2020版高考英语总复习Unit1Greatscientists 人教版必修5 24页

Unit 1　Great scientists Step 1　课前准备——单元考点　自查自测 ‎1.词汇分层级识记过关　2.语境活用填写过关　3.经典句式背诵仿写过关　4.类词巧积累事半功倍 ‎ (一)分门别类攻单词——识形辨意·拓展应用 ‎(二)写用结合记短语——译写短语·语境活用 24‎ ‎(三)仿写活用练句式——经典句型·仿写背诵 Step 2　课堂探究——核心考点　点点突破 24‎ ‎1.重点难点考点学通练透　2.归纳总结拓展开阔视野　3.方法规律技巧权威点拨　4.面面俱到打创高效课堂 第一时段　Warming up & Reading ‎1．conclusion n．结论；结束 ‎[教材原句]　Draw a conclusion 得出结论 ‎(1)conclude从……中推断出……‎ conclude sth.以……结束……‎ to conclude 最后 ‎(2)come to/reach/draw a conclusion 　得出结论 in conclusion 总而言之 单句语法填空 ‎①He concluded from their remarks ________ they were not in favour of the plan.‎ ‎②When the group discussion is nearing its end, make sure to conclude it ________ important points.‎ ‎③I drew a ________(conclude) from my own experiences that where there is a will, there is a way.‎ 完成句子 ‎④____________， walking is a cheap, safe, enjoyable and readily available form of exercise.‎ 总之，散步是一种廉价、安全、有趣且易实施的锻炼方式。‎ ‎[答案]　①that　②with　③conclusion　④In conclusion ‎[思维发散]　除in conclusion外，写作时还常常用到下面短语作为全文总结语：①in short；②in a word；③in brief；④all in all；⑤to sum up；⑥briefly(speaking)；⑦on the whole。‎ ‎2．attend vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加 ‎[教材原句]　John Snow was a famous doctor in London—so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.‎ 约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。‎ attend a meeting/a lecture/school 参加会议/听讲座/上学 attend (on/upon) sb. 照顾某人；伺候某人 attend to 处理；对付；接待(顾客)；专心；注意 24‎ 完成句子 ‎①She was praised for ____________ her sick motherinlaw for over thirty years.‎ 她伺候生病的婆婆三十多年，受到人们的称赞。‎ ‎②He offered to go and ______________ the matter.‎ 他主动提出来去处理那件事了。‎ 写出下列句中attend的含义 ‎③The patients are well attended in the hospital.____________‎ ‎④You know, my uncle Li Ming is going to the city where you live to attend an international meeting.____________‎ ‎⑤He told me that he had an important party to attend that night.____________‎ ‎[答案]　①attending on/upon　②attend to　③照顾；护理　④参加　⑤出席 ‎3．expose vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光；使面临 ‎[教材原句]　But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.‎ 但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。‎ ‎(1)expose...to...　　暴露……给……；使……接触……‎ expose oneself to... 使自己面临……；‎ 使自己暴露于……‎ ‎(2)be exposed to 遭受到；(使)接触到 单句语法填空 ‎①Some people think we shouldn't expose the children to ____________(play) computer games.‎ ‎②________________(expose) to strong sunlight will do harm to your skin.‎ ‎③If ________(expose) to the outside surroundings, they'll be stronger and better prepared for their future.‎ 句型转换 ‎④She has the courage to expose herself to the dangers.‎ ‎→She has the courage to ____________ the dangers.‎ ‎[答案]　①playing　②Being exposed　③exposed　④be exposed to ‎[技巧点拨]　及物动词expose后若无宾语，则常常使用它的被动形式；在expose... to...以及be exposed to结构中，to为介词，其后要用名词、代词或动名词作宾语。‎ ‎4．cure n．治愈；痊愈　vt.治愈；治疗 ‎[教材原句]　Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.‎ 人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。‎ 24‎ a cure for... 针对……的治疗(法)‎ cure sb./a disease 治疗好某人/治疗(治愈)某种疾病 cure sb. of sth. 治愈某人的疾病/改掉某人的恶习等 单句语法填空 ‎①Professor Wang said the reason of shortsightedness is complicated and that there is still no excellent cure ________ it.‎ 单句改错 ‎②The fresh air and exercise cured him his sleeplessness, which made him feel relief.____________‎ 完成句子 ‎③Researchers ____________ certain diseases often by using the forests' plant and animal life.‎ 研究人员通常通过利用森林动植物找出某些疾病的治疗方法。‎ 用cure, treat填空 ‎④The doctor ________ her headache with the best medicine, but did not ________ her of the disease.‎ ‎[答案]　①for　②在him后加of　③find cures for　④treated; cure ‎[思维发散]　cure：强调结果，“治疗，治愈”，其后可直接加疾病或用于cure sb. of sth.结构 treat：强调过程，“治疗”，常用搭配：treat one's＋疾病或treat sb.for＋疾病 ‎5．challenge n．挑战　vt.向……挑战 ‎[教材原句]　John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.‎ 约翰·斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。‎ ‎(1)face the challenge 面临挑战 accept/take up a challenge 接受挑战 ‎(2)challenge sb. to sth. 向某人挑战某事 challenge sb. to do sth. 向某人挑战做某事 ‎(3)challenging adj. 具有挑战性的 单句语法填空 ‎①I want to challenge him ________ a game of basketball.‎ ‎②Teaching young children is a ________(challenge) and rewarding job.‎ ‎③Exploring outer space is ________ challenge to mankind.‎ 完成句子 ‎④(2017·江苏卷)Many Chinese brands, having developed their reputations over 24‎ ‎ centuries, ____________ from the modern market.‎ 很多享有几百年盛誉的中国品牌，现在正面临着来自现代市场的新挑战。‎ ‎[答案]　①to　②challenging　③a　④are facing a challenge ‎[易错提醒]　challenge本身已含“向……；对……”的意义，因而不要再加多余的to。‎ 向某人挑战 ‎6．absorb vt.吸收；吸引；使专心；理解 ‎[教材原句]　The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.‎ 第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。‎ ‎(1)absorb... from... 从……中吸收……‎ absorb... into... 把……吸收入……‎ absorb oneself in 专心于；全神贯注于 ‎(2)absorbed adj. 全神贯注的 ‎(be) absorbed in... 全神贯注于……‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Plants absorb carbon dioxide ________ the air and moisture ________ the soil.‎ ‎②It takes a few minutes to absorb alcohol ________ the bloodstream.‎ ‎③________(absorb) in his work, he simply forgot to have supper and sleep.‎ 完成句子 ‎④When he came back three hours later, they were still sitting on the sofa, ____________________________ conversation.‎ 三个小时后当他回来时，他们仍然坐在沙发上，专心致志地谈话。‎ ‎⑤Though it was midnight, she found her daughter completely ______________.‎ 尽管午夜了，她发现女儿全神贯注于做作业。‎ ‎[答案]　①from; from　②into　③Absorbed　④absorbed in　⑤absorbed in her homework ‎[思维发散]　be absorbed in(doing) sth.结构在句中作状语、定语时，常用其过去分词形式absorbed in...。类似的结构还有：‎ ‎①be lost in...陷入……；专于致志于……‎ ‎②be caught in...被困在……‎ ‎③be buried in...埋头于……‎ ‎④be devoted to...致力于……；专心于……‎ ‎7．blame vt.责备；谴责；归咎于　n．过失；责备 24‎ ‎[教材原句]　It seemed that the water was to blame.‎ 看来水是罪魁祸首。‎ ‎(1)blame sb.for sth./doing sth.‎ 为某事责备某人/责备某人做了某事 blame sth.on sb. 把某事归咎于某人 be to blame (for)‎ 应(为……)承担责任；该(为……)受责备 ‎(2)put/lay the blame for sth.on...‎ 把某事的责任推到某人身上 单句语法填空 ‎①She blamed her husband ________ the failure of their marriage.‎ ‎②She blamed the failure of their marriage ________ her husband.‎ ‎③She laid the blame ________ the failure of their marriage ________ her husband.‎ 完成句子 ‎④Don't always blame your own failure ____________. Sometimes you yourself are ____________.‎ 不要总把失败归咎于他人，有时该怪你自己。‎ ‎[答案]　①for　②on　③for; on　④on others; to blame ‎[易错提醒]　be to blame短语中blame不能用被动形式，该短语为主动形式表示被动含义。‎ ‎8．announce vt.宣布；宣告(决定、计划等)‎ ‎[教材原句]　With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the germs.‎ 有了这个额外的证据，约翰·斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。‎ ‎(1)It is announced that...　　据宣布……/据通知……‎ announce sth.to sb./to sb.sth.‎ 向某人宣布某事 ‎(2)announcement n. 通告；宣告；通知 announcer n. 广播员，播音员 make an announcement 宣布；通知 单句语法填空 ‎①The judges did not know she was physically disabled until the first prize winner ____________(announce)．‎ ‎②I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang, ____________(announce)‎ 24‎ ‎ the class was over.‎ 完成句子 ‎③The ____________ made ____________ that all the details should ____________ through the broadcast.‎ 广播员宣布所有的细节都应通过广播公布出来。‎ ‎[答案]　①was announced　②announcing　③announcer; an announcement; be announced ‎[方法规律]　动词announce后不跟双宾语，表示“向某人宣布某事”时应该说announce sth. to sb.或announce to sb. sth.。类似用法的单词还有：suggest, explain, report, say等。‎ ‎9．every time引导时间状语从句 ‎[教材原句]　So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.‎ 所以每次爆发霍乱时，都有成千上万惊恐的人死去。‎ ‎(1)every time用作连词，意为“每次……”，引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎①____________ light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters.‎ 每次光线以新的速度进入某一物体，就会发生折射和散射。‎ ‎(2)含有time的时间名词短语作连词的还有：each time(每次), (the) next time(下次), any time(随时), (the) last time(上次), the first time(第一次)。‎ ‎②____________ he came to the city, he decided to settle there.‎ 他第一次来到那个城市，他就决定在那里安家。‎ ‎③You are welcome to come back ________ you want to.‎ 你什么时候想回来，我们都欢迎。‎ ‎(3)the＋瞬间名词：the minute, the instant, the moment等，意为：“一……就……”。‎ ‎④__________________ I saw him, I informed him of the matter.‎ 我一看见他，就通知了他那件事。‎ ‎[答案]　①Every time　②The first time　③any time　④The instant/minute/moment 24‎ ‎[答案]　1.inspired　2.exposed　3.deadly　4.explaining　5.absorbed　6.the　7.With　8.to announce　9.to blame　‎ ‎10.defeated 第二时段　Learning about Language & Using Language ‎1．contribute vt. & vi.贡献；捐助；捐献；投稿 ‎[经典例句]　Located where the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.‎ 位于“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”交汇处，江苏将会为“一带一路”的建设做出更大的贡献。‎ ‎(1)contribute sth. to... 把某物捐献给……‎ contribute to 有助于；导致；投稿 ‎(2)contribution n. 捐献；贡献；稿件 make a contribution/contributions to 对……做出贡献 单句语法填空 ‎①Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothes ________ the homeless people.‎ ‎②Your ________(contribute) will certainly make the event a huge success.‎ ‎③Who made some ________(contribute) to the civilrights movement in the US?‎ ‎[答案]　①to　②contribution　③contributions ‎2．enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的 ‎[教材原句]　His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.‎ 他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而哥白尼却小心谨慎。‎ ‎(1)be enthusiastic about 非常喜欢……‎ be enthusiastic to do sth. 非常喜欢做某事 ‎(2)enthusiasm n. 热情；热心 24‎ enthusiastically adv. 热情地；热心地 单句语法填空 ‎①She's very enthusiastic ________(read) the novels written by Mo Yan.‎ ‎②Although she's a beginner, she played with great ________(enthusiastic)．‎ 完成句子 ‎③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm sure it will appeal to you, for you've _______________.‎ 我确信它会吸引你，因为你一直热衷于体育运动。‎ ‎[答案]　①to read　②enthusiasm　③been enthusiastic about sports ‎3．reject vt.拒绝(雇用、录取等)；不接受(提议；建议等)；抛弃；(因质量不好而)废弃 ‎[教材原句]　The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God's idea and people who supported it would be attacked.‎ 基督教教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而任何支持这一理论的人都将受到打击。‎ 写出下列句中reject的含义 ‎①They rejected his application for membership.____________‎ ‎②It is hard for me to reject religious beliefs.____________‎ ‎③He rejected the suggestions his friends had given.____________‎ 用reject, refuse的适当形式填空 ‎④He kept silent and ________ to answer my question.‎ ‎⑤I have been ________ by all the universities I applied to.‎ ‎[答案]　①拒绝　②抛弃　③不接受　④refused　⑤rejected ‎[思维发散]　reject，常用于正式场合，后面常接名词，不接不定式。‎ refuse，普通用词，后接双宾语、名词或不定式，不接不定式的复合宾语和宾语从句。‎ ‎4．make sense有意义；有道理；讲得通 ‎[教材原句]　Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.‎ 只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。‎ make sense of 理解；明白 make no sense 没道理；没意义 in a sense 从某种意义上说 in no sense 决不 common sense 常识 a sense of duty/humor/beauty/direction/pride 24‎ 责任感/幽默感/美感/方向感/自豪感 There is no sense in (doing) sth.(做)……是没有意义的 单句语法填空 ‎①In ________ sense should you lose heart; keep trying and you will make it sooner or later.‎ ‎②There was no sense ________(quarrel) with him.‎ 句型转换 ‎③This sentence he has made doesn't make sense.‎ ‎→This sentence he has made ____________.‎ ‎④I read it through but couldn't understand it.‎ ‎→I read it through but couldn't ____________ it.‎ ‎[答案]　①no　②quarreling　③makes no sense　④make sense of ‎5．only引导的倒装句 ‎[教材原句]　Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.‎ 只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。‎ ‎(1)only放在句首修饰状语(从句)，句子需部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词或系动词be放在主语之前。‎ ‎①Only if you take more exercise ____________________ to keep fit.‎ 只有多锻炼，你才能保持身体健康。‎ ‎(2)only放在句首修饰介词短语，句子采用部分倒装。‎ ‎②Only in this way ____________________________ to our family and our society.‎ 只有用这种方法我们才能为我们的家庭和社会做出巨大贡献。‎ ‎(3)only放在句首修饰副词时，句子采用部分倒装。‎ ‎③Only recently ____________ time to read the book.‎ 直到最近我才有时间读这本书。‎ ‎[答案]　①will you be able　②can we make a great contribution/great contributions　③have I had ‎[答案]　‎ 24‎ There was time when the powerful Christian Church concluded God had made the world. It was because of that reason that the earth was thought to be the centre of the solar system. Copernicus had thought long and about it and tried to find an answer. ， all his mathematical calculations contributed the same conclusion the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. The Christian Church his theory. But the theory he put forward is now the basis on all our ideas of the universe are built.‎ Step 3　课后演练——知识能力　链接高考 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)It is more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and ________(challenge)．‎ ‎[答案]　challenging ‎2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)I saw there were two ________(instruct) on board and a man lying across the middle.‎ ‎[答案]　instructors ‎3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)We both became ________(absorb) in the simplicity of playing together.‎ ‎[答案]　absorbed ‎4．(2018·天津卷)Being the coach of the new team, I was excited because I knew we were going to win, but to my disappointment we ____________(defeat)．‎ ‎[答案]　were defeated ‎5．(2018·浙江卷)His strange habit makes ________(sensible) when you consider that he's an environmental scientist.‎ ‎[答案]　sense ‎6．We will have a further discussion before we draw a final ________(conclude)．‎ ‎[答案]　conclusion ‎7．Most people strongly believe that the court will no doubt punish the bank 24‎ ‎ robbers ________(severe)．‎ ‎[答案]　severely ‎8．The only positive thing about its latest ________(announce) is that it shows that the firm is at last beginning to face reality.‎ ‎[答案]　announcement ‎9．Children are raised to be independent and ________(caution)，with a strong sense of selfesteem.‎ ‎[答案]　cautious ‎10．In spite of the largescale ________(construct) of roads and highways，there is still much room for improvement.‎ ‎[答案]　construction Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．The teacher cured him his bad habits and he made great progress in English.____________‎ ‎[答案]　在him后加of ‎2．Every time I will meet with difficulties in study，I solve it by myself.______________‎ ‎[答案]　去掉will ‎3．Exposing to the sunlight for a long time，the boy had his skin burned.____________‎ ‎[答案]　Exposing→Exposed ‎4．Most of the people made no sense what the expert said at the meeting.____________‎ ‎[答案]　在what前加of ‎5．Either you or I are to attend the meeting tomorrow.____________‎ ‎[答案]　are→am ‎6．It was a difficult time—apart to everything else, we had financial problems.____________‎ ‎[答案]　to→from ‎7．I can't go out with you tonight because I have an urgent thing to attend.____________‎ ‎[答案]　在attend后加to ‎8．Our boss is very strict in us.____________‎ ‎[答案]　in→with 24‎ ‎9．She suspected him with telling lies and never trusted him again.____________‎ ‎[答案]　with→of ‎10．Please announce students that the holidays will begin next Monday.____________‎ ‎[答案]　在announce后加to Ⅲ.根据提示词及相关要求完成句子 ‎1．“每次你不接我的电话，你知道我有多么担心吗？”妈妈常常对我说。(every time)‎ ‎“______________________________________________，you know how much I worry？” Mother often says to me.‎ ‎[答案]　Every time you don't answer my phone ‎2．我认为正是你的丈夫要为宠坏孩子受到责备。(blame)‎ I think it is your husband _______________________ the spoiled child.‎ ‎[答案]　who/that is to blame for ‎3．只有我们现在采取措施来解决这个问题，才能防止在不久的将来出现真正的用水问题。(only if)‎ ‎____________________________ to deal with this problem now can we prevent a real water problem in the near future.‎ ‎[答案]　Only if we take steps/measures ‎4．会议上有人建议立刻处理这个问题。(handle)‎ It was suggested in the meeting that this problem ____________________________ immediately.‎ ‎[答案]　should be handled ‎5．她的眼睛盯着对面的墙，她没有立即回答。(with复合结构)‎ ‎____________________________ on the opposite wall，she did not answer immediately.‎ ‎[答案]　With her eyes fixed ‎6．我妻子和我本人都没能说服女儿改变主意，最终她参加了这个比赛。(neither... nor...)‎ ‎__________________________ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind and finally she joined in the game.‎ ‎[答案]　Neither my wife nor I myself was 高考题型分组训练 阅读理解板块训练——重细节，练速度 24‎ ‎(限时：35分钟)‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Bertha von Suttner received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905—she was the first woman to receive it, and also the inspiration for the creation of the Nobel Prize.‎ She met Alfred Nobel, a rich millionaire, by answering his newspaper ad for a secretary. Although she only worked for him for a few weeks, she remained good friends with Alfred Nobel for the next 20 years. When she became involved in the peace movement in Europe, she promised to keep Nobel informed of its progress. When Alfred Nobel died in 1896, his will included the establishment of a peace prize, thanks to Bertha von Suttner's influence.‎ Bertha von Suttner was born in an aristocratic(贵族的) military family, but she spent the second half of her life working for peace. She wrote books, attended peace conferences, gave lectures and helped organize peace societies in Austria, Germany and Hungary, as well as the International Peace Bureau in Switzerland. Her novel, LayDownYourArms, was one of the most influential anti－war books of all time, and helped to make her a leader of the peace movement in Europe. Its end to war theme was both the ambition(抱负) and the most important goal in the life of this great woman.‎ Bertha von Suttner worked so hard for peace because she believed that a terrible war would break out in Europe if nations didn't work hard to establish lasting peace institutions. She made many major achievements for a more peaceful world, but two months after she died, World War Ⅰ broke out. A hundred years after she won the Nobel Peace Prize, nations still seem to view war as a choice to work out their problems. But like Bertha von Suttner did, many today are working hard around the world to help strengthen peace institutions and spread the idea that it's time to put an end to war.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了第一位女性诺贝尔和平奖获得者Bertha von Suttner。‎ 24‎ ‎1．Bertha von Suttner ________.‎ A．worked for Alfred Nobel for 20 years B．helped Alfred Nobel draw up his will C．persuaded Alfred Nobel to join the peace movement D．inspired Alfred Nobel to establish the Nobel Peace Prize ‎[解析]　细节理解题。由第一段中的“also the inspiration for the creation of the Nobel Prize”和第二段中的“his will included the establishment of a peace prize, thanks to Bertha von Suttner's influence”可知，诺贝尔在他的遗嘱中指明设立诺贝尔和平奖主要是受到Bertha von Suttner的影响。‎ ‎[答案]　D ‎2．Paragraph 3 is mainly about Bertha von Suttner's________.‎ A．efforts and contributions to the peace movement B．family background and work experiences C．writing career and life experiences D．ambition and goals in life ‎[解析]　段落大意题。由第三段中的“wrote books, attended peace conferences, gave lectures and helped organize peace societies”和“the most influential anti－war books”以及“a leader of the peace movement in Europe”可知，本段主要讲述了Bertha von Suttner为和平运动所做出的努力和贡献。‎ ‎[答案]　A ‎3．What do we know about LayDownYourArms?‎ A．It was based on a true story.‎ B．It recorded Bertha von Suttner's daily life.‎ C．It was about an aristocratic military family.‎ D．It showed Bertha von Suttner's wish for peace.‎ ‎[解析]　推理判断题。由第三段中的“anti－war books”和“Its end to war theme was both the ambition(抱负) and the most important goal in the life of this great woman”可知，《放下武器》这部小说反映了Bertha von Suttner对世界和平的渴望。‎ ‎[答案]　D B Contestants from around the world met in Pomona, California, this month to test their skills at things like driving a car, walking down stairs, and opening doors. Sounds easy, right? But the competitors weren't people—they were robots!‎ The bots were participating in the final round of the US's DARPA (Defense ‎ 24‎ Advanced Research Projects Agency) Robotics Challenge. This event, which took place on June 5－6, tested robots on how well they could respond during a disaster and the winning team finally took home a $2 million grand prize.‎ The DARPA challenge was created after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. An earthquake caused a tsunami, which damaged a nuclear power plant. Workers at the plant needed to shut off an important valve (阀门), but it was too dangerous for humans to reach it. The US scientists at DARPA wondered whether the disaster could have been avoided if a robot had been sent to do the_job. So they set up the robotics competition.‎ Turning a valve was just one task a robot might have to perform when entering a disaster zone. In addition to doing this, robots participating in the challenge had to navigate a course containing several other tasks: driving and exiting a vehicle, opening a door, walking over or clearing objects, cutting a hole in a wall, plus climbing a flight of stairs.‎ Teams had to complete the challenge in one hour, and points were awarded based on how quickly the robots completed a task. They didn't have to attempt all the tasks. To make things even more realistic, challenge organizers caused short computer－system blackouts (断电) that prevented robots and the human operators controlling them from communicating. That means teams had to program their bots to be partially autonomous (独立的). Robots also couldn't be attached to anything that could keep them from falling down, which happened a lot.‎ 语篇解读：本文是说明文。文章介绍了在加利福尼亚州举行的DARPA机器人挑战赛。‎ ‎4．What do we know about this year's DARPA challenge?‎ A．It lasted five days.‎ B．It was held in Japan.‎ C．Its winner got a cash prize.‎ D．Its winner will work in Fukushima.‎ ‎[解析]　细节理解题。由第二段的“the winning team finally took home a $2 million grand prize”可知，加利福尼亚州举行的为期两天的DARPA机器人挑战赛冠军得主获得了200万美元的现金大奖。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎5．What does the underlined part “the job” in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A．To open a door.‎ B．To close a valve.‎ 24‎ C．To predict a tsunami.‎ D．To rebuild a nuclear power plant.‎ ‎[解析]　词义猜测题。画线部分所在句的the disaster指代上文的福岛核电站事故，科学家认为如果当时能有机器人去关闭核电站的阀门，那么那场事故就会避免，故此处的the job指关闭阀门。‎ ‎[答案]　B ‎6．The robots that participated in the US's DARPA challenge were required to ________.‎ A．challenge all the tasks B．have a good sense of smell C．complete their tasks in an hour D．act in the dark in the whole process ‎[解析]　细节理解题。由最后一段介绍机器人参赛规则的“Teams had to complete the challenge in one hour”可知，参赛机器人需要在一个小时之内完成比赛内容。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎7．What is the text mainly about?‎ A．A nuclear disaster.‎ B．A research program.‎ C．A robotics competition.‎ D．A scientific organization.‎ ‎[解析]　主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了在加利福尼亚州举行的DARPA机器人挑战赛赛况及其规则。‎ ‎[答案]　C C ‎(2018·江苏苏州期中调研)A biologist from the National Park Service discovered a rare and unusual mammoth(猛犸) skull(颅骨) buried in a 13,000－year－old rock layer on the Santa Rosa Island, the second largest landmass in the Channel Islands, California. The fossil of the extinct giant animal is leaving many paleontologists(古生物学家) scratching_their_heads. The species of the individual it belonged to can't seem to be identified yet—it's too big to be a pygmy(特别矮小的) mammoth and too small to have come from a Columbian mammoth. Some say it's a new species while others believe the truth lies somewhere in between.‎ Judging from its size, the newly found mammoth skull doesn't seem to fit any of the two species, Columbian or pygmy. To make things even more confusing, one of ‎ 24‎ its two tusks(象牙) is nearly five feet long and coiled in a manner that resembles those of fully grown mammoths but the left tusk is shorter and sloping, more like a juvenile's(青少年)．‎ More interesting than the mammoth's lineage, however, might be its story. The giant mammal lived 13,000 years ago or roughly the same timeline of the “Arlington Man”， a 13,000－year－old human skeleton also found on Santa Rosa. Some 3,000 years later humans were already spread throughout the continent and the Channel Islands' mammoth went extinct. The present finding might help reveal a link between the two.‎ The remains also seem to confirm a long－held assumption that there were two mammoth migrations to the Channel Islands. “The discovery of this mammoth skull increases the probability that there were at least two migrations of Columbian mammoths to the islands，” said USGS geologist Dan Muhs.‎ 语篇解读：文章主要介绍一个新发现的猛犸头盖骨，这个猛犸头盖骨有许多未解之谜。‎ ‎8．The underlined part in the first paragraph means the pale－ontologists feel ________.‎ A．excited B．confused C．anxious D．frustrated ‎[解析]　词义猜测题。根据文章第一段的“The species of the individual it belonged to can't seem to be identified yet”可知，它属于什么物种还不能被确认，故scratching their heads意为“困惑的”。故选B。‎ ‎[答案]　B ‎9．Which is among the reasons why the newly found skull is special?‎ A．Its structure.‎ B．The place where it's found.‎ C．Its age.‎ D．Its shape.‎ ‎[解析]　细节理解题。根据第二段的“To make things even more confusing, one of its two tusks(象牙) is nearly five feet long and coiled in a manner that resembles those of fully grown mammoths but the left tusk is shorter and sloping, more like a juvenile's(青少年)．”可知选C。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎10．What can we conclude from the last two paragraphs?‎ A．The Santa Rosa mammoth migrated to the Channel Islands from elsewhere.‎ B．There may be a link between the extinction of mammoths and the spread of 24‎ ‎ humans.‎ C．At least two mammoth groups migrated to the Channel Islands during different periods.‎ D．There remains no final conclusion as to how many mammoth groups migrated to the islands.‎ ‎[解析]　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的第一句和“The discovery of this mammoth skull increases the probability that there were at least two migrations of Columbian mammoths to the islands”可知，对于多少猛犸群迁徙到岛上还没有最后的结论。故选D。‎ ‎[答案]　D ‎11．This passage mainly tells us the newly found mammoth skull ________.‎ A．is among the best preserved, but with a mysterious story B．has aroused a debate over what species it belongs to C．is of great scientific importance to mankind D．is likely to confirm a former assumption ‎[解析]　主旨大意题。根据文章第一段的“discovered a rare... rock layer”和倒数第二段的“More interesting than the mammoth's lineage, however, might be its story.”可知，文章主要告诉我们新发现的猛犸头盖骨保存完好并且有着神秘的故事。故选A。‎ ‎[答案]　A D ‎(2018·湖北省八校联考)I was born on the 17th of November 1828, in the village of Nam Ping, which is about four miles southwest of the Portuguese Colony(殖民地) of Macao, and is located on Pedro Island lying west of Macao, from which it is separated by a channel of half a mile wide.‎ As early as 1834, an English lady, Mrs. Gutzlaff, wife of a missionary to China, came to Macao. Supported by the Ladies' Association in London for the promotion of female education in India and the East, she immediately took up the work of starting a girls' school for Chinese girls，which was soon followed by the opening of a boys' school.‎ Mrs. Gutzlaff's comprador(买办) happened to come from my village and was actually my father's friend and neighbor. It was through him that my parents heard about Mrs. Gutzlaff's school and it was doubtlessly through his influence and means that my father got me admitted into the school. It has always been a mystery to me ‎ 24‎ why my parents should put me into a foreign school, instead of a traditional Confucian school, where my big brother was placed. Most certainly such a step would have been more suitable for Chinese public opinion，taste, and the wants of the country than to allow me to attend an English school. Moreover, a Chinese belief is the only avenue in China that leads to political promotion, influence, power and wealth. I can only guess that as foreign communication with China was just beginning to grow, my parents hoped that it might be worthwhile to put one of their sons to learn English. In this way he might become an interpreter and have a more advantageous position to enter the business and diplomatic world. I am wondering if that influenced my parents to put me into Mrs. Gutzlaff's School. As to what other sequences it has eventually brought about in my later life, they were entirely left in the hands of God.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要讲述了作者——“中国留学生之父”容闳7岁时，父亲将他送往英国人郭士立夫人在澳门开办的一所男子学校读书的故事。‎ ‎12．How was the author admitted to Mrs. Gutzlaff's school?‎ A．Through his father's request.‎ B．Through his father's friend's help.‎ C．Through his own efforts to exams.‎ D．Through Mrs. Gutzlaff's influence.‎ ‎[解析]　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It was through him that my parents heard about... my father got me admitted into the school.”可知，作者是通过父亲的朋友的影响和帮助才上的郭士立夫人的学校。‎ ‎[答案]　B ‎13．Why did the author's parents put him into an English school?‎ A．Because it met with Chinese public opinion.‎ B．Because an English school was more influential.‎ C．Because he could become a successful interpreter.‎ D．Because foreign trade with China was developing fast.‎ ‎[解析]　细节理解题。根据最后一段的倒数第三句“In this way he might become an interpreter and have a more advantageous position to enter the business and diplomatic world.”可知，作者的父母让他上英国学校可能是因为想让他做翻译，以后能在外贸和外交环境中有一定的优势。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎14．What did the author think of his parents' decision to put him into an 24‎ ‎ English school?‎ A．It was skeptical.‎ B．It was wonderful.‎ C．It was thoughtful.‎ D．It was mysterious.‎ ‎[解析]　观点态度题。根据最后一段的第三句“It has always been a mystery to me why my parents should put me into a foreign school, instead of a traditional Confucian school, where my big brother was placed.”可知，作者至今还不太明白家人把他送到英国学校读书的原因。‎ ‎[答案]　D ‎15．What does the underlined word “sequences” in the last sentence probably mean?‎ A．Results. B．Order.‎ C．Tricks. D．Progress.‎ ‎[解析]　词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“it has eventually brought about in my later life, they were entirely left in the hands of God”可知，上了这个英国学校之后连续发生的事情，都不是父母所能掌控的，由此可推知，此处讲的是这件事的后果。‎ ‎[答案]　A Ⅱ.七选五阅读填空 ‎(2018·陕西省高三质检)‎ How to Choose a Topic for Your Paper No matter what research paper you write, the first and most important step is to choose the topic. __1__ Here are some tips for you to follow.‎ To choose a good topic, you'll have to ask yourself some important questions. Is there enough research available on this topic? Is the topic new and unique enough that I can offer fresh opinions? Is it related to my subject and future occupation?‎ ‎__2__ Writing about something you enjoy certainly shows in the final product，making it more likely that you will be successful in writing a paper about something you enjoy.‎ If you are writing a research paper for a class, consider the other students. __3__ How can you keep your paper unique and interesting if everyone is writing about the same thing?‎ Ask your professor or classmates for advice, if you're struggling to come up with a “right” topic. __4__ Sometimes asking professors for help may seem 24‎ ‎ frightening, but if they are worth anything as a professor, they want you to be successful in your work，and will do what they can to make that happen.‎ If you choose a topic, begin researching，and realize that it isn't the right decision for you for some reason, don't worry! __5__ Although it requires a bit more time, yet changing your topic will make your writing more efficient.‎ A．Have a clear picture of organization in mind.‎ B．Be courageous and change it.‎ C．Is it likely that they will also be writing about your topic?‎ D．However, many students are discouraged by this first step.‎ E．Take a trip to your local library or university library.‎ F．Choose a topic that you have very strong emotion in.‎ G．They are likely to have great ideas.‎ 语篇解读：本文主要介绍了如何选择论文主题。‎ ‎1．[解析]　根据上文的“the first and most important step is to choose the topic”可推知，此处应表示“可是很多学生在第一步就受挫”，所以选D项。‎ ‎[答案]　D ‎2．[解析]　根据下文的“Writing about something you enjoy certainly shows in the final product, making it more likely that you will be successful in writing a paper about something you enjoy.”可知，本段主要讲要对自己的选题有兴趣，这样才有可能写好，所以选F项。‎ ‎[答案]　F ‎3．[解析]　根据上文的“consider the other students”及下文的“How can you keep your paper unique and interesting if everyone is writing about the same thing？”可知，论文选题要考虑到其他学生是否也会选同一话题，所以选C项。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎4．[解析]　根据上文的“Ask your professor or classmates for advice, if you're struggling to come up with a ‘right’ topic.”可推知，老师或同学可能会给你一些好的建议，所以选G项。‎ ‎[答案]　G ‎5．[解析]　根据上文的“it isn't the right decision”及下文的“changing your topic will make your writing more efficient”可知，发现选题不合适时要有足够的勇气去替换它，所以选B项。‎ ‎[答案]　B 24‎ 24‎