九年级仁爱英语中考复习 64页

九年级英语复习教案 ‎ ‎ 一．考点透视知识与能力要求 重难点问题：归纳中考热点分析预测应试策略 二．知识讲解名词代词冠词数词形容词、副词介词 三．典型例题 四．强化训练及答案 一．考点透视【知识与能力要求】‎ ‎1．掌握所学单词的形态变化。‎ ‎2．掌握简单句的五种基本句型，四笔头练习基本正确。‎ ‎3．能理解不复杂的、含有状语从句或宾语从句的复合句。‎ ‎4．掌握动词的五种基本时态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时）的基本用法。‎ ‎5．能理解并初步掌握过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时的基本用法。‎ ‎6．掌握一般现在时（包括含有情态动词的一般现在时）、一般过去时的被动语态的基本用法。‎ ‎7．掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语和状语的用法（作主语和定语的用法只要求理解）。‎ ‎【重难点问题归纳】语法知识是在掌握一定量的单词和短语的基础上才能获得的。因此，单词的形态变化和简单句的五种基本句型是语法学习的基础之基础。五种基本时态和含有不复杂的状语从句及宾语从句的复合句是初中毕业班学生学习的重点也是语法学习的难点。五种基本时态中的一般过去时和现在完成时的基本用法及其区别是学习的难点。状语从句中的时态问题，宾语从句中的主语和谓语的语序问题是学生感到头痛的问题。被动语态是中国学生最不喜欢学习和使用的一种语态。因此，学生在学习时，时常感觉到很困难。动词不定式是初中英语语法中的一个重点。不定式在句中作宾语、宾语补足语和状语等用法均要求掌握，特别是一些动词，有些后面要求跟不定式作宾语，有些则要求跟动词一ing形式作宾语。总之，语法部分是英语学习的重点和难点。语法知识掌握得好，将大大加快英语学习的进程。‎ ‎【中考热点分析预测】语法部分历年来是中考的必考内容。考试的范围广，涉及单词词形变化、基本句子结构、五种基本时态搬动语态、不定式用法以及状语从句、宾语从句，等等。近年来，在教学改革方面加大了对听说教学的力度，初中段以培养学生的交际能力为主，为高中段的英语学习打好基础，对语法知识的要求作了调整，降低了难度，但考查的范围并没有减小。单纯考语法知识的题比以前明显减少。试题往往设置一个情景，在对话中考查时态及基本句型。当然，有些语法项目设置在单句中，如：不定式、被动语态以及词语搭配。语言学习是一个积累的过程，不记住相当数量的词语、习惯用语。句型和语法规则，是学不好英语的。因此，对词形变换、句型结构、状语从句中的时态以及常用的五种基本时态的考查仍将是中考命题的热点。‎ ‎【应试策略】动词及其时态是英语学习最重要的部分，也是学习的难点。被动语态也是学习的难点。宾语从句和状语从句是复合句中最重要、最常用的结构，是初中毕业生必须掌握的从句。注意现在时、过去时和将来时及现在完成时的基本用法以及句中的副词（包括时间副词）的用法，尤其要注意过去时与现在完成时的区别。宾语从句要注意从句结构的语序（连接词+从句的主语+从句的谓语+……）问题和时态问题（主句是过去时，从句必须用过去时的某种形式）；状语从句要注意在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时态。动词、时态与语态与从句一定要在大量课文和对话的句子中反复操练，才能真正学会。只要你在复习和应试中注意以上几点，考试就一定能取得好成绩。‎ 知识讲解 名词 代词 ‎1．名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。‎ ‎2．名词的复数 ‎（1）规则变化A．一般情况下加s。B．以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加es。如：busbuses，boxboxes，watchwatches，brushbrushesC．以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加es。如：citycities，countrycountriesD．以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加es。‎ ‎（2）不规则变化A．元音发生变化。如：manmen，womanwomen，footfeet，toothteeth，mousemice B．词尾发生变化。如：childchildren C．单、复数同形。如：fishfish，JapaneseJapanese，ChineseChinese，sheepsheep ‎ ‎（3）物质名词（不可数名词）量的表示方法A.用much，a little，a lot of等表示B.用容器表示a bowl of rice，a glass of water，a cup of tea，a piece of，orange，two glasses of milk，two pieces of paper ‎（4）名词的所有格 ‎(1) 名词所有格的构成法 A．单数名词词尾加’ s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’ s。the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball ‎ B．表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后’ s。如：This is Lucy and Licy’ s room．These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms． ‎ C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。如:the students’ books，the girls’ blouses ‎(2)名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:the legs of the desk，the door of the room但在表示名词所有格时，’ s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格.如:ten minutes' walk，today's newspaper ‎【代词】‎ 人称代词，物主代词，反身代词类别 人称 ‎ 数量 主格 宾格 形物代 名物代 反身代词 第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 We us Our Ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 You you your yours yourself 复数 You You Your yours yourselves 单数 He him His His Himself 第三人 称 She Her Her Hers Herself It It Its Its Itself 复数 They Them Their Theirs themselves 1． 人称代词 ‎ 人称代词it的特殊用法：一般it指“它”，但在表示天气、时间、距离等时，用it来代替，此时的it并不译为“它”。当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时，其先后顺序为you，he，I。而复数一般采用we，you，they顺序。‎ 2． 物主代词 物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。‎ ‎3．反身代词 ‎1)、反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves；第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves．‎ ‎2)、反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如：I enjoyed myself at the party．另一种是作名词或代词的同位语；用来加强语气。如：I can do it myself．‎ ‎3)、初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有：enjoy oneself，help oneself to，learn by oneself，teach oneself，(all)by oneself，leave...by oneself，lose oneself in等，在运用反身代词时，应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较：“Help ‎ yourselves to some fish，Tom and Mike．”与I can’t leave the girl by herself．‎ ‎4．指示代词 指示代词的特殊用法：(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。(2)this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。‎ ‎5．不定代词 主要不定代词的用法：‎ ‎(1)one的用法 A. one作为代词可以指人，也可以指物。‎ B. one，ones (one的复数形式) 可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词，以避免重复。‎ C. one的前面可用this，that，the，which等词来修饰。‎ D. 常有a+形容词+one这一形式。it和one的用法区别：it用来指特定的东西，而one则用于替代不特定的东西。‎ ‎(2)some和any的用法区别 A. some，any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句，any一般用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。‎ B. some，any与—thing，—body，—one构成的合成词的用法与some，any一样。‎ C.在疑问句中，一般不用some，只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求，或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。 ‎ D. some在否定句中表示半否定，any表示全否定。‎ E．some用于单数可数名词前，表示“某个”而不是“一些”。‎ ‎(3)other，another的用法数种类 单数 复数泛指 another=an other other (boys)‎ others特指别人 the other 另一个 the other (boys) ‎ the others功能 作主语、宾语、定语 作定语 作主语、宾语 A、another＝an other另一个”，泛指众多者中的另一个，在原有基础上自然增加的另一个。一般后面接单数名词，前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”，如：I want to have another two cakes．我想再吃两个蛋糕。‎ B．the other表示两个中的另一个，常与one连用。常见形式是“one．．．the other．．．”。‎ C. other+复数名词＝others D. the other+复数名词＝the others ‎(4) a11、both的用法both表示“两者都……”，而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都……”。a11、both在句中放在be动词，情态动词及助动词之后，放在实义动词之前。‎ ‎(5) each和every的用法 A. each用来指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个。every则指两个以上的人或物中的一个。‎ B. 从含义和语法功能上看，each是“单个”的意思，侧重个体，在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意，侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语，也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。‎ ‎(6)either，neither，both的用法either：指两者中的任意一个。作主语谓语用单数。neither：指两者都不，全否定。作主语谓语用单数。both：指两者都。作主语谓语用复数。‎ ‎(7)many和muchmany只能和复数可数名词连用。much只能和不可数名词连用。注意：a lot of／lots of / plenty of＝much／many a large／great number of＝many a great／good deal of＝much ‎(8)few，a few，little，a little few，little表示否定含义，“很少”“几乎没有”；a few，a little表示肯定含义，有一些”。few，a few用在可数名词前，little，a little用在不可数名词前。‎ ‎【冠词】‎ ‎1.不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.‎ ‎2．定冠词的基本用法 A.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。‎ B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。‎ C用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。‎ ‎3．定冠词的特殊用法 A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。‎ B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。‎ C用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。‎ D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。‎ E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。‎ F．用在乐器名称前。‎ G. 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。‎ ‎4．名词前不用冠词的情况 A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。‎ B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。‎ C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。‎ D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边go to school去上学；go to the school去那所学校；in ‎ hospital住院；in the hospital在那个医院里 ‎【数词】‎ ‎1．数字的表示三位数数词要在百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间加and。1，000以上的数字，从后向前第三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand，第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion。‎ ‎2．序数词除了first，second，third外，其余都在基数词尾加th构成。‎ ‎3．分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1小时，分母序数词要变成复数。‎ ‎4．Hundreds（thousands，millions）of……用法。‎ ‎【形容词，副词】‎ 形容词 ‎1.形容词的位置 ‎(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如：something important，nothing serious。‎ ‎(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如：We have dug a hole two meters deep．The hole is about two metres deep．‎ ‎2．形容词的比较等级 ‎(1) 单音节词和少数双音节词，在词尾加—(e)r，—‎ ‎(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。如：popular———more popular———most popular important—more important—most important ‎(2) 不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good better best well bad worse worst illold older oldestelder eldestmany more mostmuchlittle less leastfar farther farthestfurther furthest ‎3. 形容词比较级的用法形容词比较级通常可分为原级、比较级、最高级三种基本形式，具体而言，它们分别以下列形式出现在句中：它们分别以下列形式出现在句中：(1)as+原级+as(2)比较级+than(3)the+最高级+of (in)．．．‎ 需注意的原级的用法：(1)否定结构有A．．。not as+形容词原级+as B及A．．．not so +形容词原级+as B两种结构。‎ ‎(2)表示倍数有．．．times as+形容词原级+as的句型。如：This garden is ten times as large as that one．This room is twice as large as that one．‎ ‎(3)half as+形容词原级+as表示“……的一半”。如：This book is half as thick as that one．‎ 需注意的比较级的用法：(1)than后面接代词时，一般要用主格，但在口语中工也可换成me。‎ ‎(2)比较级前还可以用much，even，still，a little来修饰。‎ ‎(3)表示倍数时，试比较Our room is twice as large as ‎ theirs． 我们的房间是他们的两倍那样大。Our room is twice larger than theirs． 我们的房间比他们的大两倍。‎ ‎(4) I’ m two years older than you． 我比你大两岁。‎ ‎(5)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。如: He becomes fatter and fatter．‎ ‎(6)The+比较级…，the+比较级”表示“越……，越……”。如：The busier he is，the happier he feels．他越忙就越高兴。‎ 需注意的最高级的用法：(1)常见结构有：“of+复数意义的词”表示“在……之中的”，“在……中”；“in+范围、场所”表示“在……之中”。如：He is the tallest“all the boys”．China is the greatest in the world．‎ 副词 ‎1．副词比较级的构成 ‎(1) 单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加er，est来构成比较级和最高级。‎ ‎(2) 绝大多数副词借助more，most来构成比较级和最高级。‎ ‎(3) 少数副词的不规则变化：原级 比较级 最高级well better best, badly worse worst ,much more most little less least ,far farther farthest farthest furthest, late later latest ‎(4) 副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。‎ ‎(5) 常用句型有like A better than B和like A（the）best ‎ of（in）…其余变化和形容词类似。‎ ‎2．常见副词用法 ‎(1) too, either : too 一般用于肯定句，常放在句末，否定句时用either。‎ ‎(2) ago，before :ago 以现在为起点，和动词的过去时连用。before以过去某个时间为起点，常和过去完成时连用。当before前没有“一段时间”而单独使用时，泛指“以前”，常和完成时连用。如：I have heard the man before。我以前听说过那个人。‎ ‎【介词】‎ 一些容易混淆的介词 ‎1．表示时间的at、on、in的用法区别 at主要表示：(1)在某具体时刻之前，如at seven o’ clock，at 7：30。‎ ‎(2)在固定短语中，如：at noon，at night，at that time，at the age of at the weekend，at Christmas。On用来表示“在……天”，如：On Monday，On May lst，On Children’s Day。‎ in用来表示：(1)在某年、某月、某季节。‎ ‎(2)在—段时间之后，如：in two hours，in a few days。注意：在纯粹地表示在上午／下午／晚上时，用in the morning／afternoon／evening，但在某一天的上午、下午、晚上前要用介词on。如：on Monday morning，on the morning of Children’ s Day。‎ ‎2. 表示地点的at，in，on的用法区别 ‎(1) at通常指小地方，in一般指大地方。‎ ‎(2) at 所指范围不太明确，in指“在……里”。‎ ‎(3) in指在内部，on指“在……之上”。‎ ‎3．表示“一段时间”的for与since的用法区别for后面接时间段，since之后接时间点。‎ ‎4．表示时间的before与by的用法区别before与by都可表示“在……之前”，但by含有“不迟于……”、“到……为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间，则与将来时连用，若by后是过去的时间，则与过去完成时连用。‎ ‎5．over与above(under与below)over，above都表示“在……的上面”，over表示“正上方”，而above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。above还可表示温度、水位等“高于”，over还可表示“越过……”。over的反义词是under，above的反义词是below．例如：There is a bridge over the riverOur plane flew above the clouds．‎ ‎6．表示“用”的with，by，in的用法with多指用工具，用身体的部位或器官；by表示使用的方法、手段；in指使用某种语言。如：We see with our eyes.We go there by bike.Please say it out in English.He cut it open with a knife.‎ 介词的省略表示时间介词at, on, in 的省略(1) 在 next, last, this, these, today, yesterday, tomorrow, one, every, each, all等词前,一般不用 at, in, on.‎ ‎(2) 在某些名词词组前,可以省略(也可不省)如: (on) that ‎ day, (in)the year before last 常见搭配1．动词+介词，如：listen to, laugh at, write to, hear from, get to, look at, shout at, shout to, knock at, look for, look at, ask for, wait for, get on, get to, put on, turn on, operate on, take off, turn off, learn from, worry about ...‎ ‎2．形容词+介词，如：afraid of, full of, angry with, strict with, busy with, good at, good/bad for, late for, sorry for, ready for, famous for, polite to, far from...‎ ‎3．名词+介词 / 介词+名词key to, visit to, at home, in surprise, after class, for ever, on time, at last, at first, for example...‎ 三．典型例题 ‎【名词】‎ ‎[例1]（1）—How far is your school from here?—Not very far. It's about twenty ______ walk.A. minute's B. minutes’ C. minutes D. minute ‎（2）It is about ______ from the school to my home.A. ten minutes walk B. ten minutes’ walkC. ten minutes’ s walk D. ten minute’s walk 分析 ‎ 上述两题考查名词所有格的构成及用法。由句意可知空格处所填内容是表示距离的名词，选项中的名词minute和walk存在所有关系，因此必须用名词的所有格。名词所有格的’s也可以加在一个短语之后，若该短语最后一个名词的词尾是s，则只加“’’。如：an hour’s ride, two weeks’ time。因而（1）、（2）小题答案均为B。‎ ‎[例2] Have you seen ______ at the foot of the hill?A. any sheep B. some sheeps C. any sheeps D. some sheep 分析 此题考查名词复数的特殊例子。sheep的单复数同形；any一般用在疑问句和否定句里，some用在肯定句里。答案为A ‎[例3]—Who is the man in the blue car?—He is ______father.A. Kate's and Mary's B. Kate and Mary's C. Kate and Mary D. of Kate and Mary 分析 本题考查名词所有格的构成及方法。两个并列的所有格，只给第二个名词加“’s”。‎ ‎[例4] （哈尔滨市，2003）Where is Tom？ He’ s left a saying that he has something important to do.A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news 分析 此题考查名词的用法，由a知道选项A、C、D不行，故选B。答案 选B解后反思 an excuse（一个借口），an exercise（一个练习）……，news（新闻）是不可数名词。‎ ‎[例5] （天津市，2003）He had something to write down and asked me forA. a paper B. some papers C. some pieces of papers D. a piece of paper 分析 此题考查不可数名词的用法。Paper作“纸”‎ 讲时是不可数名词，故A、B、C可排除。答案：选D解后反思 paper当“试卷”、“文件”讲时是可数名词。类似的词还有：fish，chicken等。‎ ‎【代词】‎ ‎[例1] 用所给词的适当形式填空。1）This isn’t _______ (I) book, it must be _______ (you) .‎ ‎2）Is there any milk in the bottle?Yes, there is ______ (little).‎ 分析 第1小题第一空要用形容词性物主代词my，用于修饰名词book，第二空则要用名词性物主代词yours，相当于your book。第2小题应用a little表示肯定：“有一点儿”。‎ ‎[例2] There are many trees on________ of the road.A. both side B. each sides C. both sides D. every side 分析 此题主要考查不定代词both, each和every的用法。both为“两者”（都）”，作定语时，其后接复数名词；作主语时，要用复数谓语动词。either为“两者中间的任何一个（的）”，作定语时，后接单数可数名词；作主语时，要用单数谓语动词。every意为“每个（的）”，作定语，只用于三者或三者以上。又因马路road（rive，street等）只有两侧，所以正确答案只能是C。‎ ‎[例3] 1) “Help ______ to some mooncakes”, Han Meimei said to the twins.A. you B. oneself C. yourself D. yourselves ‎2) —Put on your clothes when you go out.—Thank you. Mum. I can look after______.A. me B.I C. ourselves D. myself 分析 这是一组考查反身代词用法的试题。反身代词在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语，不能单独使用、不能替代主格代词，但可用在主格代词后以加强语气。还常用于某些短语中，如：by oneself独自，enjoy oneself 玩得愉快，teach oneself 自学，help oneself to…随便吃（用）……等。因此上二题答案均为D。‎ ‎[例4] （广东省，2003）There is with my computer. It doesn’ t work.A. nothing wrong B. anything wrong C. wrong something D. something wrong 分析 本题考查形容词与不定代词的位置关系，形容词修饰不定代词应放在不定代词之后，而anything用于否定句和疑问句，由It doesn’ t work知选D。答案：D解后反思 考虑词的使用范围并结合语境是解决本题的关键。‎ ‎【冠词】‎ ‎[例1] 选择填空1）Give me_______, please.A. a cup tea B. two cup of tea C. two cup D. two cups of tea ‎2）The teacher passed me _____ paper.A. a piece B. a piece of C. piece of D. a pair of 第1小题主要考查学生对可数名词与不可数名词的掌握情况，tea是不可数名词，不能用数量词直接修饰，但可以用容器表示量，表容器的名词可变为复数形式，即可以说two cups of tea，此题选D。第2小题答案选B。paper一词是不可数的，要表示“一张纸”，英语应为a piece of paper，不能说a paper。‎ ‎[例2] _____ delicious food you have cooked!A. How a B. How C. What a D. What 分析 不定冠词表示数量，类似“－”，修饰单数可数名词。不可数名词前不可用a、an修饰。在感叹句“What a／an+ adj．+ n．+（主+谓）！”结构中，名词必是单数可数名词。若是不可数名词应用“What+ adj．+ n．+（主+谓）！”结构。句中food是不可数名词，故答案为D。‎ ‎[例3] （1）We always have______ rice for ______lunch.A. /; / B. the; / C. /; a D. the; the（2）It’s half past four in the afternoon. The students are playing _____ basketball now.A. / B. an C. a D. the 分析 下列情况不用任何冠词：1）专用名词（John、England）、物质名词（food，rice，water）等前；2）一日三餐的名词前；3）在表示球类运动的名词前。因此第（1）小题正确答案应为A；第（2）小题答案为A。‎ ‎[例4] （天津市，2003）What’ s the matter with you？I caught bad cold and had to stay in bed A．a, / B. a, the C. a, a D. the, the 分析 本题考查冠词的用法和习惯表达。躺在床上译为stay in bed，而感冒译为catch cold或catch a cold，但cold有形容词修饰时则a不可省略。答案：选A ‎【数词】‎ ‎[例1] 1) ______ books must he produced for the children. A. Many thousands B. Many thousands of C. Many thousand of D. Many thousand ‎2) We've planted ______ trees in the centre of our city this year. A. hundred B. tow hundreds C. hundred of D .hundreds of 分析本题考查数词的用法。当 thousand或 hundred做数词时，前面一般加数来修饰，其本身没有数的变化，且后不跟of。当它们做名词时，其复数形式为thousands和hundreds，且构成thousands of和hundreds of，后接可数名词的复数形式。答案分别为 B、D ‎[例2] About ____ of the workers in the clothes factory are women. A. third fifths B. third fifth C. three fifths D. three fifth 分析 此题主要考查英语的分数表示法。分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母的序数词后需加“s”。例如：1/3 one third；2/3：two thirds. 通过分析A、B、D三项均错，答案为C。‎ ‎[例3] July is ________ month of the year.A. seven B. the seventh C. eight D. the eighth 序数词用来表示数目的顺序，七月份是一年中的第七个月，第七个月的正确表达为the seventh month，所以此题的正确答案为B。‎ ‎[例4] （重庆市，2003）My favourite is getting stamps. I need before I have 2500 ones.A. more one B. any more C. one more ‎ D. more than 分析 此题考查数词与more相结合的用法，数词+more表示还有（要）……，在此正好符合题意。答案：选C解后反思 more than是“多于”之意，any more用于否定句表示“不再”。‎ ‎【形容词、副词】‎ ‎[例1] In the exam, the ______ you are, the ______ mistakes you'll make.A. careful; little B. more careful; lessC. more careful; few D. more careful; fewer 分析 “the+比较级……，the+比较级……”这个句型结构的意思是“越……就越……”或“愈是……则愈是……”。此结构中的比较级可以是形容词，也可以是副词。答案D ‎[例2] I’m not sure whether Mary can sing ________ Mabel.A. as well as B. as good as C. so good as D. as better as 分析 此题考查了两个知识点：（1）副词和形容词用法的区别：（2）as…as句式。句中谓语动词是行为动词，应选副词。B、C项应排除. as…as中间应用副词或形容词原级，所以答案应为A。‎ ‎[例3] Let’s hope the things can get______.A. better and better B. well and well C. good and good D. best and best 分析 答案为A。两个比较级并列在一起，表示“越来越……”之意，此句主要考查比较级特殊句型“more and more”结构，该句式表示持续不断变化，其动词常是become, be, get, grew等，又如：Spring ‎ has come. It is getting warmer and warmer ‎.[例4] （甘肃省，2003）I am I want a piece of breadA. full B. hungry C. tired D. thirsty 分析 此题在语境中考查形容词的用法。由后句意“我要一块面包”说名与“饿”有关，故选B。答案：选B。‎ ‎[例5] （天津市，2003）In our city，it’ s in July, nut it is even in August.A. hotter, hottest B. hot, hot C. hotter, hot D. hot, hotter 分析 此题考查形容词及比较级的用法。前空应填原级，后空有even修饰要用比较级，故选D。答案：选D 解后反思 如下几个形容词的比较级和最高级要双写最后的辅音字母再加er或est。big bigger biggest，hot hotter hottest，fat fatter fattest，thin thinner thinnest，wet wetter wettest。简记为：大（big），热（hot），湿纸（wet），谁（肥，fat）瘦（thin）？（利用谐音记）‎ ‎[例6] （山西省太原市，2002）The little girl likes animals. When she heard I would take her to the zoo, she looked at me.A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily 分析 由句意知C、D可以排除，又此句中look at是行为动词而不是连系动词，故选B答案：B解后反思 形容词和副词都具有修饰作用，但是各自修饰的对象不同，形容词修饰名词，作定语，或在连系动词后作表语。而副词修饰行为动词，形容词或副词作状语。‎ ‎【介词】‎ ‎[例1] 用正确的介词填空。1）The little girl is looking________ her mother.‎ ‎2）Thank you ________ your help.‎ ‎3）Don't read ________ bed.‎ ‎4）Tom comes ________ the USA.‎ 第1小题要填for，因为look for是一个固定词组，表示寻找的行为。第 2小题填 for，既可说 Thanks for…也可以说 Thank you for…，for后接名词。第3小题填 in。表示“在床上”in bed，一般不说 on bed。第 4小题come from一个固定短语，意思相当于be from，表示“来自…”。‎ ‎[例2] China lies_______ the east of Asia and ______ the east of Japan.A. in; on B. to; to C. to; in D. in; to 解析 表示方位的介词in, on, to意义各不相同。在范围内的地方用in。China属于Asia范围内，故先用in；不在范围内的地方用to，若两地相连，则要用介词on, China和Japan不属同一范围且有海相隔，故选择to。因此答案为D。‎ 四．强化训练及答案 ‎【名词】‎ 选择正确答案 ‎1. There are forty ______ in our school.‎ A. women teachers B .teacher women C. woman teachers D.‎ ‎ women teacher ‎2. Mr. Li is one of ______ in the hospital.‎ A. most popular doctors B. the most popular doctorsC. most popular doctor D. the most popular doctor ‎3. The sign NO PHOTOS means that you can't ______.‎ A. take pictures B. bring in pictures C. buy any photos D. sell any photos ‎4. Some of the boys in ______ are afraid of maths exams.‎ A. Class Three B .the Class Three C. Three Class D .the Three Class ‎5. Have you got any ______ for us this time?‎ A. pieces of message B. piece of messagesC. pieces of messages D. messages ‎6. ______, those mountains will be covered with trees.‎ A. In a few years time B. After a few years timeC. In a few years’ time D. After a few years time ‎7. Hong Kong is an SAR while Macao is another. So there are ______ in China.‎ A. both SAR B. both SARS C. two SAR D. two SARS ‎8. Look! There are ______ stars up there in the ______.‎ A. thousands of; sky B. thousands of; airC. thousand of;‎ ‎ sky D. thousand of; air ‎9. My father lived in ______ for some ten years.‎ A. city Beijing B. the Beijing city C. Beijing of city D. the city of ‎Beijing ‎10. Just from the ______ I know it's Liu Minjun.‎ A. noise B. voice C. sound D .sing ‎11. —Where are the other two students?—They're in ______.‎ A. teacher's office B. teachers' officeC. the teacher office D. the teachers' office ‎12. —How many ______ have you next term?—Let me see. We'll have eight.‎ A. lesson B. subjects C. days D. class ‎13. My uncle's full name is David Edward Hartpode. His family name is ______.‎ A. Edward B. Hartpode C. David D. David Hartpode ‎14. He writes more carefully than ______ in his class.‎ A. any student B. any other student C. any other students D. all students ‎15. This new kind ______ can do half the work.‎ A. of tractor B. tractor C. of a tractor D. a tractor ‎16. John is very happy to have a ______ training.‎ A. two weeks B. twomonth C. twoweeks D. twomonths ‎17. My brother is always careless. He always makes ____‎ A. mistakes B. mistake C. mistook D. some mistake ‎18. Mr. Green is nearly ______.‎ A. two metres high B. two metres tall C. high two metres D. tall two metres ‎19. Mr. Smith is an ______.‎ A. English B. English man C. Englishman D. Englishmen ‎20. A group of ______ are talking with two ______.‎ A. Frenchmen; Germans B .Frenchmen; GermenC. German; Frenchmen D Germans; Frenchmans ‎【代词】‎ 单项选择 ‎1. ______ the twins enjoyed ______ at the party yesterday.‎ A. Both; them B. Both; themselves C. Neither; them D. All; themselves ‎2. —Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a cup of tea?—______, thanks. I'd like just a cup of water.‎ A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None ‎3. —Would you like ______ milk in your tea?—Yes, just ______.‎ A. any; little B. some; a little C. much; a few D. a little; some ‎4. There is______ to do this evening.‎ A. much nothing B. many nothing C. nothing much D. nothing many ‎5. The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget ______.‎ A. anything else B. something else C. nothing else D. everything else ‎6. —Is this your shoe?—Yes, it is. But where is______?‎ A. the others B. another C. other one D. the other one ‎7. What I want to say is ______English is a very useful language.‎ A. it B. this C. that D. those ‎8. They have an English lesson ______ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday.‎ A. each other B. every other C. some others D. another more ‎9. We found______ very important to learn a foreign language well.‎ A. this B. that C. it D. it's ‎10. —______ is Lily like?—Oh, she's tall and thin A. How B. Who C. Which D. What ‎11. —Would you like milk or orange?—_______ I prefer water.‎ A. Each B. Neither C. Either D. Both ‎12 .—Oh, there is someone in the room.—______ must be my mother.‎ A. There B. She C. This D. It ‎13. Betty and John have come back, but _______ students in the class aren't here yet.‎ A. the other B. others C. another D. the others ‎14. ______ of us has read the story.‎ A. Some B. Both C. All D. None ‎15. —Which of her parents is a doctor?—________.‎ A. Any B. Either C. Both D. All ‎16. I have bought a new watch because my old ______ doesn't work.‎ A. it B. one C. that D. this ‎17. —Is this dictionary _______ or _______?—It's mine.‎ A. your; hers B. your; her C. your; her D. yours; hers ‎18. There is ______ water in my glass. Will you please give me ______.‎ A. little; some B. few; any C. few; some D. little; any ‎19. —______pencilbox is this, Patrick?—It’s ______‎ A. Whose; mine B. Who’s; mine C. Whose; my D. Who’s; my ‎20. —The pen is _______. She wrote _______ name with it _______.‎ A. hers; her; herself B. her; hers; herC. her; hers; herself D. her; herself; hers ‎【冠词】‎ 用适当的冠词填空，不需要冠词的空白处填“×”‎ ‎1. Tomorrow is ______ Teachers' Day and we'll make ______ card for our English teacher.‎ ‎2. The bus is running about seventy miles_____ hour.‎ ‎3. Mary is interested in ______ science.‎ ‎4. Some people don't like to talk at ______ table.‎ ‎5. Last night I went to______ bed very late.‎ ‎6. Don't worry. We still have ______ little time left.‎ ‎7. What ______ beautiful day! And what ______ fine weather!‎ ‎8. In ______ winter it is cold in ______ Beijing and warm in ________Shanghai.‎ ‎9. John is______ cleverest boy in his class.‎ ‎10. We can't live without ______ water or ______ air.‎ ‎11. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will leave Paris, ______capital of______ France, for Washington by______ air.‎ ‎12. We were having______ lunch when they came in.‎ ‎13. This is ______ book you gave me last week.‎ ‎14. What did you do ______ last Saturday?‎ ‎15. March 8 is ______ Women's Day.‎ ‎16. If ______ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.‎ ‎17. I prefer playing ______ piano to playing ______ basketball.‎ ‎18. At ______ age of five, he read a lot of books.‎ ‎19. Tom and Lucy are of ______ same age.‎ ‎20. ______ harder we study, ______ more we learn.‎ ‎【数词】‎ 选择填空 l. September is the ________ month of the year.‎ A. eighth B. ninth C. tenth D. eleventh ‎2. The People's Republic of China was founded ________‎ A. on October the first, 1949 B. in October the first ,1949C. on October one, 1949 D. on October first one, 1949‎ ‎3. There are ________ days in a year.‎ A. three hundreds and sixtyfive B. three hundreds and fiftysixC. three hundreds of sixtyfive D. three hundred and sixtyfive ‎4. There are ________ days in February.‎ A. thirty B. thirtyone C. twentyeight D. twentysix ‎5. The film begins at 4:15. The right answer of “4:15” is _______‎ A. four fifth B. fifteen four C. four fifteen D. a quarter to four ‎6. ________is seventy seven.‎ A. forty and four B. thirtyseven and fortyC. forty or thirtyseven D. seventy of seven ‎7. What row are you in? I am in ________.‎ A. Row One B. Row First C. Row one D. One Row ‎8. How many months are there in a year? There are _______‎ A. eleven B. twelve C. twenty D. twelfth ‎9. At the age of ________, he was a worker.‎ A. twenty B. the twenty C. twentieth D. one ‎10. The Changjiang River is ________ longest river in China.‎ A. the first B. the second C. the third D. the fourth ‎【形容词、副词】‎ 根据A句完成B句，使两句句意一致。‎ ‎1. A: Their football team is much stronger than the other two.‎ B: Their football team is ______ ______ of the _____.‎ ‎2. A: I prefer science to any other subject.‎ B: I like science _____ _____ any other subject.‎ ‎3. A: Jane went shopping yesterday, and I went shopping, too.‎ B: Jane went shopping yesterday and ______ _____ I.‎ ‎4. A: This room is not big. It can't hold a lot of people.‎ B: This room is not big_____ ______ hold so many people.‎ ‎5. A: That machine doesn't work.‎ B: There is______ ______ with that machine.‎ ‎6. A: The snow was very heavy last night.‎ B: It _____ ______ last night.‎ ‎7. A: His uncle no longer works here.‎ B: His uncle _____work here ______ longer.‎ ‎8. A: This is the most important thing at this moment.‎ B: This thing is _____ important than anything ______‎ ‎ at this moment.‎ ‎9. A: He was so angry that he couldn't .say a word.‎ B: He was ______ angry _______ say a word.‎ ‎10. A: Zhang Tao speaks English better than any other student in his class.‎ B: ______ speaks English so _____ as Zhang Tao.‎ ‎【介词】‎ 用适当的介词填空 ‎1. You'd better not go ______ the forest. It's dangerous.‎ ‎2. Which room are you going to live ______?‎ ‎3. The building is ______ fire. There're some people ______ the top floor.‎ ‎4. Before 1990 there was no airline ______ the two cities.‎ ‎5. It's not good to come late ______ school.‎ ‎6. What's wrong ______ your bike?‎ ‎7. Thank you very much ______ coming to see me.‎ ‎8. I couldn't finish it ______ your help.‎ ‎9. Don't laugh ______ others’ mistakes.‎ ‎10. Do the twins look ______ their father?‎ ‎11. —How do you usually come to school, every ‎ day?—Sometimes ______ bike, sometimes ______ foot.‎ ‎12. It's very kind ______ you to help me ______ my maths.‎ ‎13. Don't read ______ the sun. It's bad ______ your eyes.‎ ‎14. The teacher told us the moon travels ______ the earth.‎ ‎15. You must learn these words ______ heart, and answer my question______ English.‎ ‎16. Please meet your uncle ______ noon ______ Saturday.‎ ‎17. Thanks ______ your help, I finished the work before dark.‎ ‎18. It's cold and the temperature is ______ zero during the night.‎ ‎19. The teacher is writing ______ red ink ______ a piece of paper.‎ ‎20. The children are waiting ______ the gate ______ their mother.‎ 名词答案：1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A 代词答案：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.B 8.B 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. D 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.B 17. D 18.A 19.A 20.A 冠词答案：1. ×; a 2.an 3. × 4. × 5. × 6. a 7.a; × 8. ×; ×; × 9.the 10.×; × 11. the; ×; × 12. × 13.the 14.× 15. × 16.the 17.the; × 18.the 19.the 20. The; the 数词答案： 15 B A D C C 610 B A B A A 形容词、副词答案：1.the strongest; three 2.better; than 3.so did 4.enough to 5.something wrong 6.snowed heavily 7.doesn't; any 8.more; else 9.too; to 10.Nobody; well 介词答案：1.through 2.in 3.on, on 4.between 5.to 6.with 7.for 8.without 9.at 10.like 11.by; on 12.of; with 13.in; for 14.around/ round 15.by; in 16.at; on 17.to 18.below ‎ 19.in; on 20.at; for 第二部分 复合句(宾语从句)‎ 一、 教学目标 ‎1. 掌握宾语从句的构成和用法.‎ ‎2. 正确运用宾语从句:重点掌握注意宾语从句的三类引导词,从句的语序及主从句的时态呼应关系,不能忽视宾语从句的一些特殊情况.‎ 二、 教学重点 ‎ 目标1和目标2‎ 三、教学难点 ‎ 目标2‎ 四、教学过程 Step1、Warming-up T ask: Do you know this teacher?(point to a teacher)‎ ‎ Ss:‎ T say: I know the teacher.‎ ‎ I know she is a very good teacher.‎ T ask: Is she a beautiful girl?(point to a girl)‎ ‎ Ss:‎ T say: I think she is beautiful.‎ T ask S1: How old are you?‎ ‎ S1: I am...‎ Then ask Ss: What did she say just now?‎ ‎ Ss: She said that she was...‎ 板书 I know the teacher.‎ I know she is a very good teacher.‎ I think she is beautiful.‎ She said she was..‎ ‎(叫学生划分这些句子的成分,引导学生明确理解宾从的概念)‎ Step2、练习、归纳、总结 ‎1、 让学生把第一题A的各组句子合并成一个宾语从句,并观察合并后的每个句子的结构(注意引导词和语序)‎ ‎2、 Check the answers.‎ ‎1、 She says that she likes English.‎ ‎2、 Do you know what her name is?‎ ‎3、 Can you tell me if/whether he goes fishing every day?‎ ‎(引导学生归纳三种宾从的构成,注意看连接词和语序)‎ ‎3、 让学生再做的三组句子,叫学生要特别留意这些句子的时态.‎ ‎4、 Check the answers.‎ ‎1. We don’t know what they are doing.‎ ‎2. The teacher asked me if/whether they had finished their homework.‎ ‎3. Father told me (that )the earth goes round the sun.‎ ‎ (引导学生归纳主、从句时态的呼应关系)‎ Step3 中考考点练习 ‎1、 让学生做近两年部分地区中考中出现的有关宾语从句的单项填空题,对宾语从句进一步巩固.‎ ‎2、 对答案,师生一起分析点评,注意一些特殊的地方.‎ Step4 完成句子.‎ ‎1、 让学生完成有关宾从的几道翻译题,对宾语从句进行灵活运用.‎ ‎2、 对答案,师生一起分析点评.‎ 宾语从句专练 一. 合并句子 A.‎ ‎1. She says. “I like English.”‎ ‎2. Do you know? What is her name?‎ ‎3. Can you tell me? Does he go fishing every day?‎ B.‎ ‎1. We don’t know. What are they doing?‎ ‎2. The teacher asked me. Have they finished their ‎ homework?‎ ‎3. Father told me. The earth goes round the sun.‎ 定语从句 用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。 ‎ 一．词引导的定语从句 ‎1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 ‎　　例１：This is the detective who came from London.‎ ‎　　例２：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.‎ ‎　　例３：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.‎ ‎　　例４：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.‎ ‎２．关系代词的用法 ‎　　(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：‎ ‎　　All the people that are present burst into tears.‎ ‎　　(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：‎ ‎　　(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：‎ ‎　　There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.‎ ‎　　(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：‎ ‎　　He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.‎ ‎　　(5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。‎ ‎　　(6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征．品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。‎ ‎　　(7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。‎ ‎　　(8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：‎ ‎　　The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.‎ ‎　　(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：‎ ‎　　Is there anyone here who will go with you?‎ ‎３．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构 ‎　　(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。‎ ‎　　(2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：‎ ‎　　 We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..‎ ‎　　(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：‎ ‎　　 This is the boy whom she has taken care of.‎ 二．关系副词引导的定语从句 ‎　　1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句 ‎　　 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。‎ ‎　　2. that可引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因 ‎　　That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。‎ 三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 ‎　　1．二者差异比较 ‎　　限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。‎ ‎　　2．关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 ‎　　(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语．宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。‎ ‎　　3.　先行词与定语从句隔离 ‎　　定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：‎ ‎　　1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..‎ ‎　　2) He was the only person in this country who was invited 四．As在定语从句中的用法 ‎　　1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 ‎　 （１）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。‎ ‎　 （２）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：‎ The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.‎ ‎　 （３）the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。‎ ‎　　2．As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 ‎　　as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：‎ ‎　　(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.‎ ‎　　(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.‎ 五．学习定语从句的几个问题 ‎ ‎ 　 定语从句又称为关系从句，是最常见的从句之一，每年高考题对之均有考查。‎ ‎(一)、定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性 ‎ ‎　　定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致。例如：‎ ‎　　The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior‎ ‎Middle School. ‎ ‎　　但注意下列一组句子： ‎ ‎　　He is the only one of the students who was here just now. ‎ ‎　　He is one of the students who were here just now. ‎ ‎　　如果"one of +复数名词"后跟有定语从句，一般情况下"one of"后的复数名词为先行词，但当one前有the only,the very,just the修饰时，先行词则为one。 ‎ ‎(二)、定语从句与强调结构 ‎ ‎　　It is the place where they lived before. ‎ ‎　　It is in the place that they lived before. ‎ ‎　　第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place,在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place,that没有意义，把in the place 放回后面句子，句子意思完整。 ‎ ‎　　Where is it that he found the lost watch?(强调句型，强调疑问副词where)。‎ ‎　　Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定语从句，that指代the watch) ‎ ‎(三)、定语从句与并列结构 ‎ ‎　　He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him. ‎ ‎　　He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him. ‎ ‎　　I've got two sisters.Both of them are in Shanghai. ‎ ‎　　第一个句子为定语从句，关系代词whom指代two ‎ sons,在定语从名中介词of的宾语。第二个句子为并列结构，由并列连词and连接，人称代词them指代two sons。第三个为两个独立的句子，两个句子中间用句号，两句开头的处一个字母都大写。 ‎ ‎(四)、定语从句与状语从句 ‎ ‎　　He found the books where he had put. ‎ ‎　　He found the books in the place where he had put. ‎ ‎　　第一个句子为状语从句，where he had put 作主句He found the books 的地点状语。第二个句子为定语从句，where引导从句修饰the place。 ‎ ‎　　This is such an interesting book that I'dlike to read it. ‎ ‎　　This is such an interesting book as I'd like to read. ‎ ‎　　第一个句子为结果状语从句，在结果状语从句中，it指代book,作read的宾语。第二个句子为定语从句，关系代词as指代先行词book的定语从句中read的宾语。 ‎ ‎(五)、定语从句中的先行词 ‎ ‎　　Is this book the one that you bought yesterday? ‎ ‎　　Is this the book that you bought yesterday? ‎ ‎　　第一个句子中，this book是主句的主语，the one 是先行词。在第二个句子中this是主句的主语，the book是先行词。一定要避免出现：Is this book that you bought yesterday? ‎ ‎(六)、定语从句与同位语从句 ‎　　定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，它对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容。例如： ‎ ‎　　The news that we heard is not true.(定语从句) ‎ ‎　　The news that he won the prize is not true.(同位语从句) ‎ ‎　　另：在"have no idea+从句"结构中，其从句都作idea的同位语。例如： ‎ ‎　　I have no idea when she will be back. ‎ ‎ ‎ 六、定语从句易犯小错误 ‎ ‎　由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种：‎ ‎　　(一)、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。如：　‎ ‎　　1．误：Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come．‎ ‎　　正：Some of the boys I invited didn’t come．‎ ‎　　译：我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。‎ ‎　　析：应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom，who或that。‎ ‎　　2．误：The book that you need it is in the library．‎ ‎　　正：The book that you need is in the library．‎ ‎　　译：你需要的书在图书馆里。‎ ‎　　析：应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。‎ ‎　　(二)、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如：‎ ‎　　1．误：Anyone who break the law will be punished．‎ ‎　　正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished．‎ ‎　　译：任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。‎ ‎　　析：应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。‎ ‎　　2．误：Those who has finished may go home．‎ ‎　　正：Those who have finished may go home．‎ ‎　　译：做完了的人现在可以回家。‎ ‎　　析：应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。‎ ‎　　3．误：He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school．‎ ‎　　正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school．‎ ‎　　译：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。‎ ‎　　析：应改know为knows，因为one前有the only之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是the only one，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。‎ ‎　　4．误：This is one of the rooms that is free now．‎ ‎　　正：This is one of the rooms that are free now．‎ ‎　　译：这是目前空着的房间之一。‎ ‎　　析：应改is为are，因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the rooms，而不是单数one。‎ ‎　　(三)、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。如：‎ ‎　　1．误：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad ‎ teeth．‎ ‎　　正：Children who that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．‎ ‎　　译：吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。‎ ‎　　析：应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。‎ ‎　　2．误：The key opens the bike is missing．‎ ‎　　正：The key that／which opens the bike is missing．‎ ‎　　译：开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。‎ ‎　　析：应加上关系代词that或which，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。‎ ‎　　(四)、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如：‎ ‎　　1．误：The house where he lives in needs repairing．‎ ‎　　正：The house where he lives needs repairing．‎ ‎　　或：The house he lives in needs repairing．‎ ‎　　译：他住的房子需要修理。‎ ‎　　析：应保留where，删去从句中的in，因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在这里的意思是in which，否则介词in就重复了。‎ ‎　　2．误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing．‎ ‎　　正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．‎ ‎　　或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing．‎ ‎　　译：我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。‎ ‎　　析：应删去on，因为when在这里的意思是on which，否则介词on就重复了，或把when改为which。 ‎　　(五)、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。　　‎ ‎　　1．误：I still remember the day when we spent together．‎ ‎　　正：I still remember the day that／which we spent together．‎ ‎　　译：我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。‎ ‎　　析：应改when为that或which，因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。‎ ‎　　2．误：This is the house where we lived in last year．‎ ‎　　正：This is the house which／that we lived in last year．‎ ‎　　译：这是我们去年住过的那个房子。‎ ‎　　析：应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。‎ ‎　　(六)、在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。如：‎ ‎　　1．误：Have you asked her for the reason why may explain ‎ her absence？‎ ‎　　正：Have you asked her for the reason that／which may explain her absence？‎ ‎　　译：你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因？‎ ‎　　析：应改why为that或which，因为定语从句缺少主语，而不是少原因状语。‎ ‎　　2．误：I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late．‎ ‎　　正：I don’t believe the reason that／which he has given for his being late．‎ ‎　　译：我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。‎ ‎　　析：应改why为that或which，因为从句谓语动词has given后缺少宾语，而不是缺少原因状语。‎ ‎　　(七)、误将强调句型当定语从句。如：‎ ‎　　1．误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out．‎ ‎　　正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out．‎ ‎　　译：大火发生在厨房。‎ ‎　　析：应将where改that，因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。‎ ‎　　2．误：Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come？‎ ‎　　正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come？‎ ‎　　译：你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来？‎ ‎　　析：应将when改为that，因为，原句还原为Because it snowed last night，you didn"t come后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型而非定语从句。‎ ‎ ‎ 七．定语从句的注意事项   1.一般说来，除了用定语从句解释名词或泛指外，先行词前应有定冠词the。 2.在限制性定语从句中which,whom,that充当宾语时，可以省略。而在非限制性定语从句中whom,who,which不能省略。 3.在含有非限制性定语从句的复合句中从句与主句之间应该用逗号隔开。 4.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。首先看引导从句的关系词that是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从句。再看that前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea,fact,thought,news等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个名词在后面的从句中部充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句。He expressed the hope that he has had for many years. ‎ ‎ 　　hope在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明hope的内容的，因此时同位语从句。 5.the reason why(=for which)是由why或for which引导的定语从句。而the reason that也是that引导的定语从句。that往往省略。  　　This is the reason why he was late.　=This is the reason (that)he was late. 6.当主句中有who,which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免who…who,which…which等重叠，定语从句用that引导。  　　Who is the man that is standing by the door?  　　Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 7.先行词为人和物作并列成分时，定语从句用that引导。  　　John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now. 8.不论人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常省掉。  　　 He is no longer the man that he was. 9.“one of＋可数名词复数”引导的定语从句中,谓语动词应用复数；而“one of＋可数名词复数”前有the，only或the only修饰，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。 ‎ ‎ 　　He is one of the students who study very hard at school.  　　He is the(only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard at school.‎ 状语从句 ‎【考点直击】‎ ‎1. 时间状语从句 ‎2. 条件状语从句 ‎3. 原因状语从句 ‎4. 结果状语从句 ‎5. 比较状语从句 ‎6. 目的状语从句 ‎7. 让步状语从句 ‎8. 地点状语从句 ‎【名师点睛】‎ 用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。‎ ‎1. 时间状语从句 ‎(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：‎ It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.‎ While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.‎ As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.‎ He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.‎ After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.‎ ‎(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：‎ I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.‎ I will tell him everything when he comes back.‎ He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.‎ ‎(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到……时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到……才……”, “在……以前不……”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：‎ The young man read till the light went out.‎ Let’s wait until the rain stops.‎ ‎ We won’t start until Bob comes.‎ ‎ Don’t get off until the bus stops.‎ ‎2. 条件状语从句 ‎(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：‎ What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?‎ Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.‎ ‎(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：‎ I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.‎ He won’t be late unless he is ill.‎ ‎(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：‎ Hurry up, or you’ll be late.‎ ‎=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.‎ Study hard and you will pass the exam.‎ ‎=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.‎ ‎3. 原因状语从句 ‎(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：‎ He didn’t come to school because he was ill.‎ As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.‎ Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.‎ ‎(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：‎ ‎------Why aren’t going there?‎ ‎------Because I don’t want to.‎ As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.‎ Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.‎ ‎(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。‎ ‎4. 结果状语从句 ‎(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。例如：‎ He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.‎ She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.‎ My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.‎ ‎(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。例如：‎ 在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “...so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。例如：‎ He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.‎ The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.‎ Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.‎ 在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：‎ It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.‎ He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.‎ He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.‎ ‎ 有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：‎ It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.‎ ‎=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.‎ It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.‎ ‎=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.‎ ‎(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：‎ Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.‎ He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you.‎ ‎5. 比较状语从句 比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。例如：‎ Tom runs faster than John does.‎ This classroom is as big as that one.‎ ‎6. 目的状语从句 ‎(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：‎ We started early so that we could catch the first train.‎ He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.‎ We used the computer in order that we might save time.‎ ‎(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：‎ Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)‎ Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)‎ ‎7. 让步状语从句 ‎(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如：‎ Though he is young, he knows a lot.‎ Although I am tired, I must go on working.‎ ‎(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：‎ 我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.‎ 应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.‎ ‎8. 地点状语从句 ‎ 地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：‎ ‎ Go where you like.‎ ‎ Where there is a will, there is a way.‎ ‎【实例解析】‎ ‎1. (2004年北京市海淀区中考试题)‎ ‎ You will stay healthy _______ you do more exercise, such as running and walking.‎ ‎ A. if B. how C. before D. where ‎ 答案：A。该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择。从意思上看，从句应是一个条件状语从句，在这四个选项中只有if能引导条件状语从句，所以选A。‎ ‎2. (2004年江西省中考试题)‎ ‎ ---Shall we go on working?‎ ‎ ---Yes, _________ I prefer to have a rest.‎ ‎ A. when B. if C. because D. though ‎ 答案：D。该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择。从意思上看，只有选though才能说得通。‎ ‎3. (2004年徐州市中考试题)‎ ‎ None of us knew what had happened _________ they told us about it.‎ ‎ A. when B. until C. after D. though ‎ 答案：B。该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词选择。本句的意思是“在……以前我们没人知道这件事。”要表达着一意思应用“not…until” 这一句型。‎ ‎4. (2004年泉州市中考试题)‎ ‎ ---I hope you’ll enjoy your trip, dear!‎ ‎ ---Thank you, mum. I’ll give you a call _________ I get there.‎ ‎ A. until B. as soon as C. since D. till ‎ 答案：B。该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择。本题的意思是“一到那里，我就给你打电话。”要表达这个意思应选用as soon as。‎ ‎【中考演练】‎ 一. 单项填空 ‎1. _______ he’s old, he can still carry this heavy bag.‎ ‎ A. Though B. Since C. For D. So ‎2. ---Do you know if he _______ to play basket ball with us?‎ ‎ ---I think he will come if he ______ free tomorrow.‎ ‎ A. comes; is B. comes; will be C. will come; is D. will come; will be ‎3. In the zoo if a child _____ into the water and can’t swim, the dolphins may come up ______ him.‎ ‎ A. will fall; to help B. falls; to help ‎ C. will fall; help D. falls; helping ‎4. I don’t remember ________ he worked in that city when he was young.‎ ‎ A. what B. which C. where D. who ‎5. We will stay at home if my aunt ________ to visit us tomorrow.‎ ‎ A. comes B. come C. will come D. is coming ‎6. The police asked the children _______ cross the street ________ the traffic lights turned green.‎ ‎ A. not; before B. don’t; when C. not to; until D. not; after ‎7. I was late for class yesterday _______ there was something wrong with my bike.‎ ‎ A. when B. that C. until D. because ‎8. I’ll go swimming with you if I ________ free tomorrow.‎ ‎ A. will be B. shall be C. am D. was ‎9. In the exam, the ________ you are, ______ the _______ mistakes you will make.‎ ‎ A. careful; little B. more careful; fewest ‎ C. more careful; fewer D. more careful; less ‎10. You should finish your lessons _______ you go out to paly.‎ ‎ A. before B. after C. when D. while ‎11. I hurried _____ I wouldn’t be late for class.‎ ‎ A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless ‎12. When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _______‎ ‎ you have any questions.‎ ‎ A. which B. that C. where D. though ‎13. The teacher raised his voice _______ all the students could hear him.‎ ‎ A. for B. so that C. because D. in order ‎14. He took off his coat _______ he felt hot.‎ ‎ A. because B. as C. if D. since ‎15. It is ______ that we’d like to go out for a walk.‎ ‎ A. a lovely day B. too lovely a day ‎ C. so lovely a day D. such lovely a day ‎16. Mary had ______ much work to do that she stayed at her office all day.‎ ‎ A. such B. so C. too D. very ‎17. _______ I felt very tired, I tried to finish the work.‎ ‎ A. Although B. Because C. As D. As if ‎18. ______ the day went on, the weather got worse.‎ ‎ A. With B. Since C. While D. As ‎19. ______ well you can drive, you must drive carefully.‎ ‎ A. So long as B. In order that ‎ C. No matter how D. The moment ‎20. Write to me as soon as you ________ to Beijing.‎ ‎ A. will get B. get C. getting D. got 二. 根据中文意思完成下列英语句子 ‎1. 不管他跟我开什麽玩笑，我都不生气。‎ ‎ I am not angry with him, _______ _______ ______ jokes he ______ on me.‎ ‎2. 布鲁斯太太对学生非常亲切，以至于学生把她当做母亲。‎ ‎ Mrs Bruce was _______ kind to her students ______ they ______ her _____ their mother.‎ ‎3. 只要我们竭尽全力，父母就会满意我们的表现。‎ ‎ Our parents will be pleased with our performance _____ _____ ______ we try our best.‎ ‎4. 你一到上海就给我打个电话好吗？‎ ‎ Will you please call me ______ ______ ______ you get to Shanghai.‎ ‎5. 这个七岁的女孩酷爱钢琴，以至于他已经坚持练习两年了。‎ ‎ The seven-year-old girl likes playing the piano ______ ______ ______ she has kept ‎ practicing for two years.‎ ‎6. 虽然她很忙，他还坚持自学英语。‎ ‎ _______ _______ ______ _______, she kept on learning English by herself.‎ ‎7. 他长大后相当一名记者。‎ ‎ He wants to be a journalist ______ _______ _______‎ ‎ _______.‎ ‎8. 无论刮风下雨，我们的老师总是第一个到校。‎ ‎_______ _______ windy or rainy, our teacher is always the first to get to school.‎ ‎9. 如果人人为保护环境做出贡献，世界将会变得更美好。‎ ‎ ______ ______ ______ _____ _______ to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful.‎ ‎10. 李明昨天没来上学，因为他病了。‎ ‎ Li Ming didn’t come to school _______ _______ ______ ______.‎ ‎【练习答案】‎ 一. 1.A 2‎‎.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B 二. 1. no matter what; plays 2.so; that; regarded; as 3. as long as 4. as long as 5. so much that 6. Though she was busy 7. when he grows up 8.Whether it’s 9. If everyone makes a contribution 10. because he was ill