got home last night?
A. it was B. was it C. that was D. was that
( )57. I wish you __________ here tomorrow.
A. are B. come C. stay D. were
( )58. I hope everything __________.
A. to be good B. going well C. good D. goes well
( )59. –The exam wasn’t difficult, was it? –No, but I don't think __________ could pass it.
A. somebody B. anybody C. nobody D. everybody
( )60.-Do you know __________ he came here? –Yes, I do. He came by bike.
A. when B. if C. that D. how
十六．被动语态
1．主动语态和被动语态的区别。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
Many people speak English. (主动语态)
English is spoken by many people. (被动语态)
2．被动语态的构成。
被动语态由“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词时完全一样。下面就每种时态谈谈被动语态的用法。
1）一般现在时
谓语结构：is(am, are) + 及物动词的过去分词
Color TVs are sold in that shop.
Football is played in most middle schools.
Are recorders used in English class?
This kind of car is not made in Beijing.
2）一般过去时
谓语结构：was(were) + 及物动词的过去分词
The bike was mended yesterday.
Some new houses were build by the villagers.
Was the room cleaned by them?
There photos were not taken in the zoo.
注意：含有直接宾语和间接宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动。
The professor gave the students some books. (改为被动语态)
→The students were given some books (by the professor).
→Some books were given to the students (by the professor).
3）一般将来时
谓语结构：will(shall) + be + 及物动词的过去分词
The play will be put on at this theatre tomorrow.
A bridge will be built over the river.
The song will be taught on the radio again.
4）现在完成时
谓语结构：have(has) + been + 及物动词的过去分词
A new school has been opened in my home town.
Jim’s homework has not been finished.
The TV play has been shown on TV.
5）现在进行时
谓语结构：be + being + 及物动词的过去分词
The water is being turn into ice.
New houses are being built in the village.
My bike is being mended by Uncle Wang now.
6）含有情态动词的被动语态
谓语结构：can(may, must) + be + 及物动词的过去分词
This bus can be mended in two days.
Your exercise-book may be handed in next Tuesday.
This work must be finished this week.
The bike must not be put here.
附：主动语态与被动语态谓语结构比较表
语态
时态
主 动 语 态
被 动 语 态
一般现在时
do, does
be(is, am, are) + done
一般过去时
did
be(was, were) + done
现在进行时
be(is, am, are) + doing
be(is, am, are) + being + doing
过去进行时
be(was, were) + doing
be(was, were) + being + doing
一般将来时
will(shall) + do
be(is, am, are) going to + do
will(shall)+ be + do
be(is, am, are) going to + be + do
现在完成时
have(has) + done
have(has) + been + done
注：do代表动词原形；does代表动词第三人称单数； did代表动词过去式
doing代表现在分词； done代表过去分词
专项练习
A）动词的时态和语态
( )1. He told me that he ________ the Summer Palace the next day.
A. had visited B. has visited C. will visit D. would visit
( )2. Do you know what ________ this time yesterday?
A. they are doing B. were they doing C. they were doing D. are they doing
( )3. They said they ________ the news about her the next day?
A. had got B. will get C. have got D. would get
( )4. Mike and Tom ________ here a moment ago.
A. were B. was C. did D. wasn’t
( )5. He said he ________ swimming if it didn’t rain.
A. went B. has gone C. will go D. would go
( )6. There ________ some boys on the playground.
A. is B. are C. have D. has
( )7. Neither your father nor your brother ________ in at that time.
A. was B. were C. is D. are
( )8. Mr. Smith told us he ________ the guests around the factory.
A. will show B. has shown C. would show D. shows
( )9. We won’t go to the Great Wall if it ________ tomorrow.
A. snows B. snowed C. snow D. will snow
( )10. Neither she nor I ________ a worker.
A. be B. are C. am D. is
( )11. There ________ some milk in the glass.
A. have B. has C. are D. is
( )12. Mother ________ when I got home.
A. is cooking B. was cooking C. cooks D. has cooked
( )13. The train ________ when we got to the station.
A. has just left B. had just left C. leaves D. leave
( )14. Her parents didn’t know why – her homework.
A. did she not to do B. she had not to do C. didn’t she do D. she hadn’t done
( )15. Please tell him ________ make a noise in the library.
A. don’t B. not C. not to D. to not
( )16. Do you know ________ this time yesterday?
A. who are they waiting B. who they are waiting for
C. who were they waiting D. who they were waiting for
( )17. We will go to the zoo if it ________ tomorrow.
A. won’t rain B. doesn’t rain C. isn’t rain D. not rain
( )18. By the end of last term, they ________ six English songs.
A. have learned B. has learned C. had learned D. learned
( )19. He said he would go to the cinema with us if ________ free.
A. is B. were C. will be D. was
( )20. There ________ no hospitals in my home town fifty years ago.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )21. ________ in the sun. It’s bad for your eyes.
A. Not read B. Don’t read C. Not to read D. Don’t to read
( )22. He asked if I ________ a new dictionary.
A. have bought B. has bought C. had bought D. buy
( )23. How much rice ________ there in the bag?
A. is B. are C. have D. has
( )24. I’m sure he’ll come to see me before he ________ Beijing.
A. will leave B. is leaveing C. leave D. leaves
( )25. ________ to have breakfast with me this morning?
A. Would you like B. Are you like C. If you like D. Did you like
( )26. I’ll tell him the good news as soon as he ________ back.
A. will come B. came C. come D. comes
( )27. Neither I nor he ________ Russian.
A. speak B. speaks C. don’t speak D. doesn’t speak
( )28. ________ a new film on TV this evening.
A. There will have B. There has C. There will be D. There is going to have
( )29. There ________ wrong with my bike.
A. are something B. is something C. have something D. has something
( )30. Jenny saw a wallet lying on the ground and ________.
A. pick it up B. pick up it C. picked it up D. picked up it
( )31. The windows of our classroom ________ once a week.
A. is cleaned B. are cleaned C. was cleaned D. be cleaned
( )32. Some new houses ________ by the villagers last years.
A. built B. was built C. were built D. has built
( )33. Some news ________ to the pupils by the teacher.
A. gave B. was given C. were given D. will give
( )34. Something ________ to end the war.
A. will do B. will be did C. will be done D. will to do
( )35. Most science books ________ in English.
A. is written B. are written C. was written D. be written
( )36. A short play ________ this Saturday afternoon.
A. will put on B. would put on C. is going to put on D. will be put on
( )37. Two thieves ________ by the policemen last nigh.
A. was caught B. were catched C. are caught D. were caught
( )38. This song ________ often ________ by children.
A. is ; sang B. are sung C. will sing D. is sung
( )39. There will be a football match next week. Each one in the team ________ a pair of sports
shoes.
A. is given B. will be given C. are given D. will give
( )40. Can you tell me ________?
A. where is she B. she is where C. is she where D. where she is
( )41. They ________ the newspaper when I went into the classroom.
A. were reading B. are reading C. have read D. will read
( )42. We will not go to the park if it ________ .
A. rains B. will rain C. rained D. rain
( )43. Mr. Li said he ________ to the Great Wall if it was fine next day.
A. will go B. would go C. has gone D. is going
( )44. Football ________ in most middle schools in China.
A. play B. plays C. is playing D. is played
B）have(has) gone to; have(has) been to的用法。
( )1. Mr. Brown is not at home. He ________ to England.
A. has gone B. has been C. had been D. had gone
( )2. Dr. Smith ________ to London twice.
A. has been B. has gone C. went D. goes
( )3. Mr. Green knows a lot about China. I heard he ________ here several times.
A. has came B. had came C. has gone D. had gone
( )4. Neither Lucy nor Lily ________ to England.
A. have been B. has been C. have gone D. has gone
( )5. ________ you ever ________ to Shanghai?
A. Have; gone B. Have; been C. Will; go D. Do; go
( )6. Jim ________ to Uncle Wang’s factory three times.
A. have been B. have gone C. has been D. has gone
( )7. Mr. Li ________ to Washington now. He ________ there twice already.
A. has gone; has been B. has been; has gone
C. has gone; has gone D. has been; has been
( )8. Mr. Green ________ to London. He is there now.
A. has been B. has gone C. have been D. have gone
( )9. –Where is Mr. Li? –He isn’t here now. He ________ to the reading-room.
A. has been B. will go C. goes D. has gone
( )10. She ________ never ________ to East China before.
A. has; gone B. has; been C. did; go D. will; go
十七．情景交际英语（一）
1.问候：
⑴A:Good morning/afternoon/evening.
Hello/Hi. How do you do ? Nice to meet you.
B:回答相同
⑵A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you.And you? Very well,thank you.
2.介绍：
⑴This is Mr/Mrs/Miss...⑵ I'd like you to meet my parents.⑶ My name is....I'm a student.
3.告别
A:Goodbye. See you later/tomorrow. Good night.
B:回答相同
4.感谢和应答
表示感谢 通常回答
Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. That's OK. Many thanks. That's all right.
Thanks for helping me. You're welcome.
5.祝愿、祝贺和应答
⑴A:Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice/good time/journey. Congratulations!
B:Thank you.
⑵A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas!
B:The same to you.
⑶A:Happy birthday to you.
B:Thank you.
6.道歉和应答
A:I'm sorry.I'm sorry to trouble you.
B:It doesn't matter.( It's not important. That's nothing. )
7.遗憾和同情
What a pity! I'm sorry to hear that.
8.邀请和应答
A:Would you like to … ? B:Yes, I'd love to.
9.提供帮助和应答
A:Can I help you?=What can I do for you?
Here, take this/my bike. Let me do it for you.
B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please. No, thanks. That's very kind of you.
10.请求允许
⑴A:May I...? Can I/Could I...?
B:Yes/Certainly/Of course. Yes, do please. OK/All right.
⑵A:Do you mind if I open the window?
B:No, not at all. 或Never mind.
11.表示同意和不同意
(1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.
Yes, please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK. That's a good idea. I agree with you.
(2):No, I don't think so. I'm afraid not. I really can't agree with you.
12.表示肯定和不肯定
1: I'm sure. I'm sure that...
2: I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether/if... Maybe.
13.喜欢和厌恶
1: I like /love...(very much) I like /love to... 2: I don't like to... I hate to ...
14. 问时间、日期的应答
A:What day is it? B:It's Monday. A:What's the date? B:It's Jan. 10th.
A:What's the time,please? B:It's five o'clock/half past five... It's time to ...
15.请求
(1): Can/could you...for me? Will/would you please do sth.?
May I have...?
(2): Please give/pass me... Please wait (here/a moment). Please wait for your turn. Please stand in line.
(3): No smoking, please. No noise, please.
16.劝告和建议
1:You'd better... You should... You need to...
2:Shall we do sth. ? Let's do sth. . What/How about doing sth. ?
回答: OK. Good ideA.
17.禁止和警告
1:You mustn't play on the road. If you ... you'll ...
2:Take care.=Be careful.
18.表示感情
A:喜悦 Great!That's nice. I'm glad/pleased/happy to...
B:焦虑 What's wrong? What's the matter with you? I'm/He's/She's worried.
Oh, what shall I do?
C:惊奇 Really?Oh, dear!Is that so?
19.约会
A:Are you free this afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning?
Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate?
B:Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll be free then. All right.See you then.
20.语言困难
Pardon? Please say that more slowly again.
What do you mean by...? I'm sorry I know only a little English.
21.表示称赞：
A:Oh, how nice! Your dress is beautiful. B:It's nice of you to say so. 或Thank you.
22.常见的标志和说明
BUSINESS HOURS NO PHOTOS OFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UP
OPEN CLOSED PULL PUSH
EXIT ENTRANCE
情景交际英语（二）
一、打电话
1.打电话给别人，要找的人不在：
⑴A:Hello!609872!
B:Hello!Is that Bill?
A:No, this is Sam.
B:Is Bill in,Sam?
A:Sorry, he's not at home.
⑵A:May/Could I speak to Jim,please?
B:I'm afraid he is out at the moment.Can I take a message for you?
2.接电话时，你不知道对方要找的人在与不在，需要去打听：
A:Hello! Could I speak to the headmaster, please?
B:Certainly.Hold on for a moment, please... One moment, please.
B:...,There's a telephone call for you.You're wanted on the phone
3.接电话的就是本人
A:Is that LiLei?
B:Yes, it is.Speaking.
4.打电话时，线路不好
A:Could I borrow your radio tomorrow,please?
B:Sorry!It'snot a very goodl ine. Could you speak more clearly/slowly/loudly,please?
5.打电话时，拨错号码.
A:Is that 8013507?
B:No, this is 8013508.
A:Oh, sorry.Wrong number, good-bye.
二、谈天气
1.问天气
⑴A:What's the weather like today in Beijing? =How's the weather todayin Beijing?
B:It's fine(hot, cloudy, rainy, windy, sunny, wet, dry).
Not very good at the moment, I'm afraid.
2.评论天气
⑴The air today is nice and clean.
⑵How cold it is today!What a beautiful day!
⑶Look at the rain.It's heavy, isn't it?
⑷It's going to get colder, I'm afraid.
⑸What bad weather!I don't like the snow/rain.
三、购物
A:Can I help you? What can I do for you?
B:Yes, please. I'd like(want)… I'm looking for... Do you have...
A:How many/much do you want?
B:Three pairs (Half a kilo).
A:What size do you want?
B:Size eight.
A:What colour do you want?
B:Red, I prefer red. Have you got any other kind?
A:I'm afraid we haven't got it at the moment. What about this one?
This one looks nice.Why not take this one?
B:It's great, but it's not cheap enough.I like it,but it costs too much.
How much is it? =How much does it cost?
A:Thirty-five yuan.
B:Can I try it on, please?
A:Certainly.
B:That's fine. I'll get/take/buy it.
A:OK.Here you are.
四、 问路
A
1.Excuse me.Is there a … near here?
2.Excuse me.Where's the (nearest) …?
3.How can I get to...?
4.Can you tell me the way to ...?
5.Which is the way to...?
B
1.Yes, there is. (No, there isn't. sorry, I don't know).
2.It's next to (outside, in front of)...
3.Go down(along)this street.
4.It's … kilometres along ...on the right.
5.It's about … metres away/from here.
6.Turn right/left at the first crossing (turning). =Take the first turning on the right/left.
7.Go up this road to the end. It's on the corner of the street. How can I get there? Which number do I need,please?
五、就餐
A:What would you like to have?
B:I'd like some...
A:Would you like something to eat/drink...? What about...?
B:Yes, please. No, thanks.
A:Would you like some more...?
B:Yes, please.Thank you. No, thanks. I'm full. (I've had enough) Just a little,please.
A:Which do you like better,A or B?
B:I like A better.或Either is OK. Neither, thanks.
A:Which do you like best A,B or C?
B:I like C best.
A:Please help yourself to some...
B:Thank you.
六、看病
1. Doctor:
What's your trouble? What's wrong with you?
What's the matter with you?
How long have you been like this?
Let me take your temperature.
Try this medicine. Drink plenty of water and have a good rest.
It's nothing serious.
You'll be all right/well soon.
2.Patient :
There's something wrong with...
I've got a cough.(cold/headache...)
I'm not feeling well.(I feel terrible)
My leg hurts. I've got a pain here.
日常用语练习
( )1. “May I use your pen?” “__________”
A. Never mind B. That’s a good idea. C. Yes, you are here. D. Yes, here you are.
( )2. “How are you?” “-”
A. That’s all right. B. Thank you. C. Fine, thank you. D. How are you?
( )3. “What day is today?” “__________”
A. It’s fine. B. It’s March 8. C. It’s Wednesday. D. How are you?
( )4. “What is the date today?” “-”
A. It’s February. B. It’s Thursday. C. It’s July 10. D. It’s all right.
( )5. “May I come in?” “__________”
A. Yes, you can. B. Yes, come in, please. C. Yes, come. D. Come, please.
( )6. “__________. May I ask a question?” “Yes. What is it?”
A. Sorry B. I’m sorry C. Excuse me D. OK
( )7. “Please come to swim in the river with me.” “__________, I’ll have to finish my homework first.”
A. Excuse me. B. Sorry C. Certainly D. Well
( )8. “What’s your mother?” “__________”
A. She is forty. B. She is in hospital.
C. She is a doctor. D. Her name is Wang Fang.
( )9. “Who is the little boy?” “__________”
A. He is ten years old. B. He is a student.
C. He’s my younger brother. D. He’s fine, thank you.
( )10. Soon the waiter in the restaurant came up to Mr Green and said, “__________, sir?”
A. What do you eat B. What can I do for you
C. Tell me what you want to eat D. What do you want
( )11. “I’ll help you with your lessons.” “Thank you very much.” “__________”
A. Don’t thank. B. Thanks. C. Don’t say so. D. That’s all right.
( )12. “You won’t take part in the sports meet, will you?” “__________”
A. Yes, I won’t. B. No, I will. C. Yes, I do. D. No, I won’t.
( )13. He doesn’t know anything about the matter, does he?” “__________”
A. Yes, he doesn’t. B. No, he does. C. Yes, he does. D. No, he don’t.
( )14. “What’s the weather like today?” “__________”
A. It’s rain. B. It’s wind. C. It’s cloudy. D. It’s well.
( )15. “Is that Wang Ling speaking?” “__________”
A. Yes. Who is that? B. Yes. Who are you? C. Yes. What are you? D. Yes. Who speaks?
( )16. “__________” “I’ll be twenty.”
A. How old will you be this year? B. How years old will you be next year?
C. How old will you be next year? D. How old are you next year?
( )17. “__________” “I think the film is interesting.”
A. What are you think of the film? B. What do you think of the film?
B. What did you think of the film? D. How do you think of the film?
( )18. “__________” “Two weeks.”
A. How long I can borrow the book? B. How long may I take the book?
C. How long may I get the book? D. How long may I keep the book?
( )19. “Will you please help me with my English?” “__________”
A. Excuse me, I’m afraid not. B. It’s very nice of you.
C. I’m sorry to hear that. D. Certainly. I’ll be glad to.
( )20. “Hello! May I speak to Mike?” “__________. Would you please call back later?”
A. Who are you? B. Sorry, he isn’t in. C. Thank you very much. D. Yes. Here you are.
单项选择题解题思路点拨
(一)一锤定音，立即选定。
众所周知，每份试卷中都包含一些较容易的选择题。对这类题，要一眼看准，毫不犹豫，一锤定音，立即选定。如：
How much is six times seven? It is _________.
A．fourty-two B．forty-two C．forty-too D．forty two
这近乎一道小学一年级的数学题，如果有一定的英语知识，知道英语“40”的正确写法是forty而不是fourty，又清楚英语基数词的表示方法，那么，这道题的正确答案一看就知道是B。
(二)分类比较，分类排除。
对于那些有一定难度，不能一下子就选准答案的题，可逐一排除。如：
“ Please make _________ for the old man,” said the conductor.
A. some rooms B. a room C. room D. any room
本题选项A和B属相同内容，因为在please make之后，如果可以用some rooms，那么也同样可以用a room，这就从反面说明A和B两个选项都不是正确答案，应予排除。在将C和D进行比较，D明显不合题意，也应排除，剩下的C便是本题的正确答案。
(三)分段鉴别，二择其一。
在选择填空题中，有的小题留有两个或两个以上的空，这种题相对要难一点，对于这种题，我们可以采取分段鉴别的方法。对照题干内容，从A，B，C，D四个选项的每两个选择中先找出一个拿得准的，这样就确定了正确答案的选择范围，然后再分析比较，在这个正确范围中鉴定出正确选项。
例如：There is _________ water here, but there are quite _________ empty glasses.
A. little, a few B. few, little C. few, a few D. little, a little
这道题检测的是little和few与名词搭配的用法。如果考生知道little与不可数名词连用，就可先确定出A和D为正确答案的选项范围，因为第一个空后的water是不可数名词。再在A和D中根据同理推断，便可确定选项A是本题的正确答案，因为选项D的a little不可与复数可数名词glasses连用。
（四）逐个筛选，代入验证。对那些不能一眼看准或进行排除的题，就只有采取“逐个筛选、逐步缩小、代入验证”的办法了。例如：
My sister will come here _________ next week.
A. sometimes B. sometime C. in D. some time
据题意，应首先排除C。又据词义知sometimes 是“有时”的意思，它常用于一般时态，所以也应排除。sometime是“一段时间” 的意思，也不符合题意，理应排除。现在就剩下sometime，它作“某时、某天”解，代入空格，既符合语法规则，意思又完整，那么B项便是下确答案。
（五）领悟语境，找出信息。
所谓“领悟语境”，就是能揣摩、会意到命题人所设定的语言交际的真实情景，只有把握住句子的语境条件，才能恰当地选用符合英语习惯的表达方式，以达到语言交际的目的。所谓“找出信息”就是根据命题人所设定的语言环境，在仔细琢磨的同时，不失时机地利用所给出的相关信息，抓住解题的关键线索。请看：
A：I just heard that the tickets for tonight’s show have been sold out. B：Oh, no! _____________.
A. I’m looking forward to that. B. It doesn’t matter
C. I knew it already D. It’s not at all interesting
假若你知道sell out和look forward(to)分别作“卖完”和“期待着”讲的话，那么你就会很自然地设想出当时的情境, 乍听到票已售完，脱口而出的是Oh，no!
一直热切期盼看演出的心情，是多么不愿意接受眼前买不到票的事实。你会品味到，当时那位乘兴而来的购票者会喃喃自语些什么呢?此时的正确答案不就浮现在你的眼前了吗?选择A项定不会错!
3. –I’ve got an “A” in the examination. –That’s a good ________. You will surely win a second.
A. result B. start C. news D. idea
解此题时，很容易误选A。你有没有注意到答语的后一句You will sure和win a second．这才是应该利用的信息。因此正确答案应是B，“这次是良好的开端”，否则命题人给出此句就没有意义了。
(六)注意逻辑，推理填空。
也就是说，有些填空题的干扰词语，若仅从语法上考虑，并没错误，但从意思上讲却说不通，或者说不符合逻辑。解这类题目就应该从逻辑推理入手，按照句子意思来选择最佳答案。
1. It’s raining heavily, but there are _________ people in the park .
A．little B．a little C．few D．a few
不可能用little或a little修饰people，所以只能剩下C或D两个选择。而按语法规则，C和D都可修饰people。但从逻辑上讲，只能用D，因为句中用了转折词but。
2．Would you mind _________ your radio a little，please?
A．turn off B．turning off C．to turn down D．turning down
动词mind要求接动名词，因此，首先排除A和C。turning off 意为“关掉”(stop)，既要关掉，为何要“关掉一点(a little)”呢?不合逻辑，因此，只好选择D了。
(七)凭借语感、印象判断。
对某些检测词语搭配及习惯用法的选择填空题，我们可以将选项内容分别放在题干空格处先行默读，然后凭语感、印象，选最顺口、印象最深的为正确答案。如：
There boy gets on well _________ his classmates.
A. for B. with C. to D. on
把for，with，to和on分别放在空格处，默读这个句子时，我们会觉得with与 get on well连得最顺口，印象也最深，因为课本中只出现过get on well with而没有出现过get on well for，get on well to和get on well on的用法。下面一题也是如此。
2．Don't laugh __________ him．Let's help him.
A．to B．with C．at D．on
该题的正确答案是C。因为laugh at sb.在我们头脑中印象深。目前中考英语试题中检测词语搭配和习惯用法等内容的选择填空题，其题干内容大都“题不离本”，即使有变化，也是“不离其宗”。因此，选择答案时，采用“语感、印象判断法”能较为有效地“抗干扰”，尤其是英语基础一般的考生，可以采用这种方法，把课堂上和课本中学到的知识运用到解题中来。
（八）双重否定法
如果在考试中碰到某个选项，没有十分把握或把握不大，而类似的答案有两个或三个，就可利用“如A对，那么B也对”的方法，从而否定A、B两个答案，如：
1. “Who is he?” “_____________”
A. He is a teacher B. He is a worker
C. He is a doctor D. He is Jack’s father
按照文中意思“他是谁？”，恐怕A、B、C、D均成立，但仔细一想，不难发现A、B、C三个句子的语法结构一模一样，即：如果A对，那么B、C肯定也对，从而否定A、B、C，而得到答案D。
单项选择题综合训练
1. Mike Jordan is a basketball star. I like ___________very much.
A. be B. his C. him D. himself
2. There are ________ days in a week.
A. the seven B. seventh C. the seventh D. seven
3."What's the _________ today?" "It's June 26."
A. day B. date C. time D. hour
4."Does Wang Li_____ English well?" "Sure. She studied it for two years in America. "
A. speak B. ask C. say D. tell
5 Jenny and her parents.___ going to visit the Palace Museum tomorrow.
A. is B. am C. are D. be
6.Bejing has_____ many buses that there is often traffic jam in rush hours.
A. so B. very C. too D. much
7.Linda often helps her mother____ the housework on weekends.
A. with B. to C. of D. for
8.____you pass me a pen? I'd like to write down the telephone number.
A. Need B. Could C. Must D. Should
9."Why didn't Nick come to school yesterday?"
"___he was ill."
A. After B. Where C. When D. Because
10.The text is very easy for you. There are ____ new words in it.
A. a few B. a little C. few D. little
11.The earth is our home. We must ______ the land, air and water dean.
A. change B. share C. notice D. keep
12."Can I get you a drink?" " That's very nice of you. I've already got ____".
A. it B. one C. that D. this
13.You look tired _____ working indoors you should be out for a walk.
A. Ahead of B. Instead of C. In front of D. In spite of
l4."Can I use this expression in the text?"
"No. It has____ .Nobody uses it today."
A. given up B. broken down C. gone out D. got off
15.-Excuse me. Do you have a table or two?
-I'm sorry, ____ there aren't any seats now.
Would you mind waiting for a while?
A. but B. and C. or D. so
16.In the bookshop ,a reader asked the shopkeeper______ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.
A. that B. how C. what D. if
17.There is_____ knocking at the door. Go and see who it is.
A. nobody B. somebody C. anybody D everybody
18.-In our English study reading is more important than speaking ,I think.
-I don't agree. Speaking is_____ reading.
A. as important as B. so important as C .the most important D. the same as
19. _____ a cold morning ,I opened the window and was glad to find that it was snowing outside.
A .By B .In C .At D. On
20.-Your dress is just wonderful!---__________.
A. I'm glad to hear that. B. You are right, thank you !
C .Thank you, and you? D .No ,no ,yours is better.
21.There are many new highrises on ____- side of Huaihai Road. What a magnificent view!
A .either B .neither C. both D. all
22. The manager_____ business would be worse after the stock(股票) went down.
A. talked B .told C. said D. spoke
23. We'll have a _____ holiday. What about going to the West lake?
A. two days B. two--day C .two-days D. two--days '24.Bob spends a lot of money on books ____ he is not rich.
A. if B .though C .when D .because
25.I don't know Sam's telephone number. Will you please____ in your address book for me?
A. look up it B .look it up C .look for it D. look at it
26.The town government set up a new modern hospital for the farmers, _____ ?
A. does it B .doesn't it C. did it D .didn't it
27.I'd like to know ______.
A. when will he give back the tape B .whether has he received higher education
C. that he has been busy D. whether she will join in our English Evening
28.The market isn't far from here. It's only____ bicycle ride.
A. half an hours' B. half an hour's C. half an hour D. an hour and a half
29.-She is too busy to help us finish the work.
--Let's do it ______ .
A .herself B. myself C. ourselves D ,itself
30.The old woman kept one black dog and two white ______ .
A. one B. ones C. those D. one' s
3l.We should keep ____ in the reading-room.
A .quiet B .quietly C. quite D. quickly
. 32Jim has made many friends since he_____ to China.
A. came B .comes C. has come D. will come
33.Henry_____be at home because he phoned me from the farm just now.
A. mustn't B. isn't able to C. may not D. can't
34.We could see nothing because the lights suddenly_ ____.
A. went on B. went over C. went down D. went out
35.I really don't know about it.
A. what to do B. how to do C. to do what D .how can I do
36.Peter could hardly see the words on the blackboard,______ ?
A .did he B .couldn't he C .didn't he D .could he
37._____ interesting. the news is!
A .How an B. What an C .How D. What
38.Call a taxi, _______you will miss the train.
A .and B though C .because D .or
39.Can you tell me ____she is waiting for?
A. why B. whose C. whom D .which
40.This box is___ heavy ____ I can't carry it.
A. too, to B. so , that C. very ,that D. too, that
41 .I don't know ___ he still lives here.
A .where B. what C .when D. whether
42.Let the children go away. They're making too much __________ here.
A. noise B. voice C. noisy D. sounds
43.Many girls like __________ skirts in spring.
A. wearing B. dressing C. putting on D. dressing up
44. __________ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.
A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk
45.You are __________ late. He has already gone.
A. terrible B. nearly C. terribly D. near
46.The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 __________ Christmas Day.
A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
47.He __________ living in the country to the city.
A. likes B. prefers C. enjoys D. loves
40.There is __________ in today's newspaper.
A. new anything B. new something C. anything new D. something new
49.There was a strange sound outside. Mary went out and ________ around, but she ________ nothing.
A. looked, saw B. saw, saw C. watched, looked D. looked, find
50.The 2002 World Cup Soccer Match __________ for over 20 days since May 31st.
A. has begun B. lasted C. began D. has lasted
51.There is __________ interesting on Channel 10. Try others.
A. nothing B. none C. anything D. no
52.December is the __________ month in a year.
A. twenty B. twelve C. twentieth D. twelfth
53.Xiao Ming will come and play with me if he busy.
A. is B. won't C. isn't D. will be
54.-Hi,Tom. Here's your cap. __________! -Thanks.
A. Get B. Catch C. Take D. Bring
55.-. __________ is it from your school to the bus stop? -About 100 metres.
A. How long B. How far C. How soon D. How much
56.-Cindy, is it OK to you at home by yourself?
-I think it's OK, Mum I can look after myself _________.
A. leave, good B. put, good C. leave, well D. put, well
57.In China, people put their __________ first.
A. given names B. full names C. family names D. English names
58.Don't. the machine when you visit the factory.
A. touch B. grow C. make D. invent
59.-___________. -Never mind. What can I do for you?
A. Don't rush. B. Sorry to trouble you. C. Can I help you. D. No hurry.
60.I think lesson is the most difficult in this book.
A. five B. fifth C. the fifth D. fifteen
61.-Thank you very much for helping me.
A. I can't decide B. Not at all C. Thanks, too D. More or less
62.He has a lot of work to do there, so he will not come back __________ tomorrow.
A. as B. since C. until D. but
63.It's hard to say who will __________ the match in the end. They are neck and neck now.
A. win B. kick C. play D. fight
64.The good news __________ them happy.
A. have B. makes C. keep D. feels
65.I'11 go to the English Comer this Sunday __________
A. if it will be sunny B. if I'm free
C. when I have no lime D. because I am busy
66.-Is there anything wrong with my son, doctor?
A. Do it, please B. I don't mind
C. I don't feel very well D. Nothing serious
67.The twin brothers always put small presents in __________ stockings on Christmas Day.
A. each other's B. each other C. each others D. each others'
68.Don't worry about making __________ when you speak English.
A. clothes B. mistakes C. friends D. things
69.I thought is was a good idea but he didn't __________ me.
A. send for B. lend to C. point to D. agree with
70.-Could you go to the bookshop with me? -I just want to buy some books.
A. Sorry, I'm busy B. Of course not C. With pleasure D. I'm afraid not
71.-What about this hag? -Well, __________ I'll take it.
A. I don't know. B. so bad. C. can't you make it better? D. just right.
72.Could you ten me __________?
A. when shall we start B. who are you waiting for
C. where the bus station is D. why were you late
73.-Which would you like, rice or noodles? - __________ is OK. I'm hungry.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. AI1
74.The woman __________ the child quickly and took him to hospital.
A. put on B. dressed C. had on D. was wearing
75.Lucy is interested in __________.
A. listen to music B. listening music C. flying kites D. read books
76.John began to study French last Sunday,
A. His brother did so B. So did his brother C. So his brother did D. His brother so did
77.My parents_________ Shandong for ten years.
A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been
78.Grandpa was ill. We must _____________ a doctor.
A. send away B. be sent for C. send for D. sent for
79.Do you mind opening the door for me?
A. Yes, of course not B. Yes, please C. No, of course not D. No, you can't open it
80.These sweaters are too small for me. Would you show me _______________one?
A. the other B. other C. another D. some
81.--Look! That man looks like Mr Brown. ---It be him, for he America.
A. can't, has gone to B. may not, has gone C. mustn't, has been to D. can't, has been to
82.-What makes him ____________ so angry? -His son ____________ the exam.
A. to feel, didn't pass B. feel, didn't pass C. feel, passed D. feeling, has passed
83. __________ Jim___________ Kate broke the mirror. The cat did.
A. Both...and. B. Either...or C. Neither...nor D. Not ...but
84.You are late again. Why ___________ a little earlier?
A. not you come B. do you come C. don't you come D. you can't come
85.Kate is short______________ Gatherine.
A. for B. in C. to D. with
86.Neither he nor I____________ from Canada. We are from Australia.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
87.He ___________ the radio every morning.
A. listens to B. listens C. hears D. bears of
88.It's twelve o'clock at night, but he is ____ working.
A. already B. ever C. still D. yet
89.---Do you know ______________ ? ---He's Tom's father.
A. who is he B. what he is C. what's he D. who he is
90.-.--Did you what the teacher said? ----Not really. He spoke a little too fast.
A. perfer B. listen to C. catch D. l can from
91.-Write to me as soon as you arrive there. --I ________.
A. must B. should C. will D. can
92.-What would you like to drink? -It doesn't matter, ___________ will do.
A. Nothing B. Everything C. Something D. Anything
93.-I'm sorry I'll have to ___________ my office. I've had a wonderful time here.
-It's a pleasure to have you here.
A. get to B. return C. leave for D. reach
94.-I'll go fishing this weekend.
A. Can't you fish? B. That's very kind of you.
C. What about more fish? D. Have a good time.
95.-Hi, Bob. How's your family? -____________.
A. Fine, thank you B. It's a big one C. Not at all D. They're having breakfast
96.-Did anybody go out? - __________I didn't see anybody go out.
A. I can't say B. I guess so C. I hope not D. I don't think so
97.-Jack. Will you be home _________ to see the children before they go to bed?
-No problem.
A. on time B. in time C. at times D. at the same time
98.She __________ know the answer, but I'm not sure.
A. maybe B. may be C. may D. must
99.Mr Smith comes from Australia, but he has worked in China for five years. So you can talk with him ______.
A. either in English or in Chinese B. not in Chinese but in English
C. just in English, not in Chinese D. neither in Chinese nor in English
100.--She tried hard to stop her husband from smoking, didn't she? -Yes, but she _______
A. failed B. fell C. made it D. got it
101.The smile on the teacher's face showed that she was ________ with us.
A. strict B. pleased C. angry D. sorry
102.I'm hungry. Please give me ________.
A. a bread B. some breads C. a piece of bread D. two pieces of breads
103.-Where is ______________ maths teacher? -He's talking with Sam's father.
A. a B. an C .the D. /
104.You must stand____________ line when you are waiting ____________ a bus.
A. on, in B. in, for C. in, on D. on, for
105. -I think English is ___________ French. -I don't agree with you.
A. less popular than B. the most popular C. so popular as D. as more popular as
106.There will be a volleyball match in our school, __________ ?
A. be there B. is there C. will there D. won't there
107.We'll go for a picnic if it _________ this Friday.
A. won' t rain B. isn't raining C. doesn't rain D. don't rain
108.The Englishman, Stephenson (史蒂芬孙), invented ______________.
A. the ship B. the car C. the plane D. the train
109.Which sign of the following means "Danger"?
110.Which of the following sentences is WRONG?
A. Although it was very late,, Miss Liu didn't stop working.
B. The plane has already taken off when we got to thc airport.
C. We should not only help each other but also learn from each other.
D. Mm is sleeping now. Please tell them not to make so much noise.
111.The boys arrived late at the cinema, and _________ the start of the film.
A. caught B. missed C. got D. lost
112.-Guess,how much does it cost?
-I think it costs ______________ 15 and 20 dollars.
A. from B. between C. among D. with
113.As we know, some people are good at _____________. but bad at giving back.
A. lending B. keeping C. borrowing D. using
1l4. Each of us has to write a ________ report every two weeks.
A. two-hundred-word B. two-hundreds-word
C. two-hundreds-words D. two-hundred-words
115.-By the way, __________ you come across the word "brunch"? -Not yet. What does it mean?
A. have B. do C. would D. will
116.-We11,I can't decide which one to buy -- ___________!
A. No hurry B. Take your time C. Let me help D. You decide
117.-Tell the truth, I became a college student at fifteen. -- ____________ !
A. You must be B. Thank goodness C. You don't say so D. It doesn't matte
118. ___________, young man! If you're late for work again, you'll lose your job.
A. Watch your step B. Take it easy C. Use your head D. Have a look
119.There ________ a sports meeting in our week.
A. will hold B. win have C. is going to be D. is going to hold
120. ________ the new computer, travellers at the offices of CAAC can now buy their air ticket faster.
A. Because B. Thanks for C. Thanks to D. Since
完形填空题解题思路点拨
一．题型特点和考查目的
完形填空题是一种难度较高的阅读理解测试题，目前在国内外的各级各类英语测试中被广泛
采用。由于完形填空题具有一定难度，因此学生在解题上失分较多。如何突破这一难关，已成为师生日益关注的焦点。那么，到底什么是解题的关键呢?一般来说，在具备了基本的语言知识和阅读能力的基础上，解题方法就成为解答完形填空题的关键。只要掌握了正确的解题方法，解题的正确率自然会有大幅度提高。
完形填空题考查知识面广、综合性强、灵活度高、覆盖面大。它不仅能较为客观地反映出学
生的语言知识水平，而且还能反映出学生的阅读理解能力、语言运用能力以及逻辑推理和分析判断能力。 在语言基础知识方面，完形填空题侧重考查词法(各种词类的用法、词的搭配、词的辨义等)、句法(各种类型的句子、句子的语序、时态的呼应、主谓的一致等)、及惯用法(固定搭配、词语的习惯用法、交际英语语言等)。在语言能力方面则侧重于考查语言运用能力、阅读能力、理解能力、逻辑推理能力、分析判断能力。完形填空题考查学生能否越过空白和生词，进行快速阅读，通篇思考，整体理解，要求学生既能理解短文的词语意义、段落大意和中心思想，也能理解考题与句子、段落以及全文的逻辑关系。有时也考查学生能否理解短文的深层含义。总之，学生若能明确了解各个考题的考查目的，解题才能做到心中有数。
二．解题方法
解答完形填空题也应当首先明确短文的体裁和题材，确定解题思路。如果短文的体裁是说明文，题材是某一事物的描写或是一般的科普知识介绍，则应注意短文所描述的事物的外形、大小、颜色、特征、性质、质量、用途、用法等关键词语，特别还需要注意事物在什么条件下发生什么变化及其变化的原因等这样词语的描述，如果短文的体裁是议论文，则应注意其论题、论据、论点、结论等关键词语，以及每个段落的主题句，还应注意作者的观点、态度及意图等。这样做不仅有助于迅速抓住关键词语，深入理解短文的含义，准确掌握短文的中心思想，也有利于解题思路有条理地展开。
解答完形填空题的步骤和方法也无固定模式，在一般情况下，建议采用如下步骤和方法。
1．完形填空题的解题过程大至可分为三个步骤：
(1)通读全文，了解信息，初步掌握短文的中心大意。这是动笔答题之前必不可少的步骤，是正确理解全文、正确解答完形填空题的关键。通读短文时，注意力应放在短文的主要内容和中心意思上，力求通篇思考。整体理解。遇到空白或生词，一跃而过，继续快速阅读，不要停顿查看选项，不要逐词逐句翻译，不要死抠细节，阅读速度应保持在每分钟约50一60字。读完短文后，如果仍不了解短文大意，可再快速阅读一遍。在初步掌握、了解了短文的中心思想后，方可开始解题。
(2)精读短文，进一步深入理解短文。围绕短文的中心思想，边对短文逐句逐词理解，边对各题各选项逐一分析判断，逐一解答。解题过程中须注意五点：
1)注意先解答较为容易的题，后解答难题。切忌死抠难题，否则既浪费时间，又容易干扰对文章的整体理解，一旦把思路引入歧途，就可能出现连锁反应，导致一连串的错误。先解答容易题，可降低短文难度，有助于对短文的深入理解，为解答难题创造推理条件。一般情况下，将大部分题答完后，个别难题便可迎刃而解。
2)注意短文中关键词语在句中的作用，以及它们与前后句、上下文乃至整个文章的逻辑关系。对关键词语的正确理解是解答较难的推理题的首要条件。
3)
注意短文中各个空白处之间的相互联系，因为完形填空题中，短文的首尾或上下文的若干考题往往是相互呼应、互为依存的，若不根据中心意思参照上下文解题，这类考题是无法解答的。
4)注意考题在句中或段落中的作用，要求学生从全文内容出发，围绕中心思想，根据上下文的自然发展进行逻辑推理，分析判断。
5)注意所选答案不仅要符合语法要求，而且要符合题意，填空后的句子不仅要结构完整、正确，而且要句子通顺，合乎逻辑。
6)将短文中所有空白或绝大部分空白填完之后，快速复读全文，逐题检查验证。检查过程中应着重考虑两点：①填空后的短文是否前后贯通一致，其情节发展是否合乎逻辑。②短文的结构是否完整、合理，句子结构是否符合语法要求。填完后如果发现短文首尾、上下文或前后句在逻辑上相互矛盾，则需要根据中心思想进行修改。如果发现其句子结构有问题，则需要从句法、词法及惯用法等方面综合考虑进行修改。
2．解答完形填空题的过程中通常采用如下四种方法：
(1)有些考题往往与词组的固定搭配，或与上下文的相互提示有关。因此，基础好、语感强的学生在阅读第一遍时，便可解答出这类考题，可顺手用铅笔将答案填在空白处。然后在解题时，只需验证一下四个选项中是否有这个答案。这种方法不仅可提高解题速度，也可降低解题难度，为进一步深入理解短文和解答难题创造条件。
(2)有些考题的四个选项中，其中的两个或三个选项有明显的语法错误或逻辑上的错误，可先将其排除。采用这种方法解题时，特别要注意对选项从三个方面去判断：1)是否明显违背短文的中心思想；2)是否明显不符合语法要求(时态、语态、主谓一致、词性等等)；3)是否明显不符合语言习惯。
(3)有些考题的四个选项在语法上和语言上均无明显错误，以致难以排除。在此情况下，可以从四个方面对选项进行推理判断：1)围绕中心思想和段落大意，根据前后句、上下文以及段落之间的逻辑关系推理判断，特别需要注意那些表示转折、选择、条件、结果等连词和副词在句子 中的作用。2)根据故事情节的发展、人物的性格、作者的态度等文章的深层含义进行推理判断。
3)根据自己对有关方面的知识的了解进行推理判断。4)根据词语辨义、句子结构，词语的惯用法等进行推理判断。
(4)有的考题在排除错误的选项后，剩下两个选项无论从语法上还是从语言上考虑，都看不出有什么错，而且词义接近，差别甚微，往往只是在程度上略有差别；因此难以作出判断。遇此情况，可将这两个选项先后分别放入短文的原句中进行比较，看哪一个更接近短文的中心意思，更合乎情况，更符合语法和逻辑上的要求，据此选择最佳答案。
学生在应用以上介绍的四种方法解答完形填空题时，需要做到灵活变通。切不可生搬硬套。在实际解题过程中，有时一种方法可解多题，有时一题须用几种方法才能解出。
完形填空虽然有一定难度，但是只要平时运用正确的解题方法；积累解题经验，养成良好的
解题习惯，解题的速度和解题的正确率将会大大提高。
阅读理解题解题思路点拨
近年来，阅读理解题的比重在中考中所占的分数比例越来越高，阅读量也有逐年增加的趋势。阅读理解题内容广泛，题材涉及文化、史地、科教、政治、经济等各方面。虽然阅读理解题面广量大，但其题型较为集中，归纳起来主要有以下几种：(1)细节理解题；(2)词文理解题；(3)推理判断题等。
(1)细节理解题：细节理解题主要是检查与文章意思有关的细节，常见的问题形式有：
①According to this passage, … 。
②Which of the following is right／wrong?
③Decide True or False according to the text．
细节问题询问的是作者说了些什么，其内容在文中明确表述过。解答这类题的最好办法就是在文中找出相关的细节。一般地一篇文章中所说的细节很多，这就要求考生要仔细阅读，排除与问题无关的细节，但如果问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等问，则应特别小心句子所表达的意思。
(2)词义理解题：像汉语中的词一样，英语词语的意义非常丰富；语境不同，词义也不相同，考生要用心揣摩词在上下文中的正确含义，不要掉以轻心。常见的问题形式有：
①According to the passage，“．．．”means __________.
②The underlined part“．．．” means______。
词义猜测题中的词往往一词多义，可以采取利用上下文中说话者的语气推测其词义；在特定的语境中，进行逻辑推理的方式也可以获得答题的信息。怎样猜生词，同学们可采用下列方法：
①根据上下文来猜生词
在阅读文章时，常常要碰到一些生词，这既无法避免，又令人感到烦恼。但是考生在这种情况下，不应惊慌失措，更不应存在企图放弃的念头，而是应该迎着困难，沉着冷静思考。对待生词的另一个不应有的做法是：停在某一个生词上，反复地去思考、推敲，这样会浪费许多宝贵的时间。对每个考生来说，每一篇文章都可能会有生词，这是很自然的现象。考生应该把整句、整段或整篇文章都看完，有时往往能通过对整句、整段、整篇文章的阅读，猜出这个生词的意思。匾此碰到生词都应从上下文的意思来猜出它的含义。这样就能帮助你正确地理解生词、句子、段落、文章之间的关系。请看下列例句：
She read the letter slowly to the end and then tore(撕成)“to shreds”．
这一句中的“shreds”是生词，如果单独猜词意，很难知道它的意思，但我们从整句来理解，“她慢吞吞地把信看完，然后把它撕成……”。从“信”是写在纸上，由此可以联想到是“把它撕成碎片了”。
再看下一个例句：
The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel．这句中的“lintel'’是生词，但从整句看来“门很矮，我的头撞在……”，从“门”可以联想到是“撞在横梁(楣)上了”。
当然一个句子中仅有一、两个生词，是可以通过这个方法来猜测的。但生词多，就比较难猜。可见要达到阅读理解的测试标准，掌握较大的词汇量和构词知识是相当重要的。
②根据词形来猜词
有些生词是在某些词根上加前缀或后缀．构成了一个新词。比如我们也许从未见过unforeseeable,但我们可以根据构词法把它拆成un，fore，see，able；其中see是词根，fore是“先、前、预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的”，因此，unforeseeable就是“未能预见到的”。
(3)推理判断题。推理题主要对那些在文章中未曾明确说明，但已特别暗示的内容。常见的这类题型有：
① From the passage，we know ____. ② Why. . .? ③ When．．．?
④ Which of the following is right/wrong?等。
做推理判断题时，要透过字里行间把握文章的真正内涵，客观地反映文章的思想，克服主观臆断，要特别注意那些最能反映句子之间，段落之间的逻辑关系的连词，深刻而准确地把握文章的重点内容。
2．阅读理解题的答题技巧
对于阅读理解这一题型的解题步骤一直存在两种不同的看法，一种是先文后题，即先读短文后做题；另一种是先题后文，即在阅读之前先读问题，然后带着问题去读短文。应该注意的是，考生不论采取哪一种方法答题，都要注意严格训练，形成自己的技能，否则会不伦不类，哪一种方法都难以奏效。
关于“先文后题”
一般的步骤是：
(1)若文章有标题．一定要先审读标题。因为一般来说，标题是对文章主题的高度概括，通过阅读标题，我们可以猜测出文章的大概内容。
(2)快速读文，把握大意。在阅读时不仅要特别留心短文的时间、地点、人物、事件、事件的起因，文中所涉及的数字等具体材料，而且还要注意文章上下文所体现的因果、递进、转折等关系，尤其重要的是要注意问题的提出、事物的发展、高潮的形成以及问题的解决等，并因此推出文章的中心和把握文章的全貌等。
(3)快速浏览，选择答案。快速读了一遍短文之后，接着就可以快速浏览短文后的理解题，并根据自己对短文的记忆和理解对一些较容易问题作出选择，至于较难的问题一时还没有把握，可以暂时放下，但要记住这些问题，然后带着这些问题重读课文。
(4)带着疑问跳读短文。通过第一轮选择之后，一些较简单的题的答案已被选出，只是还有少数没有把握，这时还得带着这些问题重读短文。不过这时要注意不要像第一遍那样对短文从头读起，而是要针对具体的有疑问的题目，有选择地跳读短文的有关句段。此时注意综合运用各种方法处理难题。解题时，我们一般是按照正常思维根据短文内容运用“正选法”，但有时也可以根据具体情况运用“排除法”来找到正确答案。此外，还可以根据短文内容列
出图表，通过比较选出正确答案。
(5)做完题后，复查一遍。一般情况下，如有时间，可对自己选出的答案作一番复查。复查的重点应放在有疑问或把握不大的题上。但如时间太紧，可以只查没有把握的题。总之，要全盘考虑，灵活处理。
关于“先题后文”
用这种方法解题时应注意：
(1)先读题时只能是先读其问题或题干，而不宜读问题后的选项，否则不仅浪费时间，而且也无法记住众多答案所表达的众多信息。
(2)在读了题之后，要把这些问题记在心里，并带着这些问题阅读短文。关于这一点，考生要经过反复的训练才能形成能力的，因为短文后的问题本身并不像短文那样有情节，连贯，所以在有些同学身上发生了读短文时忘了问题的现象。
(3)在带着问题读短文时，对短文中出现的那些与问题有关的词句，考生可以用一支铅笔在短文中作一些记号，以便为下一步的选择作好准备，但也要注意不要复读到一个与问题有关的信息点就停下来去对照后面的问题，如这样做，就会耽误一些时间；另一方面有些问题往往要通过对短文的全面理解之后才能作出结论，而不能仅凭一两个信息点来判断。
(4)带着问题读完短文之后，便可以选择答案。虽然考生是带着问题阅读短文的，但这并不说在阅读时考生带的问题全部都得到了答案，也可能有些还没有把握(尤其是一些主观题)，这时要带着这些“疑问”去跳读短文。
3．依据不同的题型，应使用不同的解题技巧阅读理解题是中考考查学生英语阅读能力、 理解能力和运用能力的主要题型、该题型取材广泛、体裁多样，分数较多，难度较大。
考生在解阅读理解题时，应对各题题干的设计类型有所了解，解题时能分辨各题干的考查特点，再按这类题干的要求答题。题干的设计类型及解答技巧主要体现在以下几个方面：
(1)直接信息理解题
这是最常见的一种题型。考生只要根据材料的直接事实和信息便能选出最佳答案。但考生必须准确地把握人物或人物之间的关系、时空顺序、因果联系、事件的发生、过渡、过程以及结局等。
(2)换句换词理解题
这种题干是把反映原文信息(如人物、时间、地点、国籍、历史等)
的某些词、句作了更换，用另外的词、句在题干上表现出来。考生在答这类题时，一定要警惕题干上被更换的词、句，仔细比较它们与原文中某些词、句的意义联系，从这种对比中找出最佳答案。
(3)数据换算分析题
这既是考查考生对直接信息的领会能力又是考查考生对材料的综合分析能力。解这类题要求考生能对某些含应用数据的材料进行分析，在短文中留心各种数据及其关系并从数据转算中得出结论，进而确定考题的正确答案，这些数据可能包括：年代及人物年龄、事件个数、细节个数以及其他方面的数据。
(4)词句含义对号题
此题旨在考查考生对材料中个别关键词或短语的正确含义的理解和推测。这类题的设计形式是：在原文中某一词或短语下面画一横线，所列四个选项分别对其加以解释，其中只有一个选项的含义既符合短文的内容又与画线词或短语的含义接近。
考生在解答这类题时，要注意结合上下文的某些已知信息或暗示判断其含义，再反复比较四个选项，从中选出其含义和使用范围与之相对应的答案。
(5)逻辑推理判断题
此题型要求考生既能把握短文的表层含义，又能理解短文的深层含义。考生在答题时要注意在收集短文各项信息的基础上对某一问题的结论或事件的结局进行符合逻辑的推测或设想，从而推断出短文中有关人物的职业、身份、动机等以及事件的起因或结局。事件发生的时间、地点、原因等等。
(6)归纳概括中心思想
这类题的一般形式是：What's the main idea of the passage?或Which of the following best gives the main idea of the passage?等。这种题型要求考生读完短文后能总结出全文的中心，从备选答案中找出能概括文章主旨大意的选项。
考生阅读时要先抓住文章的主题句或总结句。结合全文内容，找出概括性最强，归纳范围最广的选项。
[阅读理解例题分析]
（A）
The old name for films was “moving pictures”. In the USA, People still call films “movies”.
Then one day a boy said to his friend, “Do you like moving pictures?” The friend thought that the boy was going to invite him to go to the cinema. So he said, “Yes, please. I like moving pictures very much”.
“Good,” said the first boy, “My father has a picture shop. He sells pictures from one place to another. You like moving pictures, so I’m sure you’ll enjoy moving the pictures with me.”
Questions:
1. “Moving pictures” was the old name __________.
A. for cinemas B. for films C. for America D. for carrying pictures
2. _________ still call films “movies” today.
A. The boys B. The English C. The Americans D. Young people
3. In the story the boy said to his friend, “Do you like moving pictures?” he means “____________”.
A. Do you like to go to the cinema with me? B. Do you like to see a film?
C. Do you like to help me move the pictures? D. Do you like old films.
4. The boy’s friend ___________.
A. liked seeing films very much. B. liked to move pictures very much.
C. was always ready to help others. D. liked to help people move something.
答案分析：
这是一则有关词义理解差异的故事，“电影”一词在美国英语中叫movie，在英国英语中叫film, moving picture也是“电影”之意，另一个男孩把它理解为“搬画”，于是构成了一个有趣的故事-------
（B）
It was Christmas, and there was a big party in a house. Guests came and went, but the party went on. Then the bell rang. Several people shouted “Come in”. A man came in, Nobody knew him , but the host went to meet him and took him to have a drink. the man sat there happily for an hour and a half and drank. Then suddenly he stopped and looked at the host. “Do you know?” he said, “Nobody asked me to this party. I don’t know you. I don’t know your wife and I don’t know any of your guests. My wife and I wanted to go out in our car, but one of your guests’ car was in front of our gate, so I came here to find him and my wife is waiting in our car for me to come back.
Questions:
1. When the bell rang, the guests ___________.
A. were shouting B. were singing and dancing.
C. didn’t find him D. knew who he was
2. The host __________ after the small man came in.
A. was glad to see him. B. asked him to house a drink.
C. didn’t find him. D. knew who he was.
3. The small man knew __________ in the house.
A. one of the people B. some of the people C. all the people D. none of the people
4. The small man went to the house __________.
A. to find a man B. to have a drink.
C. to have a party D. to see what was happening
5. Perhaps the small man’s wife got __________ because __________ .
A. hungry; he drank too much B. surprised; he couldn’t find the man
C. lonely; he didn’t take her to the party D. angry; he kept her waiting for a long time
答案分析：
短文介绍了圣诞节这天发生的一件事：一位矮个子男士想同他的妻子一起外出，门外一辆车子挡住了他们外出的路，他只好去举行party的那家，去找那辆挡路车子的主人。结果好客的举办party的主人和参加晚会的客人虽然都不认识他，却留他 “have a drink”，并且一呆就是一个半小时。
1．C 常识性推理题。enjoy oneself意为have a good time。参加party自然会很高兴。
2．B细节理解题。文中有---and took him to have a drink。
3．D．-------，由文中Nobody knew him ------可推知。
4．A．-------。文章最后有I came here to find him------。
5．D．情节推理题。根据全文的情节可推知，由于这位矮个子男子让其妻等了很长时间，他的妻子肯定会生气的。
单词拼写应试技巧
要在“单词拼写”题中获取高分，我们常用如下的技巧：
1．正确理解。要想正确写出单词，我们首先要正确地理解所要完成单词的英语解释：这些英语有些是较容易的，而有些则要困难一些，如涉及到定语从句、现在分词或过去分词短语；
2．判断词性。在正确理解的基础上，我们要根据所给的英语解释，进一步判断要写的单词的词性。这样我们能从我们所学过的含有相同汉语意思、不同词性的英语单词中选出最恰当的一个。从中考阅卷来看有许多的错误，都是词性方面理解有误。
3．正确拼写。正确地拼写单词是成功的最后一步。从中考阅卷来看，错字母、漏字母、字母颠倒都是非常可惜的一些错误，这说明了考生对单词的拼写掌握得不够扎实。
1. a _____________(from one side of sth. to the other side)
The farmer was walking ______ the field towards us.
2. n ______________(afraid, worried)
I was __________ before the pleasant plane journey.
3. a ___________ (the season when the leaves fall off trees)
We had some snow in late ________
4. d ___________ (a book in which you write down things that have happened to you)
A lot of people keep a ____________ every day.
5. d _____________ (twice the usual size or number, twice as much)
Four is the ____________ of two.
6. I __________ (a group of sports teams or players who play games against each other)
If we win the match, we'll be top of the _____________.
7. v _____________ (a plant which is grown to be eaten)
My favourite__________ is cabbage.
8. e ______________ (the natural or social conditions in which people live)
We must do something to protect
9. k _________________ (learning, what you have learnt)
She is poor in the _______________ of life. 56.a________ (from one side of something to the other side)
The farmers was walking _________ the field toward us.)
10. s________ (some; more than a few but not a lot)
I called her _________ times on the phone.)
11. a________ (the season when the leaves fall off trees)
We had some snow in late __________.
12. d________ (a book in which you write down things that have happened to you)
A lot of people keep a __________ every day.
13. d________ (twice the usual size or number; twice as much)
Four is the __________ of two
14. l_________ (a group of sports teams or players who play games against each other)
If we win the match, we’ll be top of the __________
15. v ________ (a plant which is grown to be eaten)
My favorite __________ is cabbage.
16. F_________ (the second month of a year)
Spring Festival often falls in January or __________.
17. k _________ (learning; what you have learnt)
She is poor in the __________ of life
18. s_________ (a long; thin piece of wood; a long, thin piece of anything)
Old people often walk with a __________.
怎样写好中考英语作文
英语作文是现在中考英语作文的必考题型，旨在从不同角度充分考查考生综合运用所学语言知识和技能进行信息沟通、再现生活经历、描述周围事物、发表意见和谈论观点等的能力。
作文就像建房子，单词和短语是砖和瓦，而语法就是房子的框架。所以，要想用英语写好一篇文章，首先要储备一定量的单词和短语，然后运用语法知识，外加一定的写作技能，这样才能根据要求或提示，围绕中心，写出一系列正确的语句，组成一篇比较优美的文章。
综观近年来全国各地的中考英语作文，不难看出，中考英语作文大多分为三大类：
一、看图作文
看图作文旨在考查考生的观察能力，想象能力，思维能力和综合运用语言的能力。作文时，考生首先观察画面，正确分析理解画面所要表达的真正意图，并根据有关提示词语，确定文章的中心，再考虑文章该用什么人称、题材、体裁，甚至所用的时态、句式，最后合理组织语言，写出符合画面内容的问章。
二、模仿作文
模仿作文要求考生根据已给的文字，结合图示或表格的内容并利用提示语，写出一篇与所给文字材料在体裁、格式上相类似的文章。作文时考生要先认真阅读所给文字材料，认真分析图表，弄清写作目标与要求，最后运用自己掌握的语法知识与写作技能，根据所给提示词语，连词成句，组句成篇。
三、提示性作文
提示作文又称情景作文，是命题作文的初级阶段。提示作文是最近几年全国各地中考英语作文的主要类型，它具有题型灵活，内容易受控制，简单易写等特点。提示作文要求考生根据汉语或英语提示，有时还需借助图表，通过联想将图表所示的内容写成一篇中心明确，要点完整，文理清晰，语言流畅的文章。
提示作文是根据提示来写的，文章的中心思想和信息内容都在提示的情节中得到暗示，写这类作文时考生们不必为文章的构思，主题及内容等花费太多的时间，而要把主要的精力集中在重点分析语段结构的组织，语言的表达以及确定文章的开头，结尾和发展段落上面。
因为提示作文是近年来全国各地中考英语作文常考的一种类型，下面简单谈谈它的写作要领，供广大考生们参考。
１．明确中心思想。
由于提示作文一般不给标题，考生们必须善于从所提示的情景中确定中心思想，明确写作意图，并在把握主题内容的基础上，确定文章的题目，主题句，写作方法以及开展段落的方式。
２．保持原汁原味。
在作文过程中考生必须根据提示的范围和要求来写文章。提示的内容是框架，我们应该在提示内容的范围内进行分析、构思、想象和发展段落。
３．具有逻辑性和连续性．
作文时要依据提示情景或词语按照一定的逻辑顺序来写支持句、发展句，段与段之间衔接要自然、连贯，切忌把中文提示的情景逐词逐句地翻译成英语，而应当依据所示的内容与要求，用自己所熟悉的英语词（组）、句型、句式来表达主题思想。
４．语法要准确。
文章应根据所要表达的主题思想来确定句子的时态、语态，力求句型句式的变化，表达方法的灵活，适当地运用简单句、并列句、复合句，避免句式单一呆板，以增强文章的可读性。
中考英语作文不论考查哪种类型，一般来说，要想写成功，得高分都需要特别注意下面的“作文三步曲”。
1）构思
这一步又可分为两小步：
①审题。动笔前，要认真揣摩把握文章的写作意图，确定文章的主题，弄清要选用什么体裁和题材，明确写作要点是什么。另外，还要注意文章的格式与内容，在中考英语作文中，如果所写内容不符合所给的情景即“跑题”，要扣掉分值的一半。
②准备。审题完毕之后，确定了文章的主题与要素，就要正式写了。但在正式写作之前还要确定这篇文章你将按什么逻辑顺序去写，分哪几个语段，每个语段都将写些什么，主题句是什么，最好花几分钟时间用英语简单地列个提纲。除此之外，还要考虑一下每个语段的关键词或词组，用哪些句式以及什么时态，关联词等，经过这样细致入微的准备之后，即可进入正式作文阶段。
2）作文
经过前期的充分准备，要想写出一篇切题、流畅的文章还需要在写作中注意以下几个方面的问题。
①无论考查哪一类型的文章，切记要围绕主题，紧扣要点，充分利用所给提示或其他要求，按照先前的准备去写，不要随意发挥，文章不要超过规定字数。否则，很可能言多必失。文章要求主题鲜明，条理清晰。
②写作时，一定要克服母语思维定势，不能按母语逐词逐句翻译，要用英语进行思维，按英语的语法规则组织语言，否则势必会漏洞百出，语句不通，不伦不类。
③要注意避免使用自己无把握的词句，要用自己最熟悉的词句，不要弄巧成拙。遇到自己一时想不起来的词组或句型要另辟蹊径，寻找自己熟悉的同义或近义词组、句型来代替，这样不仅能有效地节约时间，还能提高得分率。
④注意文中使用的语法知识要正确，句式要有变换，可适当多使用些短句和简单句。语言要流畅，过渡要自然，注意关联词的正确使用，最后还得注意单词拼写要正确，正确使用字母大小写，标点符号，书写要注意工整规范。
3）检查
文章写完之后，最后别忘了检查，如何检查才是最有效的呢？
①检查文章内容是否切题，要点是否齐全，条理是否清晰，格式是否正确，语言是否连贯。
②检查是否有时态、语态、主谓不一致，句子成分缺失，名词的单复数，固定搭配，人称代词的格，形容词或副词的级，复合句中引导词的错用等方面的问题。
③检查有无单词拼写，字母大小写，标点符号等方面的错误。
冰冻长江非一日之寒，只要平时多阅读多练习，并做到持之以恒，始终坚持循序渐进的原则，注意基本功训练，加强遣词造句和组句成篇的能力培养，考试时保持平和心态，作文时按照本文所说的“作文三步曲”去做，相信我们每位考生都能写出切中题意，语言通顺，条理清晰，过渡自然，语法正确的好文章。
四．书面作文范例讲解（安徽省2001年中考题）
A．写作范文一
根据图示，写一篇80词左右的短文。要求故事完整，句子通顺，内容与图片相符。
参考词汇：newspaper(报纸) bird(鸟) nature(自然)
首先，考生要从整体上观察所给的图片，抓住要写内容的梗概。
其次，从具体的每一幅图着手，给每幅图配上一两句话。每幅图所配的句子必须尽可能地全面反映图示内容，要抓住关键点。
然后，用适当的短语、连词将给每幅图所配的句子连接起来，成为一篇短文。
最后，重新观察图片，检查是否有内容遗漏或词法、句式及搭配上的错误并及时订正。这样一篇短文即可完成。
通览全题四幅图，我们可知如下梗概：某人响应报上文章的号召，把自己养的鸟放归大自然。但是当他回家后，却发现他的鸟也跟着飞了回来。
第一幅图：某人在看报，懂得了鸟是人类的朋友，可用词语：read a newspaper，friends
第二幅图：这个人骑车到山里，放了笼里的鸟。可用词语：take the cage，by bike, open, fly
第三幅图：这人拿着空鸟笼回家。可用词语：go home，the empty cage
第四幅图：鸟儿又自己飞回来了。可用词语：come back
最后我们可得到这样一篇短文：
One day my uncle was reading a newspaper and learned that birds were our friends，We should get on well with them．He looked at his nice bird in the cage，and decided to let it fly back home—nature，He took the cage with the bird in it and went to a little hill near his house by bike．He opened the door of the cage，and the bird flew away quickly．When my uncle saw this he felt very happy．He went home with the empty cage．When he got back，he sat in a chair and had a rest．A moment later，to his surprise，he found the bird back in the cage．
B．写作范文二 （安徽省2002 年中考题）
安徽黄山被联合国教科文组织定为世界自然文化遗产。假设外国友人到你校参观后，准备去旅游。请根据以下要点向外国友人简单介绍黄山(the Yellow Mountain)。
1. 位于安徽南部，是中国著名的旅游胜地。每年有大批中外游客前去旅游观光。
2．乘汽车去大约要花3个小时；也可以乘火车或飞机去。
3．登山便可领略其云海(the sea of clouds)、奇松(wondrous pines)、怪石(unique rocks)等 秀丽的风景及清晨美丽的日出。
注意： 1．字数：80词左右。 2．请不要逐字翻译。
这是一篇提示作文。提示作文只要求按照提示表达完整，既不必自由发挥，也不必把提示词语逐个翻译。因此，它既不像汉语考试中命题作文那样要自行立意，又比纯粹的汉译英考题有较大的灵活性。考生可以扬长避短，用自己熟悉的句型、词汇把提示内容表达出来。
就这篇作文来说，我们抓住它主要描述的是安徽的旅游胜地黄山。我们要写清楚位置：in the south of Anhui，游客：Chinese and foreigners，路程：about three hours，特征：the sea of clouds，wondrous pines and unique rocks，the sky in the early morning，famous mountain即可大致表达清楚。在遣词造句时，要多用意译，如旅游胜地：a famous mountain，领略：enjoy，大批：thousands of等等，这样我们可写出这样一篇短文：
The Yellow Mountain is one of the most famous mountains in China. It lies in the south of Anhui. Every year thousands of. Chinese and foreigners pay a visit there. It's not far from here. It takes you about three hours to get there by bus. You can also go there by train or by plane. While you are climbing the mountain, you can enjoy the sea of clouds, wondrous pines and unique rocks around you. In the early morning when the sun rises, the sky looks very beautiful. It's really a nice place to visit.
书面表达题型专项训练
（一）
假如你叫Zhang Ping是某中学的学生，经常收听音乐节目。请你用英语给节目主持人写一封信。信的要点如下：
1．你很喜欢这个节目，特别是英语歌曲；
2．学习很忙，疲劳时，你会打开收音机，听这个节目；
3．从英语歌里你学了很多单词；
4．你最喜欢“Yesterday Once More”这首歌，希望得到歌词（words of the song）。
注意：书信要通顺、连贯；词数70左右，信的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
No．1 Middle School
Hefei
May18,2009
Dear Miss Zhao,
I＇m a middle school student．
Yours sincerely
Zhang Ping
No.1 Middle School
Hefei
May
（二）
下面图是Jack的母亲下班回家后看见的家中的情况。根据图中的内容，写一篇短文。
要求： 1．短文不少于8句话；
2．语句连贯、语法正确；
3．大小写、标点符号正确。
图片语提示：
图2：“王华又要去游戏厅了”；
图3：“你的基础很好，以后不能再贪玩了！”
图4：“我以后不再去游戏厅了，一定要好好学
习，考上重点高中！”
（三）
13．根据提示写一篇80个单词左右的短文。
Look at the table below and make a weather report for the following big cities.
City
Weather
High temperature
Low temperature
Beijing
fine
14
—6
Harbin
cloudy
—9
—20
Taiyuan
cloudy
4
—10
Shanghai
rainy
12
4
Chengdu
rainy
12
6
Guangzhou
sunny
22
12
Good morning!
Here’s __________________________________________________________________________________
（四）
假如你是班长，请根据下面表格内容拟一份口头通知，通知的开头已写出。（词数60—80）
内 容
校长作关于安全（Safety）方面的报告，会后参观安全知识图片展
时 间
6月5日下午4点10分
地 点
学校操场
要 求
带好椅子，按时到会
Boys and girls,
__________________________________________________________________________________________
（五）
假如你叫李明，因患重感冒今明两天不能上学。请你参考下面方框中所给的词语给你的外籍英语教师写一张请假条，说明你这两天不能上学的原因。
not feel well a bad cold stay in bed, can’t go to school, for two days, get well soon
Dear Mr. Green,
I’m sorry to tell you that ---
注意：
1．开头部分已写好，只需接着写。
2．尽量使用方框中所给的词语，也可适当增加一些词语，使所写的短文正确、连贯。
3．词数：60个左右。
（六）
16．根据图示，写一篇60—80个单词的短文。要求故事完整，句子通顺，内容与图片相符。
（七）
假如你是王鹏，你的美国笔友Tom昨天给你来信，告知你他将来大连度假。请你根据所给提示用英语写一封回信。回信须包括以下要点：
1．欢迎来大连；
2．恰好你也有一个月的假期；
3．在大连可以游泳、钓鱼、爬山、游览城市；
4．吃各种海鲜(seafood)；
5．互相学习语言；
6．请对方电话告知到达的时间、航班号；
7．去机场(airport)迎接。
要求：1．词数80左右。 2．不要逐条翻译。
（八）
在学习英语的过程中遇到困难是在所难免的，请根据您的学习情况填好调查表，并根据填表的内容给《英语辅导报》的编辑写一封信（作者姓名和书信格式已给出），请求他给予帮助，词数60—80词。
注意：信的主要内容应该包括：
1．你目前英语学习的现状是怎样的？2、在英语学习过程中你遇到了什么困难？3、这些困难对你有什么影响？4、请编辑带你出主意解决这些困难。
Dear Dditor, June 29, 2005
___________________________________________________________________________________________
（九）
目前，初三同学们的学习很紧张，有些同学不得不放弃了很多自己喜爱的活动，有的同学为此感到很苦恼，阅读下面的e-mail，根据Ran的问题，请给他提出建议，如何面对这种烦恼，调整好自己的生活。（60字左右）。
Dear friend,
I have a problem, I really need your help. The problem is that I love basketball. I used to spend a lot of time playing basketball. But now it becomes more and more difficult since I am in Grade Three. Both my teachers and parents don’t allow me to play basketball. They said it was bad for mystudy. It’s probably true. However, I think I should be allowed to do the things that I’m interested in. I’m very upset and don’t know what to do. You always come up with good solutions to people’s problems. Can you help me?
Yours
Ran
Dear Ran,
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours
Tom
（十）
最后一次班级活动
时间
内容
8：00~9：00
1.谈谈“长大后你想做什么？”2.谈谈如何过暑假
9：00~10：10
1.唱歌，跳舞 2.表演短剧 3.其他
10：10~11：00
1.打扫教室 2.修理桌椅 3.其他
11：00~11：30
1.拍照 2.互留电话号码、地址 3.其他
你班班委会决定于6月18日上午举行初三离校前的最后一次班级活动。假如你是班长，请你根据表格中的活动内容，用英语写一篇短文，向你班外籍老师汇报这次活动的安排。短文的开头和结尾已给出。
Questions Yes No
1. Are you interested in English? ( )( )
2. Are you afraid of making mistakes? ( )( )
3. Can you understand teacher’s spoken English? ( )( )
4. Do you have any chances to speak to others in English? ( )( )
5. Are you good at reading in English? ( )( )
6. Do you often keep a diary in English? ( )( )
7. Is it easy to remember English words? ( )( )
8. Do you have any good ways to improve your English? ( )( )
说明：
（1）请自行设计表格中“其他”一项内容，所设计的内容必须具体、合理；
（2）要求语言连贯，条理清楚；
（3）词数70个左右（不包括已给出的短文开头和结尾）。
Our class is going to have a farewell party on the morning of June 18, _________________________________
安徽省历年英语中考作文题
安徽省2001年英语中考作文题
根据图示，写一篇80词左右的短文。要求故事完整，句子通顺，内容与图片相符。
参考词汇：newspaper(报纸) bird(鸟) nature(自然)
安徽省2002年英语中考作文题
安徽黄山被联合国教科文组织定为世界自然文化遗产。假设外国友人到你校参观后，准备去旅游。请根据以下要点向外国友人简单介绍黄山(the Yellow Mountain)。
1. 位于安徽南部，是中国著名的旅游胜地。每年有大批中外游客前去旅游观光。
2．乘汽车去大约要花3个小时；也可以乘火车或飞机去。
3．登山便可领略其云海(the sea of clouds)、奇松(wondrous pines)、怪石(unique rocks)等 秀丽的风景及清晨美丽的日出。
注意： 1．字数：80词左右。 2．请不要逐字翻译。
安徽省2003年英语中考作文题
为了提高英语口语表达能力，假定你你班明天下午将召开一次以“Keep Our School Clean”为主题的班会，请根据以下要点用英语写一篇简短的发言稿。
要点：1、不随地吐痰，不乱扔垃圾；2、不在墙上乱涂乱画；3、坚持每天认真打扫室内外卫生；
注意：1、词数80左右；2、请不要逐字翻译；3、发言稿的开头和结尾已为你写好（不计入总词数）。
Good afternoon, everyone!
___________________________________________________________________________________________
That’s all. Thank you!
安徽省2004年英语中考作文题
假如你叫李平，参加了学校开展的“有烦恼向谁说”的调查活动，调查结果如图所示。请用英语给校报编辑写一封信，内容包括：调查结果（不局限于分数表述）、理由及自己的想法。
要求：1.语句通顺，合乎逻辑。
2.字数80-100词（信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数）。
提示词：survey 调查 trust 信任。
-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-
June 26th，2004
Dear Editor,
I am a student in Grade Three. We have made a survey—“To whom you go when in trouble”. Here are the result.________________________________
Yours Sincerely,
Li Ping
安徽省2005年英语中考作文题
假设你叫王萍，是某电视台英语频道“School English”栏目的忠实观众。请根据下列信息给该栏目的主持人Cathy写一封英文信，并表达你对这个栏目的良好祝愿。
优点
内容丰富（有故事、游戏、英文歌曲等），有利于提高英语水平（词汇量、听说能力）；能了解更多的外国文化
不足
语速有点快；每周只播出两次
要求：
1. 语句通顺，合乎逻辑。
2. 字数80~100词（信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数）。
June 26th, 2005
Dear Cathy,
I like your program very much.
Yours Sincerely,
Wang Ping
安徽省2006年英语中考作文题
假定你是张俊，你的英国笔友David来信询问你的周末生活，请按以下要点给他回封信。
你通常是如何度周末的?
你是否满意自己的周末生活?若不满意,你希望如何过?
注意：1、 词数:80左右.
2、 信的开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数.
Dear David,
I’m very glad to have received your letter. You asked me about my life on weekends. Now I’ll tell you something about it. ____________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Zhang Jun
安徽省2007年英语中考作文题
假如你叫李华，你的朋友田甜将去英国。请你将她的基本情况介绍给你英国的朋友Rita, 希望她们能成为朋友，并希望Rita 能够去机场接她。请根据以下要点给Rita写一封信。
提示：
1、 介绍田甜的年龄、外貌、性格以及爱好。
2、 田甜将去英国George Spencer School学习一年，并将乘飞机于8月1日下午4点到达伦敦希斯罗机场(Heathrow Airport)。
注意：1、 词数80左右。
2、 信的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
June 26th, 2007
Dear Rita,
How is everything going? I’d like to introduce my best friend, Tian Tian, to you. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Will you please be kind enough to meet her at the airport? Many thanks.
Best wishes.
Yours,
Li Hua
安徽省2008年英语中考作文题
一个美国中学生代表团将到你校交流学习,并与你校学生座谈。请根据表格中的内容写一个发言稿，介绍你校学生开展小组合作学习和自主学习的情况。
小组合作学习
自主学习
互相帮助
学会倾听
与他人合作
发表个人见解
------
制订学习计划
合理安排时间
独立思考
做学习的主人
---------
注意：1、字数100左右；2、可适当发挥，加入自己的观点；3、发言稿的开头和结尾已为你写好，但不计入总词数。
参考词汇：study in groups, work together, make good use of time
Dear friends,
Welcome to our school
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Thanks for listening!
安徽省历年英语中考作文参考范文
安徽省2001年英语中考作文参考范文
One day my uncle was reading a newspaper and learned that birds were our friends，We should get on well with them．He looked at his nice bird in the cage，and decided to let it fly back home—nature，He took the cage with the bird in it and went to a little hill near his house by bike．He opened the door of the cage，and the bird flew away quickly．When my uncle saw this he felt very happy．He went home with the empty cage．When he got back，he sat in a chair and had a rest．A moment later，to his surprise，he found the bird back in the cage．
安徽省2002年英语中考作文参考范文
The Yellow Mountain is one of the most famous mountains in China. It lies in the south of Anhui. Every year thousands of. Chinese and foreigners pay a visit there. It's not far from here. It takes you about three hours to get there by bus. You can also go there by train or by plane. While you are climbing the mountain, you can enjoy the sea of clouds, wondrous pines and unique rocks around you. In the early morning when the sun rises, the sky looks very beautiful. It's really a nice place to visit.
安徽省2003年英语中考作文参考范文
Good afternoon, everyone!
We are studying in this school. It’s our duty to keep it clean and tidy. It’s not good to spit in public places, such as in the library, in the classroom. We should neither draw pictures on the walls nor throw any litter onto the ground. I think we must make it a rule to do some cleaning every day. If everyone tries his best to do something useful for our school. I’m sure our school will be more beautiful. That’s all. Thank you!
安徽省2004年英语中考作文参考范文
June 26th,2004
Dear Editor,
I am a student in Grade Three. We have made a survey—“To whom you go when in trouble ”. Here are the results. Most of the students will go to their classmates or friends in trouble because they’re almost of the same age, they can talk with, communicate with and understand each other easily. Some students will tell their teachers or parents about their troubles as the teachers and parents have rich experience and love them very much. They can be trusted by these students solve their problems all by themselves. They hate to talk with others and can’t get on well with others.They have few friends.
In my opinion, when in trouble we’d better ask our teachers, parents, friends or classmates for help.
Yours Sincerely,
Li Ping
安徽省2005年英语中考作文参考范文
Dear Cathy,
I like your program very much. It has a lot of interesting stories, attractive games and popular English songs. From your program we can learn many new words and expressions. We can improve our listening and speaking in English. We can also know more about the culture of other countries in the world. In a word, we learn a lot from your program.
I’m sorry to tell you that I can’t follow you easily sometimes because you speak a little bit fast. It’s also a pity that we can only watch your program twice a week.
Thank you for giving us a lot of fun! I wish your program a bright future!
Yours Sincerely,
Wang Ping
安徽省2006年英语中考作文参考范文
Dear David,
I’m very glad to have received your letter. You asked me about my life on weekends. Now I’ll tell you something about it.
As a middle school student, I spent most of the time doing my homework at home. After that, I can watch TV with my family for one or two hours. Sometimes I do some sports with my friends. I know the students in England have more free time than us Chinese students. How lucky you are! I really hope that we are given less homework so that we can have more free time to do what we like on weekends.
Yours,
Zhang Jun
安徽省2007年英语中考作文参考范文
Dear Rita,
How is everything going? I’d like to introduce my best friend, Tian Tian, to you. She is 16 years old. She is a lovely girl with a round face and big eyes. She is very kind and easy to get along with. She likes reading and music, and she is especially good at playing the piano. Her favourite subjects are physics and chemistry.
Now she is going to George Spencer School in England to study for one year. I hope you can be good friends. She is arriving at Heathrow Airport at 4 pm on Aug. 1st.
Will you please be kind enough to meet her at the airport? Many thanks.
Best wishes.
Yours,
Li Hua
安徽省2008年英语中考作文参考范文
Dear friends,
Welcome to our school. I would like to talk about two ways of study in our school. The first way is to study in groups. When we study in groups, we can help each other. We can learn to listen to others and how to work together. Also, everyone can have chances to express his own idears. The other way we like is to study by ourselves. We can make our own plans for study and learn to make good use of time. We can also learn to think by ourselves. And the most important thing is that we can be the master of our own study.
安徽省2009年中考英语作文预测题
（一）
如今，在我们身边，父母均在外打工的留守儿童比比皆是。关注留守儿童，事构建和谐社会的重要内容。关注留守儿童，要靠全社会的共同努力。你认为留守儿童面临的主要问题有那些？为了解决留守儿童的问题，请你向当地政府提建议
提示：1.缺乏父母的关爱，性格孤僻，学习压力大、自卑。
2.缺乏安全保障（家庭关心不够，容易犯错误甚至犯罪）。
建议：1.学校建立留守儿童心里咨询室，老师应该把爱播撒到每一个留守儿童的心田。
2.政府利用节假日建立留守儿童家长学校。
3.社会各界开展与留守儿童一帮一结对子的活动。
4.父母尽可能回到孩子身边，给孩子生活上和学习上的帮助和关爱。
提示：留守儿童left-behind children
（二）
根据汉语提示，写出意思连贯、符合逻辑、不少于80词的短文。
假设你叫张涛，昨天收到了笔友David的e-mail，得知他不久要到合肥来学习中文。他想了解如何学好中文。请你用英文给他回复一封e-mail，介绍学习中文的体会和方法，提出你的建议，以及表达你帮助他学好中文的愿望。
（三）
请你根据下面的提纲，以“我的家乡”为题，写一篇100—120字的短文。
提纲： (1) 家乡的地理位置； (2) 解放前的情况； (3) 解放后的变化； (4) 对家乡的感情。
（四）
健康对于我们每个人来说是非常重要的，但你的父母天天忙于工作而忽略了这个问题，你很为他们担忧。请你以此为话题，并结合提示给他们写一封信。
提示：1、要走路去上班，而不是开车或坐车； 2、每周至少去体育馆锻炼一次，或打球、或游泳；
3、饮食要健康； 4、不要工作太晚，要早休息。
要求：1、短文结构完整，意思连贯，语言流畅，语法准确，符合逻辑； 2、80—100词左右； 3、开头和结尾部分已给出，不计入总词数。
（五）
随着阳光体育运动在全国开展，政府对中学生身体素质有所下降这个问题给予了高度重视，提出了这样的标语：“EXERCISE ONE HOUR A DAY, KEEP ILLNESS AWAY”。同学们参加了各种体育锻炼之后，校园里出现了可喜的变化，强身健体，增强了学习效果，校园生活丰富了。请你报道一下学校开展这一活动的情况。
注意：1. 词数80—100左右。 2. 要求文章结构合理、内容通顺、句子连贯。
参考词汇：build up one’s body strength 强健身体；reduce diseases 减少疾病
（六）
根据下面的提示，以“Talking about Having Sports”为题编写一段对话（字数：80－100）。
提示：Susan每天下午参加体育活动。她喜欢游泳，每星期游泳一次。David在中学时代也常游泳，但现在没有时间，人也开始发胖了。Susan邀请David当天下午一起去游泳，并约定下午三点在游泳池见面。
参考范文：
（七）
黄山是中国著名的游览胜地，每天有大量的游客，在过去，他们很不注意环境保护，到处扔各种垃圾，有些人还砍树，摘花和打鸟，甚至还有些人砍树生火做饭，这是多么的危险。现在，黄山旅游区发生了巨大的变化，人们都从各方面行动起来来保护这里的环境。
请你根据下面提供的信息写一篇报道，说明现在的游客在环境保护方面的变化。
写作要求： 1、词数在100左右；2、条理清楚，语句通顺；3、开头已写好，但不计入总词数；
2009年中考英语作文预测参考范文
（一）
Dear Mayor，
I'm a middle school student. I'm writing to tell you something around us. Nowadays, there are many left-behind children whose parents work away from their hometowns. Most of them are from the countryside, you know, they have many problems. They are always lonely and stressed out because they are short of their parents' love. At the same time, they are easy to make mistakes even do some thing against the laws, because they're short of their families' care.
How to solve their problems? In my eyes, the government can set up a parents school for these children on holidays; you can organize" hand-in-hand" activity to call on more people to help them. You can also raise money to donate to these children. As the song says: "If everyone gives their love, the world will be better." It's very important for us to pay more attention to these children if we want to build a harmonious society.
Best wishes to you!
Sincerely,
LiuHua
（二）
Dear David,
I'm glad you'll come to Hefei to learn Chinese. Chinese is very useful, and many foreigners are learning it now. It's difficult for you because it's quite different from English. You have to remember as many Chinese words as possible. It's also important to do some reading and writing. You can watch TV and listen to the radio to practice your listening. Do your best to talk with people in Chinese. You can learn Chinese not only from books but also from people around you. If you have any questions, please ask me. I'm sure you'll learn Chinese well.
Hope to see you soon in Hefei.
Yours,
Zhang Tao
（三）
My Hometown
My hometown is a beautiful place. It stands beside a wide river and it is rich in fish and rice.
But in the old days it was a poor and backward little town. Many people had no work. They lived a hard life. In 1949 my hometown was liberated. Since then great changes have taken place there. The streets have been widened. Factories, schools, hospitals, cinemas and theatres have sprung up one after another. The life of the people is greatly improved.
I love my hometown. All the more I love its people. They are working hard so as to make it still richer and more beautiful.
（四）
（1）
Dear Dad(Mum),
You’re so busy every day that you don’t pay much attention to your health. I’m worried about your health all the time. I’d like to give you some suggestions. I hear walking is the best sport. Your company isn’t far from home, is it? Why not walk to the office? You’d better take exercise at least once a week, such as playing tennis in the gym. Going to swim is also a nice choice, too. What’s more, it’s necessary to have healthy food. Try not to stay up too late. Having enough sleep can help your brain work better.
Dad, please accept my advice. I really wish you healthy!
Your loving son (daughter)
Tom (Mary)
(2)
Dear Dad(Mum),
You’re so busy every day that you don’t pay much attention to your health. I am worried about you. I hope you can keep healthy. You often drive to your office. It is not far. What about walking there because it can make you much stronger? I’d like you to play basketball or go swimming in the gym at least once a week. It is important to eat healthy food such as vegetables, meat, eggs and fruits. Though your work is hard, I still hope that you can go to bed early so that you can get enough sleep.
I’m looking forward to receiving your letter.
Your loving son (daughter)
Tom (Mary)
（五）
(1)
As the Sunny Sports is developing in our country, the government has paid attention to the health of the students and raised, "EXERCISE ONE HOUR A DAY, KEEP ILLNESS AWAY". So far our school life has changed a lot. Now we have more time to do sport in the morning or after school. We play football, basketball, badminton and swim. They let our brains relax and make our school life more colorful. We have become more energetic. Above all our study has all been improved.
Let’s take exercise every day. It can build up our body strength and reduce diseases.
(2)
Doing sport builds up our body strength and reduces diseases.
Though we lead a better life, our health is becoming worse now. So "EXERCISE ONE HOUR A DAY，KEEP ILLNESS AWAY" has been raised by the government.
At noon or after school we play ball games, swimming and running. Look! The playground seems smaller because lots of students are playing on it. The school life has become colorful and we are energetic. As a result we study harder and better.
The Sunny Sports has brought an exciting change to us. Let’s keep on doing it.
（六）
Talking about Having Sports
David： Susan, you like sports, don’t you?
Susan： Yes. I have sports every afternoon.
David： Do you often go swimming?
Susan： Yes, I go swimming once a week.
David： I used to swim at middle school, but I don’t have time any more.
Susan： That’s too bad! Exercise is very important.
David： I know. I am getting fat, you see. Anyway, I don’t want to be heavy.
Susan： Well, I’m going to swim this afternoon. Do you want to go with me?
David： OK! I really need more exercises. When and where shall we meet?
Susan： How about three o’clock, at the swimming-pool?
David： All right. Good-bye!
Susan： Good-bye!
（七）
Yellow Mountain is a famous place of interest. Every day a lot of tourists come here to enjoy its beauty. But a few years ago, some of them paid no attention to protecting the environment. They threw their rubbish, such as plastic bags, fruit skins and waste paper on the ground. Sometimes they broke trees, picked flowers and killed birds. Some even made fires in the woods to cook food. How dangerous it was! Luckily, great changes have taken place here. Tourists are used to putting their rubbish into dustbins and they are doing their best to protect the birds and plants as well. They bring their own meals instead of cooking to prevent starting a forest fire in the mountains. All these changes make us very happy.
2009英语中考作文焦点——环保话题
1、关于环境保护（水资源节约）的话题
Our environment is very important for our lives. We need the fresh air, the clean water and so on. In the past, there were many trees around us, the air was fresh and the river was clean. But now, people cut down many trees and air pollution, water pollution is very serious. The environment around us becomes very terrible. We should protect our environment. First, we should plant many trees to keep water. Second, we can ride a bike or walk to the school and work. Third, we shouldn’t throw the dirty water into the river . Fourth, we shouldn’t use the plastic bags. Finally, we can ask more people to join.
Let’s protect our environment!
2、保护我们的城市(Saving Our City)
It is very important to deal with the rubbish in cities. Rubbish must be thrown away or reused properly. Or it may cause a lot of problems. It may pollute the air and water. People may get ill when they breathe the polluted air or drink the polluted water.
Our city has started to face the problem. Some rubbish is sorted and sent to a certain place .Waste gas is cleaned before it goes into the air. Waste water is also cleaned before it is poured into rivers.
People should be prevented from throwing rubbish everywhere. We should try our best to take care of our environment and fight against pollution.
3、保卫地球(Saving the Earth)
As time goes by, man is making the earth sick. People cut down too many trees and leave rubbish everywhere. Factories let out their waste without doing anything to it. This has caused some serious problems. Such as the land is sandy, the river is dirty, the air is less clean, even the temperature of the earth is rising. What should we do to save the earth? My suggestion is that we should plant more trees, put rubbish into dustbins and stop factories pouring waste directly into the air or rivers. In all, we have only one earth, we should do our best to protect it, or we will regret.
4、如何保护环境(How to Protect the Environment)
Good environment can make people feel happy and fit. To improve the environment means to improve our life. We should plant more trees and flowers around us. We shouldn’t cut them down. We should stop factories from pouring waste water into the river and waste gas into the air. Whenever we see litter on the ground, we should pick it up and throw it into dustbins. Never spit in public. Don’t draw on public walls. It’s our duty to protect the environment.
5、关于环境保护的话题
Our environment is very important for our lives. We need the fresh air, the clean water and so on. In the past, there were many trees around us, the air was fresh and the river was clean. But now, people cut down many trees. Air pollution and water pollution are very serious. The environment around us becomes very terrible. We should protect our environment. First, we should plant many trees to keep water. Second, we can ride a bike or walk to the school and work. Third, we shouldn’t throw the dirty water into the river. Fourth, we should make a law to stop people destroying the environment.
书面表达题型专项训练参考作文
（一）
No. 1 Middle School
Hefei
May 18, 2009-5-22
Dear Miss Zhao
I’m a middle school student. I like the program which you host very much. Especially the program English Songs. Every day I have a lot of homework to do, so I’m often busy. When I’m tired, I always turn on the radio and listen to the program. While I am listening those beautiful songs, I can not only relax myself well, but also I can learn a lot of new words from these English songs. With it’s help I can improve my speaking and listening as well. My favourite song is Yesterday Once More. Could you send the words of the song to me, please? I hope to hear form you soon.
Best wishes to you!
Yours sincerely
Zhang Ping
(二)
Wang Hua used to be a top student at a famous middle school in his town. He worked hard and he could often got good marks in test. However, from last term, he often went to play games and lost interest in learning. This lasted for a long time. One day, he failed to pass an important exam. He felt very sorry to his parents but he didn’t know what to do next. Then he had a talk with his headteacher. The teacher said “You still be able to catch up with ours if you work hard again, but you shouldn’t lose yourself in playing games any more.” “I won’t go to play games and I will try my best to learn well.” Wang Hua said in an exciting voice. Then, Wang Hua worked very hard. He usually did his homework late at night and read English early in the morning. Today, he will have a final exam and his is of great confidence to get a good result.
(三)
Good morning!
Here’s the city weather report.
Beijing will be fine. The high temperature will be 14 degrees and the low temperature will be 6 degrees below zero. You can have a picnic or go hiking. Harbin and Taiyuan will be cloudy. Harbin’s high temperature will be 9 degrees below zero and the low temperature will be 20 degrees below zero. Taiyuan’s temperature will be 4 degrees and 10 degrees below zero. Shanghai and Chengdu will be rainy. Don’t forget to take an umbrella with you if you have to go out. Guangzhou will be sunny. The temperature will be comfortable. It’s the best city to visit during this season.
Keep yourselves warm and healthy. Wish you good luck.
(四)
Boys and girls,
Pay attention, please! On the afternoon of June 5, there will be some activities. The headmaster is going to give us a talk on safety. After it, we will visit the picture show about the knowledge of safety. Everyone must be present at 4:10 p.m. on the school playground. We each need to take a chair with us. What’s more, be on time!
That’s all. Wish you a good time!
(五)
Dear Mr. Green,
I’m sorry to tell you that I’m not feeling well these days because I have caught a bad cold, and I also have a headache. Yesterday my mother took to see the doctor. The doctor told me that I would have to stay in bed for two days. Today I can’t go to school, so I ask for two days off. I think I will get fine soon. I will come back to school the day after tomorrow.
Thank you!
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
(六)
One day, on Mr Smith's way home, he saw a thief carrying a TV set and going hurriedly along the street. He didn't stop the thief but pulled down his hat and pretended not to see him.
A moment later, a policeman stopped Mr Smith, and asked if he had seen a thief. Mr Smith answered that he hadn't. But the policeman soon caught the thief with the help of others.
When he got home, Mr Smith was surprised to see that the thief had stolen his TV set and everything in his room was out of order.
(七)
Dear Torn,
I received your letter yesterday. I' m very glad to know that you' 11 come to Dalian. I' m just going to have a one-month holiday after the exam. We can spend our holidays together. We can go swimming, go fishing, climb the hills and enjoy many kinds of delicious seafood. We can also visit our beautiful city and I hope you' 11 love her. At the same time we may learn languages from each other. By the way, please call me and let me know about your flight number and the time as soon as you get the ticket. I'll meet you at the airport.
I'm sure we'll have a good time together.
Best wishes to your family!
Yours,
Wang Peng
(八)
Dear editor,
I am trouble in learning English, and I’m writing to tell you my problems.
I’m interested in English. It’s easy for me to read articles written in English. And I also have such a good memory that I can remember English words without any difficulties. However, I’m afraid of making mistakes because I think others will laugh at me. I can understand teacher’s poken English, but I don’t have any chances to speak to others in English. As a result, I’m very weak in speaking. I seldom keep a diary in English because think it’s unnecessary. I don’t have any ways to improve my English. Can you offer me some suggestions? Please write to me.
Best wishes to you!
Yours sincerely
Ben
(九)
Dear Ran,
It’s not strange to see what you have met. Don’t worry. In Grade Three, what you need to do is to achieve a balance between your hobbies and your subjects. Here are some suggestions.
First of all, have a talk with your parents and teachers, tell them you need to relax yourself and tell them the importantce of exercise. Then, work hard to make your parents believe you can do well in the exams. Last, remember to come home before it is dark.
That’s all, I hope they can help you. Wish you a success!
Yours
Tom
(十)
Our class is going to have a farewell party on the morning of June 18. Here is the arrangement. From 8:00 to 9:00, it’s time for talking. We will talk about our dreams about what we want to be in the future and discuss how to spend the coming summer holidays. From 9:00 to 10:00, it’s time for entertainment. We will divide the class into four groups. One group will sing, another will dance and the other two will put on a short play or give a talk. Of course if someone doesn’t like any of the activities above, he or she can choose the activity what they like. From 10:00 to 11:00, it is time for cleaning, we will work together to clean the classroom and mend the chairs and desks. We will check the windows and doors as well. From 11:00 to 11:30, the farewell party will be over. We will take photos, exchange telephone numbers and addresses with each other.
At the end of the party, we will send flowers to our teachers. What’s more, I hope you and other teachers will attend the party.
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