专题06 阅读理解细节理解题（冲关秘笈）-备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈 13页

备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈 专题06 阅读理解细节理解题 在历年高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查同往年一样，依然占了较大的比例，全国及各省、市均有对此题型的考查，无一例外。‎ 细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。‎ 常见的命题方式通常有：‎ ‎1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；‎ ‎2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT，近年这种题型较少；‎ ‎3. 以According to… 开头提问方式；‎ ‎4. 以填空题的形式，如：‎ ‎（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised________. ‎ ‎（2）By the first sentence of the passage author means that________.‎ ‎（3）It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on________.‎ ‎（4）If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit________. ‎ ‎（5）The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that________ . ‎ ‎（6）The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to________.‎ ‎5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。‎ 做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法．先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句．仔细品味，对照比较．确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法．将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。‎ 了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。‎ 有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断．此类试题在高考中占大多数。‎ 值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。‎ 细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：‎ 题型一 描写类细节题 描写类细节题，常常考察考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。‎ ‎【典例1】‎ ‎（2017·江苏卷，B）Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教), birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in ‎ The Auk: Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world. ‎ This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular ＂feed me!＂ call.‎ To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.‎ It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies’ begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.‎ This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. ＂As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?＂ Kleindorfer asks. ＂Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.＂‎ ‎59. What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on?‎ ‎ A. Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.‎ ‎ B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.‎ ‎ C. The data collected from Queensland’s locals.‎ ‎ D. Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.‎ ‎60. Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ____________.‎ ‎ A. can receive quality signals B. are in need of training ‎ C. fit the environment better D. make the loudest call ‎【文章大意】文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣叫是为了教会以后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领，从而挑选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。‎ ‎59.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird.＂可知，研究人员并未在全澳洲范围展开调查，排除B项；未对其它鸟类进行记录研究，排除D项。根据倒数第三段中的＂A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.＂可知，A项正确。‎ 题型二 信息寻找题、广告阅读题 信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。‎ 广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。‎ ‎（1）补全成分法 省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根据文义，可将该句补充为：A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司机)。‎ ‎（2）联想推测法 在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。‎ 为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：‎ Tel. =telephone number ‎ Ph. =phone Add (r). =address ‎ co. =company Ltd=Limited Max=maximum Min=minimum hr=hour t=time fig=figure ft=foot ‎ ml=mile doz=dozen Mt=Mountain P=page prof. =professor Dr. =doctor s=south n=north ‎ w=west Sta=Station ‎ pop=popular vs=versus Xmas=Christmas info=information ‎ VIP=very important persons hrs=hours aft=after ad=advertisement ‎ p/t=part time exp=experienced ‎ PC=personal computer MA=Master of Arts BS degree=bachelor's degree (学士学位)‎ ‎【典例2】‎ ‎(2017·新课标全国卷I，A)‎ Pacific Science Center Guide ‎◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s Store Don’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.‎ ‎◆Hungry?‎ ‎ Our exhibits will feed your mind, but what about your body? Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour Pacific Science Center closes.‎ ‎◆Rental Information Lockers are available to store any belongs during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required.‎ ‎◆Support Pacific Science Center ‎ Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without ‎ generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.‎ ‎21. Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?‎ A. In Building 1.‎ B. In Building 3.‎ C. At the Laser Dome.‎ D. At the Denny Way entrance.‎ ‎22. What does Pacific Science Center do for schools?‎ A. Train science teachers.‎ B. Distribute science books.‎ C. Inspire scientific research.‎ D. Take science to the classroom.‎ ‎【文章大意】本文主要从购物点、就餐点、租借服务三方面介绍了Pacific Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center为人们做的贡献，呼吁人们的支持。‎ ‎22.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中的Today Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State可知现在Pacific Science Center每年向130多万人提供服务，并开始把科学教育带到教室。故选D。‎ 题型三 数据计算题 此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。‎ ‎【典例3】‎ A Summer Horse Camp in Montana and Wyoming for Teen Girls Dates: June 23 — July 5, 2017 ‎ Ages: 14—16 (grades 8, 9 & 10) ‎ Tuition: $ 2,955 (not including airfare) ‎ Start: Bozeman, Montana ‎ End:  Jackson, Wyoming Traversing(横越) the Continental Divide, this camp takes place on the borders of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, where girls will go whitewater rafting, scenic river floating, hot spring soaking, and will tour both Yellowstone and Teton National Parks.‎ Girls who participate in this adventure will gain knowledge and appreciation with each turn, becoming keepers of the land, and being introduced to skills necessary to work with pack animals in the wilderness. All of this adventure and learning takes place in a fun, non-competitive atmosphere, which will make this an adventure to remember.‎ Trip Campsites & Facilities ‎ Eight nights are spent in tents in public ＂frontcountry＂ campgrounds where we have pre-assigned campsites with neighbors and campground hosts nearby, running drinkable water, and private outhouses(屋外厕所)or flushing toilets(抽水马桶).‎ Four nights are spent in tents in＂backcountry＂wilderness areas where we will purify our water before drinking and learn and practice basic Leave No Trace camping skills such as how to select a campsite, how to go to the bathroom, and how to keep clean outdoors. All backcountry ‎ campsites in this travel plan have an outhouse available to us.‎ Why Choose This Trip Girls who love horses but also want to go rafting, stand up paddle boarding, and explore Yellowstone Country will automatically love this camp. From rivers, to lakes, to mountains, Yellowstone Horseback Adventure camp will give girls a variety of outdoor settings in which they can fall in love with the natural world!‎ ‎1. How long will the camp last? ‎ A. 8 days. B. 10 days. C. 12 days. D. 13 days. ‎ ‎【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文。一个适合女孩参加的骑马夏令营及相关事宜。‎ ‎1.D【解析】根据文章开篇部分中的＂Dates: June 23 — July 5, 2017＂可知，夏令营将持续13天。故选D。‎ 题型四 排序题 这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。‎ 做此类题目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小选择范围，从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。从近几年高考试题来看，这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中。‎ 题型五 图文转换题 此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。‎ ‎【典例4】‎ The Home of My People When Lewis and Clark stepped onto the Weippe Prairie in present-day Idaho in September 1808, they met the Nez Perce Indians. In the following years, the white explorers（探险者）began to fight with the Indians for their land. Some Nez Perce chiefs signed agreements with the U.S. government, selling part of their lands. But the government always broke those agreements and demanded more land. ‎ Other chiefs refused to go along with the government’s plans. The most famous was Chief Joseph, whose people lived in the Wallowa Valley（present-day Oregon）. ‎ ‎“In order to have all people understand how much land we owned, ”he once explained, “my father planted poles around it and said: ‘Inside is the home of my people…It circled around the graves（坟墓）of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man. ’”‎ But in 1874, the U.S. government declared the valley open for white settlement and ordered the Nez Perce onto a reservation（保留地）. Seeing that resistance was useless, Chief Joseph agreed to move. ‎ Later, fighting broke out between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers. Chief Joseph tried to lead his people to Canada, winning several battles against the soldiers during their flight. But finally, he was forced to give in. ‎ ‎1. Which historic site （on the map）lies in the south of today’s Nez Perce Reservation? ‎ A. Buffalo Eddy. B. Dug Bar. ‎ C. Joseph Canyon Viewpoint. D. Chief Looking Glass Camp. ‎ ‎2. What can we learn about the Nez Perce lands from the map? ‎ A. They were in the state of Oregon. ‎ B. They have become a historic site. ‎ C. They have become much smaller. ‎ D. They were limited to the Wallowa Valley.‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎1.D 此题考查学生的图示理解能力。首先要找到并标出现在Nez Perce Reservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的历史景点。可以看到 Chief Looking Glass camp位于Nez Perce Reservation的南部。‎ ‎2.C 从地图中我们可以看到， Nez Perce原先所拥有的土地比现在Nez Perce保留区的位置大多了。‎ ‎6．代词指代题解题技能 代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。‎ ‎【典例5】‎ ‎（2016·新课标卷III））On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Slide cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table.‎ ‎ ＂Hey, aren’t you from Mississippi?＂ the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. ＂I’m from Mississippi too.＂‎ ‎ Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.‎ ‎ ＂They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,＂ Welty said. ＂I didn’t know what my New York friends were thinking.＂‎ ‎ Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚).‎ ‎ ＂My friends said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’＂ Welty added. ＂And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’＂‎ Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.‎ ‎＂I don’t make them up,＂ she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. ＂I don’t have to.＂‎ Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story.‎ ‎26. The underlined word ＂them＂ in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s _______.‎ A. readers B. parties C. friends D. stories ‎【文章大意】文章介绍了一位女作家请纽约的朋友吃饭时发生的故事。Welty是一位年纪比较大的作家，她来自密西西比。Welty的作品都是来自于现实的生活。‎ 1、 ‎ ‎