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Unit 3 Understanding each other
[学生用书P156]
一、语基必备知识
(一)重点词汇——分类记忆
Ⅰ.阅读词汇——知其意
1．wedding n． 婚礼
2．reception n. 招待会；接待；接受
3．offence n. 冒犯；侮辱
4．minority n. 少数民族；少数，少数人
5．gesture n. 手势；姿势；示意动作
6．musical adj. 音乐的
n. 音乐剧
7．plain n. 平原
adj. 清楚的，明显的；坦诚的；
朴素的
8．firework n. 焰火，烟花
Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形
1．ensure vt. 保证，担保，确保
2．throughout prep.& adv. 自始至终；贯穿整个时
期；各处，遍及
3．familiar adj. 通晓；熟悉
4．account n. 描述，叙述；账目
5．accustomed adj. 习惯于；惯常的
6．expectation n. 期望，盼望
7．alike adj. 相像，十分相似
adv. 十分相像地；同样地
8．carve vt. 雕刻
Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变
1．greet vt.和某人打招呼(或问好)→greeting n．招呼；问候；问候语(pl.)
2．congratulate vt.向(某人)道贺，祝贺→congratulation n．祝贺；贺词
3．permit vt.& vi.允许，准许n.许可证→permission n．允许，许可
4．prohibit vt.(尤指以法令)禁止→prohibition n．禁止；禁令
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5．adjust vi.& vt.适应，习惯；调整，调节→adjustment n．调整→adjustable adj.可调整的，可调节的
6．celebration n．庆典；庆祝活动→celebrate v．庆祝
7．religion n．宗教→religious adj.宗教的；虔诚的
8．slight adj.轻微的→slightly adv.轻微地；稍微地
9．bravery n．勇敢→brave adj.勇敢的
10．govern vt.统治；控制，支配→governor n．主管人员；统治者→government n．政府
1.拜访“金融”部落
①account 账目；账户
②budget 预算
③capital 资金；资本
④cheque 支票
⑤interest 利息
⑥finance 财政，金融
2.“允许”与“禁止”
①permit v． 允许
②allow v. 允许
③forbid v. 禁止
④ban v．& n. 禁止
⑤prohibit v. 禁止
3.“适应/合”短语集合
①adjust (oneself) to
②adapt (oneself) to
③fit in
④fit in with
⑤agree with
(二)重点短语——记牢用活
1．let_alone 更不用说
2．show_somebody_around 带某人参观、游览
3．take_up 占据(时间或空间)
4．have_power_over 控制，支配
5．be_aware_of 知道，意识到
6．shake_hands_with_sb. 与某人握手
7．be_home_to 为……的所在/栖息地/家园
8．adjust_to 适应
9．be_familiar_with 对……熟悉；通晓
10．provide...with... 给……提供……
11．be_supposed_to_do_sth. 应该做某事
12．get_accustomed_to_doing_sth. 习惯做某事
13．after_all 毕竟，终究
14．do_without 没有……也行
15．belong_to 属于
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16．in_fact 实际上
17．take_place 发生；举行
18．congratulate_sb.on_sth. 祝贺某人某事
19．be_connected_with 与……有联系
20．meet_with 遇见，碰到
1.“v.＋up”短语大阅兵
①take up 占据(时间或空间)
②pack up 打包
③build up 逐渐增加
④bring up 抚养；使……长大
⑤set up 建立；竖立
⑥put up 建造；举起；张贴
⑦make up 组成；虚构；弥补；化妆
⑧come up 走近；上来；上升；被提出
⑨give up 放弃
⑩break up 打碎；拆散；结束
2.“be＋adj.＋with”高频短语
①be familiar with 对……熟悉
②be satisfied with 对……满意
③be mad with 因……发疯
④be bored with 厌烦……
⑤be busy with 忙于……
⑥be popular with 受……欢迎
⑦be angry with 对……发怒
⑧be strict with 对……要求严格
⑨be patient with 对……有耐心
⑩be content with 对……满意
3.结识all相关短语
①after all 毕竟，终究
②in all 总共，合计
③all in all 总的来说，大体而言
④at all 根本；完全
⑤above all 首先，最重要的
⑥first of all 首先
⑦all the time 始终，一直
⑧all at once 立刻，马上
(三)重点句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：have trouble (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
Many foreigners have_trouble_getting accustomed to it.
很多外国人很难习惯这一点。
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句型2：the reason why...is that...……的原因是……
One_reason_why there are so many French words in English is_that the French ruled England for quite a number of years.
英语里有如此多的法语词汇的原因是法国人曾统治英格兰很多年。
句型3：dislike it when...不喜欢……，it作形式宾语
They dislike_it_when people do not look at the cards，so remember not to just put them in your pocket without looking.
他们不喜欢人们不看名片，所以要记住，不要看都不看就把名片塞进口袋。
二、语境强化训练
Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式
1．(2019·北京卷)I’m writing to give you a full account(叙述) of my unforgettable experience in a farmwork programme.
2．Nowadays senior high students are burdened with too many expectations(期望), which is making them less and less confident.
3．In order to ensure(确保) success we must have a complete and thorough plan.
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout(整个) the day.
5．—You seem to be familiar(熟悉) with this city.
—I lived here three years ago. It’s so great to be back.
6．(2018·浙江卷6月)He said that if he quit(quit) the job, he would lose his drive to work and succeed.
7．Congratulations(congratulate) to you on your exam results!
8．They exchanged greetings(greet) and sat down to lunch.
9．Facing the cruel man, the young girl showed no fear.Her bravery(brave) impressed all of us deeply.
10．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment(adjust), high status has just the opposite effect on us.
Ⅱ.派生词练习——用所给词的适当形式填空
1．It was brave of her to go into the burning building to save the boy, so we all respect her for her bravery and unselfishness.(brave)
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2．Even if you have a permit,_I won’t permit you to enter the hall without my permission．(permit)
3．The height of the bicycle seat is adjustable,_so my son’s bike demands constant adjustment．(adjust)
4．The headmaster wrote a letter to congratulate her on her good performance and in turn the exciting congratulations encouraged her greatly.(congratulate)
5．It took a while for her to accustom herself to the school life.That meant after a while she became accustomed to living in the new school.(accustom)
6．To my surprise, instead of mailing a greeting card, she greeted me with a hug and said “Merry Christmas”．(greet)
Ⅲ.选词成篇
after all; dream of; be accustomed to; let alone; show around; be familiar with
Last week I attended a wedding ceremony of one of my friends. I 1.was_familiar_with most of the guests there. After greeting the bridegroom and the bride, I was 2.shown_around their new home. Throughout the ceremony many fireworks were set off. Few of the people there could bear
the noise, 3.let_alone me, who 4.was_accustomed_to quietness.But I enjoyed the hot dogs, roast beef and beautiful music. After attending the ceremony, I 5.dream_of meeting with my Mr.Right. 6.After_all,_love is a light that never dims.
adjust to; be aware of; be home to; congratulate sb. on sth.
Australia is a vast country which 7.is_home_to many wild animals and plants. In recent years, millions of people have traveled to Australia, causing great damage to the local ecology. The government 8.has_been_aware_of this situation and taken some measures to 9.adjust_to the new requirements.We should 10.congratulate Australia on its achievements in protecting the environment.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．如果你在与他人沟通方面存在困难，这势必会影响你的学习。
If you have_trouble_(in)_communicating_with_others,_it’s bound to affect your study.
2．我们不信任他的原因是他总是说谎。
The_reason_why_we_don’t_trust_him_is_that he always tells lies.
3．很多人不喜欢别人催促他们给那些他们甚至不在意的比赛进行网上投票。
Many people dislike_it_when they are urged to cast online votes for competitions that they even don’t care.
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[学生用书P158]
ensure vt.保证，担保，确保
[能力提升]——完成句子
①老师们不遗余力地确保每个学生都有同样的机会。
The teachers spared_no_effort_to_ensure_that all students would be given an equal chance.
②(广东卷)靠着不断的努力，我们精神上和身体上将会更健康，这将确保我们享受一个更加精彩的学校生活。
With continuous efforts，we will be healthier both mentally and physically, which_will_ensure_that we enjoy a more wonderful school life.
ensure (doing) sth. 保证(做)某事
ensure sb.sth. 保证/确保某人(得到)某物
ensure sb.from/against...
保护某人免受……的伤害
ensure that...＝make sure that... 确保/保证……
[佳句背诵] There was no other way to ensure that people would get the right balance of foods.
没有其他方法可以确保人们饮食均衡。
congratulate vt.祝贺；庆贺
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
① (2019·天津卷)I had hoped to send Peter a gift to_congratulate(congratulate) him on his marriage, but I couldn’t manage it.
②Congratulations(congratulate) to you on your qualification for this World Cup Football Championship!
[能力提升]——一句多译
我祝贺你在“汉语桥”汉语演讲比赛中获得一等奖。
③I would like to express_my_congratulations_to_you_on your receiving the first prize of Chinese Bridge Chinese speech contest.(congratulation n．)
④I would like to congratulate_you_on your receiving the first prize of Chinese Bridge Chinese speech contest. (congratulate vt.)
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(1)congratulate sb. on
祝贺某人某事/做某事
(2)congratulation n. 祝贺；恭喜
congratulations to sb. on sth. 祝贺某人某事
[佳句背诵] Congratulations on your making great progress in learning Chinese.
祝贺你在学习汉语方面取得了很大的进步。(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
[名师点津] congratulation在用作名词时，常常要用复数形式。
permit n．[C]通行证；许可证；执照 v．许可，允许，准许
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(天津卷)Mobile phone conversations are not permitted(permit) anywhere in the library.
②a.(安徽卷)Read the daily newspapers, magazines and other books, but you are not permitted to_take(take) them out.
b．The visitors are reminded that the museum doesn’t permit smoking(smoke)．
[能力提升]——句式升级
③(普通表达)If time permits, I expect you to pay a visit to our school.
(高级表达)Time_permitting,_I expect you to pay a visit to our school. (独立主格结构)(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
(1)permit＋n./pron./doing 允许……
permit sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事
(2)permission n. [U]许可，允许
ask for permission 请求许可
with/without sb.’s permission得到/未经某人的允许
[佳句背诵] With your permission, I will have the project carried out as soon as possible.
如果你答应的话，我将尽快开展这项计划。
[名师点津] permit既可以用于permit doing sth.，也可用于permit sb.to do sth.。有相同用法的动词还有advise, allow, forbid等。
adjust v．调节，调整；校准；使适应
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
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①This kind of desk can be_adjusted(adjust) to the height you need. Besides, it’s not expensive at all.
②I was wondering whether she could adjust to living(live) in the mountainous village alone.
③(江苏卷)Some schools will have to make adjustments(adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升级
④(普通表达)Mike’s mother did almost everything for him when he was in high school, and that made_it_difficult_for_him_to_adjust_to(让他很难适应) the firstyear college life.
⑤(高级表达)Mike’s mother did almost everything for him when he was in high school, making_it_difficult_for_him_to_adjust_to_the_firstyear_college_life．(现在分词作状语)
(1)adjust...to... 为配合……而调整
adjust to... 适应……
adjust (oneself) to (使自己)适应
(2)adjustment n. 调整；调节
make an adjustment to 对……进行调整
[佳句背诵] I think that you will quickly adjust (yourself) to them though the weather and the food are different from yours.
虽然天气、食物与你以往的有所不同，我相信你会很快适应的。
[名师点津] adjust to和adjust...to...中的to都是介词，其后需接名词或动名词。
accustomed adj.习惯的；通常的，惯常的
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①For those accustomed(accustom) to a comfortable life, the change to remote areas must have been very hard indeed.
②Not accustomed to staying(stay) up so late at night, she has to work extra hours at daytime.
[能力提升]——句式升级
③(普通表达)I accustom myself to living in the countryside, and I always find it hard to live in the city.
(高级表达)Accustoming_myself_to_living_in_the_countryside,_I always find it hard to live in the city.(现在分词短语作状语)
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(1)be/get/become accustomed to (doing) sth.＝be used to (doing) sth.习惯于(做)某事
(2)accustom vt. 使……习惯于
accustom oneself to (doing) sth.
使某人习惯于(做)某事
[佳句背诵] Once we achieve our goals, we will become accustomed very quickly to our new situation.
一旦我们达成了目标，我们很快就会适应新的形势。
familiar adj.熟悉的；常见的；亲近的
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①As a result, you can master the Chinese language and be familiar with the Chinese culture.
②Charity work, which is still at an early stage in China, is unfamiliar to them.
[能力提升]——一句多译
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)一方面，我很熟悉中国画，因为我的父亲是一位中国画家。
③For one thing, I am_quite_familar_with_Chinese_painting,_for my father is a Chinese painter.
④For one thing, Chinese painting is_quite_familiar_to_me,_for my father is a Chinese painter.
(1)be/get familiar with 熟悉……
be familiar to 为……所熟悉
(2)unfamiliar adj. 不熟悉的
be unfamiliar to 对……不熟悉
[佳句背诵] Visiting the exhibition will help you get familiar with the art of papercutting. 参观这个展览将有助于你熟悉剪纸艺术。(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
[名师点津] (1)be familiar to的主语可以是人，也可以是物，宾语通常是人；(2)be familiar with的主语只能是人，宾语是所熟悉的内容或物。
account n．叙述；描写；报道；账单；账户 v．说明；解释
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·江苏卷)In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2－3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the body’s energy when the body is at rest.
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②(2017·江苏卷)While this book tells the stories of famous people in history, it also gives an account of the lives of lesserknown individuals.
③He had to leave his beloved basketball team on account of his injured legs.
[能力提升]——词汇升级
(普通表达)I sincerely hope that you will consider my suggestions. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
④(高级表达)I sincerely hope that you will take my suggestions into_account/consideration．
⑤(高级表达)I sincerely hope that you will take_account_of my suggestions.
(1)take account of.../take...into account/consideration
把……考虑在内
on account of 因为，由于
on no account 绝不
give an account of 报告；叙述；说明
(2)account for 解释；说明；
(数量，比例上)占
[佳句背诵] The professor warned the students that on no account should they use mobile phones in his class. 教授警告学生们绝对不要在他的课堂上使用手机。(2019·天津卷)
[名师点津] on no account意为“绝不”，放在句首时常引起句子的部分倒装，有类似用法的还有by no means, in no way, on no condition, under no circumstances, in no case, at no time等。
let alone 更不用说
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, letting in the natural light during the day.
②I hardly had time to think these days, let alone relax.
③When she was told the bad news that her son had died at war, she let out a cry of sadness.
④She speaks English very fluently, but her pronunciation lets her down．
[能力提升]——完成句子
⑤我希望大家都别再来干涉我，让我一个人静一静。
I wish everyone would stop interfering and just let/leave_me_alone．,let/leave
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sb.alone 别烦/不打扰某人
let/leave sth.alone 别碰某物；别管某事
let sb. down 使某人失望
let sth.down 放低某物
let out 使出来，放出；泄露(秘密)
let in 使进来，进入
[佳句背诵] We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it. 我们那时候甚至都不知道存在环境，更别说它存在的问题了。(全国卷Ⅱ)
take up 站好位置以备……；拿起；开始从事；占据；继续；从事于；接受
[一词多义]——写出下列句中take up的含义
①(安徽卷)We tried to find a table for seven，but they were all taken up.占用
②(陕西卷)Peter will take up his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.
开始从事
③The teacher took up the lesson where he left off last week.
继续
④Are you going to take up the challenge of lasting a whole week without arguing？接受
take in 欺骗；理解；领悟；吸收
take on 呈现；雇用；承担；从事
take over 掌管，控制；取代
take off 休息；起飞；突然成功；在(某段)休假
[词块助记] take up a new job 从事新的工作
take over the job as a manager 接任经理一职
take on a new look 呈现出崭新面貌
take off on time 正点起飞
have trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难
(教材P35)Many foreigners have trouble getting accustomed to it.
很多外国人很难习惯这一点。
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[基础练习]——单句改错
①Six months after the accident, he still had difficulties walking.difficulties→difficulty
②Does she have any trouble with finishing the task？with→in
[能力提升]——完成句子
③你简直想象不到我们解决这个问题时遇到的困难。
You can hardly imagine the_difficulty_we_had_(in)_solving_the_problem．
(1)have trouble (in) doing sth.意为“做某事有困难”，trouble为不可数名词，前面可加修饰词much，little，no等。
(2)trouble可换用difficulty，意思不变。
(3)若trouble/difficulty后跟名词，常接介词with。
[联想发散] 表示“做某事有困难”的表达还有：
①have_a_hard_time (in) doing sth./with sth.；
②have_problems (in) doing sth./with sth.；
③there’s...difficulty (in) doing sth./with sth.
the reason why...is that...……的原因是……
(教材P38)One reason why there are so many French words in English is that the French ruled England for quite a number of years.
英语里有如此多的法语词汇的原因是法国人曾统治英格兰很多年。[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①a.The reason why he failed the English exam was that he didn’t learn it well.
b．Is this the reason_that/which he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
②(全国卷Ⅲ)The reason for which I cannot accompany you to the bookstore is that I have to attend an important class meeting.
③a.Sorry, we are late. That’s because we were held up in the traffic jam.
b．We were held up in the traffic jam and that’s why we are late.
[能力提升]——句式升级
④(普通表达)People carry umbrellas in hot summer days because the hot sun may be harmful to the exposed skin.
(高级表达)The_reason_why_people_carry_umbrellas_in_hot_summer_days_is_that_the_hot_sun
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_may_be_harmful_to_the_exposed_skin.(why引导的定语从句)
(1)the reason why ...is that ...，表示“……的原因是……”， 其中why引导定语从句，that引导表语从句。
(2)reason常见的句式：
①the reason for sth./doing sth. is/was that ...
②the reason why/for which...is/was that ...
③the reason that/which...is/was that ...
(3)That/This is because...表示“这是因为……”，because引导的表语从句表示原因；
That/This is why... 表示“这就是……的原因”，why引导的表语从句表示结果。
[名师点津] the reason后接定语从句时引导词用why/for which还是用that/which，取决于其在定语从句中所承担的句子成分。缺少主语、宾语、表语用that或which；缺少状语用why或for which。
[学生用书P162]
维度一 在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
1．I have great trouble learning(learn) English and I am so worried.
2．The suggestion came from the general that the soldiers should_be_prohibited(prohibit) from leaving camp after dark.
3．Accustomed(accustom) to the climate in the countryside，the old couple prefer not to move to the city.
4．The plane circled, awaiting permission(permit) to land.
5．The high cost of equipment prohibits(prohibit) many people from taking up this sport.
维度二 在空白处填入1个适当的单词
1．It may take you a little time to adjust to the new school rules.
2．We’ll show you around the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace while you stay here.
3．The reason why he didn’t pass the driving test is that he had little training.
4．It is not difficult to take up a new career in midlife.
5．Mary often does some translation work to earn extra money，which accounts for half of her income.
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维度三 语境品词(写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义)
1．In order to get familiar with the new neighbour, I decided to call at his house.熟悉
2．The local government has taken steps to ensure that rules should be faithfully carried out.确保
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total global fertilizer consumption.
(数量，比例上)占
4．After studying in a medical college for five years, Jane took up her job as a doctor in the countryside.
从事于
维度四 易错误用(改正下列句子中的错误)
1．However, old school photographers may have difficulties adopting this style.difficulties→difficulty
2．The reason why he was late for school was because his car broke down on the way.because→that
3．She came to congratulate me to my winning the first place in the English contest.第二个to→on
4．There isn’t enough room for us, let lonely any guests.lonely→alone
5．You’ll soon get accustomed to walk long distances.walk→walking
6．I hate them when you say such things in public.them→it
7．My mother doesn’t permit me go out alone at night.在go前加to
8．It was the bad weather that prohibited them in going to the science museum.in→from
维度五 完成句子
1．Helen always helps her mother do the housework even though going to school takes_up_most_of_her_day(占用了她一天的大部分时间)．
2．It_is_believed_that(人们相信) an earthquake will occur in the area in the near future.
3．I really dislike_it_when(不喜欢……) some children are accustomed to being looked after by their parents and take everything they do for granted.
4．In the afternoon, you will_be_shown_around(将被带领参观) our newlybuilt museum.
5．If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would_be_put_off(就会被推迟)．
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提能一 语段填空(短文中黑体部分为本单元核心知识点，请补全短文，并背诵体会黑体部分用法)
President Xi 1.congratulated(congratulate) all farmers around the country on the first Farmers’ Harvest Festival. Farmers around the country held varieties of activities in 2.celebration(celebrate) of their first festival. It’s quite funny 3.joining(join) in these games. These years, our 4.government(govern) attaches great importance to the development of agriculture. It is reported that farmers account 5.for 70% of the population of China. Farmers can get timely help once they have trouble 6.producing(produce). Laws are made to ensure that farming land should not be used for other purposes without 7.permission(permit). Now factories that will cause pollution 8.are_prohibited(prohibit) from being built in the countryside. Farmers also have adjusted 9.themselves(they) to modern technology. The old and poor villages that we were familiar 10.with have changed a lot.
提能二 话题写作(用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)
1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)
①一些人在熟悉中国人和西方人的饮食习惯上有困难。
Some people have_trouble_in_getting_familiar_with Chinese and Western eating habits.
②中国人习惯于大家共吃一桌菜。
Chinese are_accustomed_to sharing all the dishes together.
③西方人则适应每个人吃自己餐盘里的食物。
Westerners adjust_to having their plate of food alone.
④在中国，如果是一个非常正式的招待会，那将提供大量的饭菜。
In China, if it is a_very_formal_reception,_a huge amount of food will be supplied.
⑤中国人用餐所用时间通常比西方人长。
Chinese usually take_up more time to have dinner than Westerners.
2．升级平淡句
⑥用并列连词合并②③
Chinese_are_accustomed_to_sharing_all_the_dishes_together，while_Westerners_adjust__to_having_their_plate_of_food_alone.
3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：nowadays, in addition)
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Nowadays，some people have trouble in getting familiar with Chinese and Western eating habits.Chinese are accustomed to sharing all the dishes together，while Westerners adjust to having their plate of food alone.In China, if it is a very formal reception, a huge amount of food will be supplied.In addition, Chinese usually take up more time to have dinner than Westerners.
课时练1 2篇阅读＋1篇完形
[学生用书P367(单独成册)]
阅读理解
A
(2020·巢湖重点中学联考)Brits(英国人) are extremely bad at languages, with many of us relying on the fact that the rest of the world speak English. Only half(51%) are able to speak a second language to any standard and as more people travel abroad, this is becoming an increasing regret, according to a new study.
Almost twothirds(62%) of UK adults wish they were better at speaking languages. So they can better understand a city’s culture(38% of respondents), talk with locals(24%) and go beyond the guide book(21%)．
Overcoming language barriers can be one of the most difficult parts of a holiday, particularly when in unfamiliar surroundings. So stressful in the fact that 10% of respondents said they didn’t travel because of the problem.
The survey by Hostelworld showed that one in five blamed getting lost on the language barrier, while a similar number had problems ordering food and one in ten got on the wrong train, plane or other form of transportation.
If languages weren’t an issue then one in eight(12%) Brits would visit Japan. China, Italy and Russia were also popular choices. Despite the communication problem, Japan has seen a 7.5% increase in the number of British visitors between January and April, compared to this time last year.
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“The number of British travelers to Japan has been growing year on year，” according to Hollie Mantle, marketing and communication manager for the Japanese Tourist Board. “People are realizing that Japan is one of the most hospitable and beautiful countries on earth, with so many new experiences for travelers to try, not to mention worldclass cuisine！”
They had this message for Brits thinking about visiting：“Though some travelers worry about language barriers, as soon as you arrive in Japan, you’ll realize that people will go out of their way to help you enjoy their country. There really are few ‘barriers’—road signs and train stations are in English, you’ll find that people speak more English than they let on, and even when they don’t, they will go above and beyond to help you out.”
【解题导语】 本文主要介绍了语言障碍成为英国人出国旅游的一大顾虑。
1．What do we know from the first two paragraphs?
A．Brits are poor at languages.
B．Brits regret what they have done.
C．Brits like relying on others.
D．Brits are good at languages.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Brits(英国人) are extremely bad at languages, with many of us relying on the fact that the rest of the world speak English.”点题，并结合对前两段的整体理解可推知，英国人的语言能力比较差，故选A。
2．How many Brits can’t order food correctly because of language barriers?
A．About 10%. B．About 12%.
C．About 20%. D．About 21%.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The survey by Hostelworld showed that one in five blamed getting lost on the language barrier, while a similar number had problems ordering food”可知，1/5即20%的英国人因为语言障碍不能正确点餐，故选C。
3．How is the text mainly developed?
A．By analyzing causes.
B．By giving examples.
C．By making description.
D．By listing data.
D 解析：写作手法题。根据对文章的整体理解可知，本文列举了大量的数据来论证作者的观点，由此可推知，本文是通过列出数据来展开的，故选D。
B
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(2020·成都诊断)For the past two years I have been travelling and living abroad. Home has become more of a feeling than a place. I feel at home when I am with my family in London, but I also feel at home in Italy with friends I love. Home is no longer a picture of a house with a front door and some windows. It is more complicated than that.
This is one of the reasons that celebrating the new year has become very important for me. I do not care about “New Year’s resolutions(新年计划)”—living abroad has made me constantly reconsider what kind of person I want to be and how I will live my life, so I don’t feel the need to plan for change: I live for change.
New Year’s Eve has become my time to reconnect with the friends, which makes me feel at home. Every year we try to reunite wherever we are, and remember the time when we knew each other so well that we felt like a family. It is a moment to reconnect and get to know each other again. Last year, we travelled to a cottage in Ireland where we had no Internet and no neighbours. In the middle of the countryside, away from our constantly changing lives, we were able to become like a little family again.
This year, we went to Barcelona. It was a very big change. We were surrounded by culture and life and joy. There were bars and parties. It was different, but one thing stayed very much the same—I felt at home again and we felt like a family again.
A lot of people feel that New Year’s Eve cannot live up to expectations. Ideas such as the “New Year’s kiss” and “resolutions” create a lot of pressure for people to have a night to remember, a night that will change their lives and perhaps make the next year worth living. I think those people are missing the point. Why can’t New Year be about friends?
【解题导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。过去两年作者在国外旅游、生活，作者经常通过和朋友们一起旅游来庆祝新年，并因此而有家的感觉。
4．What does the underlined word “It” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Family. B．Living abroad.
C．Home. D．Staying with friends.
C 解析：代词指代题。根据第一段倒数第二句“Home is no longer a picture of a house with a front door and some windows.”可知，家不再是一幅有前门和一些窗户的房子的图画；结合画线词所在句“It is more complicated than that.”可知，该句的主语It指代前一句中的“Home”。故C项正确。
5．Why doesn’t the author care about “New Year’s resolutions”？
A．New Year’s resolutions cannot be reached.
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B．His lifestyle makes him always ready for change.
C．It’s meaningless to make any big changes in life.
D．Making New Year’s resolutions creates much pressure.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“I do not care about ‘New Year’s resolutions(新年计划)’—living abroad has made me constantly reconsider what kind of person I want to be and how I will live my life, so I don’t feel the need to plan for change: I live for change.”可知，作者的生活不断变化，所以他认为没有必要在意新年计划，故B项正确。
6．What does the author try to convey through his experiences in Ireland and Barcelona?
A．Life is peaceful and enjoyable.
B．Living abroad is a happy experience.
C．Staying with friends makes one feel at home.
D．Travelling abroad enriches one’s life experience.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段尾句“In the middle of the countryside, away from our constantly changing lives, we were able to become like a little family again.”可知，和朋友待在乡村的中心，远离不断变化的生活，作者找到了家的感觉；根据第四段尾句“It was different, but one thing stayed very much the same—I felt at home again and we felt like a family again.”可知，作者和朋友们在一起，感觉又回到了家，感觉他们像一家人。据此可知，文章中提及作者和朋友在爱尔兰和巴塞罗那的经历旨在说明和朋友待在一起能让人找到家的感觉。故C项正确。
7．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．New Year’s Celebration: How?
B．True Friendship: What?
C．Living Abroad: Comfortable or Complicated?
D．Change: Plan It or Make It?
A 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了作者由于常年旅居在国外，对于庆祝新年和新年计划有着不同的思考：有朋友的地方就有家的感觉，变化着的生活不需要新年计划，故A项最适合作文章标题。
完形填空
(2020·安徽省示范高中模拟)I first discovered Café Gratitude several months ago. My friend Dr. Heather invited me to __1__ her for lunch. Heather had __2__ moved to Los Angeles, and we would discuss the project we were doing. As we sat down and were __3__ the delicious vegetarian menu, the server who came to take our __4__ asked
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us the question of the day, “What are you grateful for？”
I felt a familiar stir(震动) in my chest, and my eyes began to water. __5__ a pause, Heather __6__ her hand out to me and said that it was with me. I expressed my gratitude to be with her __7__， enjoying this moment of our shared __8__ and her new start in Los Angeles. After a delicious lunch, I decided to stay a while longer __9__ the question had inspired me to meet the coowner, Ryland. Pauses or __10__ in life are a very good time to listen to what’s __11__ on inside of our hearts.
When Ryland came over to my __12__ with his big smile, his title of Chief Inspiration Officer seemed very __13__ for his personality. He gave me his __14__ attention as he opened his heart to listen. I told him how I wanted to help him open more __15__ so there could be more places to eat and help spread this __16__ of “being generous and grateful every day”. Since that __17__， Café Gratitude has been my favorite place to eat.
What a rewarding and meaningful experience! And I’ve since learned that Café Gratitude __18__ business through what they call “Sacred Commerce” where they provide inspired service, and express __19__ for the richness of our lives. A simple question that day __20__ me down new paths and gave me new friendships.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。“我”应邀和朋友在一家“感恩餐馆”共进午餐，当服务员问我们“我们感激什么”时，“我”和“我”的朋友都认为那一刻彼此的陪伴让我们感激。这一简单的问题让“我”有了新的人生感悟……
1．A.attend B．accompany
C．involve D．find
B 解析：根据语境可知，“我”的朋友Heather博士邀请“我”陪她共进午餐。B项意为“陪伴”，故B项正确。A项意为“参加，看护”，C项意为“使卷入，涉及”，D项意为“找到”，都与语境不符。
2．A.even B．ever
C．seldom D．just
D 解析：根据上文可知，“我”的朋友Heather博士邀请“我”陪她共进午餐；结合常识和该句中“had______moved to Los Angeles”以及下文中的“her new start in Los Angeles”可推知，“我”的朋友Heather刚迁到洛杉矶。D项意为“刚刚”，符合语境，故D项正确。A项意为“甚至”，B项意为“曾经”，C项意为“很少”，都与语境不符。
3．A.looking B．testing
C．planning D．studying
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D 解析：根据空后的“delicious vegetarian menu”及常识可知，我们坐下后开始仔细察看菜单。D项意为“仔细察看”，故D项正确。A项意为“看”，B项意为“测试”，C项意为“计划”，都与语境不符。
4．A.space B．time
C．order D．place
C 解析：根据该句中的“the server who came to take”及常识可以推知，服务员过来为我们点餐。C项意为“点菜”，故C项正确。A项意为“空间”，B项意为“时间”，D项意为“地方”，都与语境不符。
5．A.Without B．Despite
C．In terms of D．Regardless of
A 解析：根据语境可知，Heather毫无(Without)停顿地向“我”伸(reached)出手，说和“我”在一起让她很感激。
6．A.reached B．shook
C．clapped D．stuck
A 解析：参见上题解析。reach意为“伸，伸手(以碰触或提起某物)”，故A项正确。B项意为“摇动”，C项意为“鼓掌”，D项意为“粘，贴”，都与语境不符。
7．A.either B．as well as
C．also D．too
D 解析：根据上文的内容及该句中的“I expressed my gratitude to be with her”可知，“我”也为和她在一起表达了感激。too“也”，通常用于肯定句句末，故D项正确。
8．A.project B．seat
C．honesty D．friendship
D 解析：根据上文可知，我们都表达了对彼此陪伴的感激；再结合该句中的“shared”可以推知，我们享受着共同的友谊时光。D项意为“友谊”，故D项正确。A项意为“项目”；B项意为“座位”；C项意为“诚实”。
9．A.so B．as
C．if D．before
B 解析：空处前一句是说，午饭后“我”想多待上一会儿；空处后一句说，这个问题使“我”想要和餐厅老板Ryland见上一面，据此可知，空前为果，空后为因，故as“因为”正确。
10．A.action B．delays
C．hurry D．dreams
B 解析：根据语境可知，空处与“Pauses”对应，应为其同义词语，故delays“延迟”符合语境。A项意为“行动”，C项意为“匆忙”，D项意为“梦想”，都与语境不符。
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11．A.looking B．insisting
C．going D．agreeing
C 解析：根据语境可知，暂停和延迟是生活中很好的一个时刻去倾听我们内心进行的活动。go on意为“发生”，为固定搭配，符合语境，故C项正确。
12．A.company B．table
C．house D．car
B 解析：根据语境可知，Ryland微笑着走近“我”的餐桌旁。B项意为“桌子”，故B项正确。A项意为“公司”，C项意为“房子”，D项意为“汽车”，都与语境不符。
13．A.suitable B．ready
C．eager D．anxious
A 解析：根据语境可知，他微笑着，看起来他“首席灵感官”的头衔和他的个性很匹配。be suitable for为固定搭配，意为“适合于……”，故A项正确。B项意为“准备好的”，C项意为“渴望的”，D项意为“急切的”，都与语境不符。
14．A.simple B．full
C．urgent D．regular
B 解析：根据语境可知，他敞开心扉倾听，全身心注意着“我”。B项意为“完全的”，故B项正确。A项意为“简单的”；C项意为“紧急的”；D项意为“经常的”。
15．A.hotels B．schools
C．clubs D．restaurants
D 解析：根据空后的“more places to eat”可推知，“我”想要帮助他开更多的饭店，这样的话就有更多的地方就餐并传播他“每天要慷慨并感恩”的理念。D项意为“饭店”，故D项正确。A项意为“宾馆”；B项意为“学校”；C项意为“俱乐部”。
16．A.lesson B．note
C．message D．lecture
C 解析：参见上题解析。A项意为“课”，B项意为“便条”，D项意为“讲座”，都与语境不符。
17．A.meeting B．performance
C．act D．vacation
A 解析：根据上文中的“meet the coowner”并结合语境可知，自从那次见面以来，“感恩餐馆”就成了“我”最喜爱去就餐的地方。A项意为“会面”，故A项正确。B项意为“表演”；C项意为“行动”；D项意为“假期”。
18．A.trains B．practices
C．reviews D．concludes
B 解析：根据语境可知，“
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感恩餐馆”通过他们的这种商业模式实践他们的业务。B项意为“实践”，故B项正确。A项意为“培训”，C项意为“审查”，D项意为“总结”，都与语境不符。
19．A.explanation B．appreciation
C．consideration D．application
B 解析：根据语境可知，他们向我们生命的丰足表达了感激。B项意为“感激”，故B项正确。A项意为“解释”；C项意为“考虑”；D项意为“申请”。
20．A.surprised B．led
C．returned D．held
B 解析：根据语境可知，那天的一个简单的问题，引导“我”走上新的道路，给了“我”新的友谊(关系)。B项意为“引领”，故B项正确。A项意为“使惊奇”；C项意为“归还”；D项意为“抓住，握住”。
课时练2 2篇阅读＋1篇七选五
＋1篇语法填空
[学生用书P369(单独成册)]
阅读理解
A
(2020·安徽六校联考)I read a newspaper article about a new concept. The idea is simple, but revolutionary(革命性的): combining a residential home for the elderly with a nursery school in the same building. The children and the residents(住户) eat lunch together and share activities such as music, painting and gardening. In the afternoons, the residents enjoy reading stories to the children and, if a child is feeling sad or tired, there is always a kind lap to sit on and a hug.
Nowadays there is less and less contact between the old and the young. There are many reasons for this, including the breakdown of the extended family, working parents with no time to care for ageing relations, and smaller flats with no room for grandparents. But the result is the same: increasing numbers of children without grandparents and old people who have no contact with children. It’s a major problem in many societies.
That’s why intergenerational(代际的) programs are growing in popularity all over the world. There are examples of successful actions all over the world. Using young people to teach IT skills to older people is one obvious example. Using old people as volunteer assistants in schools is another. One successful scheme in London
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pairs young volunteers with old people who are losing their sight. The young people help with practical things such as writing letters, reading bank statements and helping with shopping, and the older people can pass on their knowledge and experience to their young visitors. For example, a retired judge may be paired with a teenager who wants to study law.
But it isn’t only the individuals concerned who gain from intergenerational activities. The advantages to society are huge too. If older people can understand and accept the youth of today, there will be less conflict in a community. And we can use the strengths of one generation to help another. Then perhaps getting old won’t be so sad after all.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。如今老年人和青少年之间的联系越来越少，这是一个很严重的问题，因此为老年人和青少年创造联系的代际计划越来越受欢迎。
1．Why does the author mention the newspaper article he read?
A．To argue for a new concept.
B．To show his interest in the topic.
C．To introduce the topic of the text.
D．To draw our attention to a social problem.
C 解析：写作意图题。根据第一段第二句“The idea is simple, but revolutionary(革命性的): combining a residential home for the elderly with a nursery school in the same building.”可知，作者在报纸上读到的那篇文章主张将养老院和幼儿园结合起来，将它们建在一起；再根据后面作者所讲述的内容可判断出，作者之所以提到那篇文章是为了引出要讲的话题。故正确答案为C。
2．What is the purpose of the intergenerational programs?
A．To provide a good job opportunity for the young.
B．To bring the old and the young together.
C．To teach the young to respect the old.
D．To ask the old to care for the young.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句“But the result is the same: increasing numbers of children without grandparents and old people who have no contact with children. It’s a major problem in many societies.”和第三段第一句“That’s why intergenerational(代际的) programs are growing in popularity all over the world.”可知，目前没有祖父母照顾的孩子的数量以及没有机会和孩子联系的老人的数量都在增加，这是一个很大的问题，而代际计划就是为了解决这一问题的。由此可判断出代际计划的目的是使老人和孩子生活在一起。故正确答案为B。
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3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The reasons why intergenerational programs enjoy popularity in the world.
B．The intergenerational programs’ benefits to individuals.
C．The intergenerational programs all over the world.
D．The examples of intergenerational activities.
D 解析：段落大意题。根据第三段内容可判断出，本段主要介绍的是一些代际活动的例子。故正确答案为D。
4．What may be the best title for the text?
A．Building Bridges for the Old and the Young
B．A New Concept in Caring for the Old Is Born
C．Offering a Warm Home for the Young
D．Being Old Is No More Sad
A 解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是：如今老年人和青少年之间的联系越来越少，这是一个很严重的问题，因此为老年人和青少年创造联系的代际计划越来越受欢迎。A项体现了本文的核心，适合用作本文的标题。故正确答案为A。
B
(2020·重庆调研)Ask 9－year－old Annie what the worst thing was that ever happened in her house last year, and she won’t tell you that it was her parents’ divorcing, although they did. No, what Annie remembers most are the horrible fights leading up to the announcement about the divorce which was, as it turned out, despite her parents’ anxiety about telling her, “not that big of a deal”. “I already knew they were not getting along well，” Annie says. “Every night after I went to bed, I would hear my parents fighting. It made me really unhappy. When they finally decided to get a divorce, all that stopped.”
Annie’s experience is more common than you might think, and there is a great deal of evidence to suggest that “staying together for the sake of the children” is not what should be encouraged, and may do more harm than good. According to psychologist Lynn Martingdale, hearing their parents arguing is often more stressful for children than separation and divorce, and if you think that your children don’t know that there’s trouble in family, then you’re kidding yourself. The home life of children whose parents have an unhappy marriage is often far from ideal, and what’s worse, parents will compound the problem by taking their unhappiness out on the children.
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The Center for Moving Forward conducted a study in 2014 in which they followed 25 families whose parents had been in marriage counseling. After tracking these families for 5 years, they found that the children of the parents who eventually got divorced were not worse off than the children of those who remained together, and in some cases fared better. The study took the social and the children’s general sense of well－being into consideration.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇议论文。文章以9岁的孩子Annie的父母由于争吵导致最终离婚的叙述引入主题，接着通过论据论证了“在不幸的婚姻中，离婚并不是最糟糕的事”这一主题。
5．Why was Annie really unhappy according to paragraph 1?
A．Because her parents fought every night.
B．Because her parents finally got divorced.
C．Because her parents decided to abandon her.
D．Because her parents got along badly with her.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Every night after I went to bed, I would hear my parents fighting. It made me really unhappy.”可知，Annie的父母每天晚上都吵架，这让她感到很不幸福，故A项正确。
6．Which statement may psychologist Lynn Martingdale agree with？
A．Separation and divorce will hurt the children most.
B．Keeping an unhappy marriage hurts children more.
C．Children can’t understand their parents’ marriage well.
D．Children can’t feel the unhappiness from their parents.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“According to psychologist Lynn Martingdale, hearing their parents arguing is often more stressful for children than separation and divorce”可知，心理学家Lynn Martingdale认为，听父母吵架对孩子来说往往比分居和离婚更有压力，据此可以判断，Lynn Martingdale认为维持不幸福的婚姻会更加伤害孩子，故B项正确。
7．What’s the function of the last paragraph in the passage?
A．To give an example of divorce.
B．To support Annie’s correct answer.
C．To further clear the author’s viewpoint.
D．To highlight the importance of the study.
C 解析：写作目的题。根据最后一段中的“After tracking these families for 5 years, they found that the children of the parents who eventually got divorced were
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not worse off than the children of those who remained together, and in some cases fared better.”可知，在对这些家庭进行了5年的跟踪调查后，他们发现，最终父母离婚的孩子并不比那些父母仍在一起的孩子生活得更差，在某些情况下，他们生活得更好。据此可知，最后一段旨在通过研究进一步说明本文的论点：在不幸的婚姻中，离婚不是最糟糕的选择。故C项正确。
8．What is the best title for the passage?
A．Divorce Is Good for Children
B．Divorce Is Not the Worst Thing
C．Fighting Is Often Stressful
D．Staying Together Is for Children Only
B 解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段第二句和Annie所说的话可知，对孩子们来说，父母的争吵比离婚更糟糕；结合第二段中的“there is a great deal of evidence to suggest that ‘staying together for the sake of the children’ is not what should be encouraged, and may do more harm than good”可以判断，本文的主旨是：在不幸的婚姻中，和离婚相比，父母为孩子而在一起给孩子的伤害更大。最后一段的研究也论证了这一点。故B项最适合作为本文标题。
七选五
(2020·成都毕业班摸底)We know that choosing a college major can be very hard. But have no fear! Your choice of major will not lock you into a specific career for the rest of your life. Here’s what you need to know about college majors before you choose.
What is a major?
1．________ Beyond general college requirements, you’ll also take a group of courses in a subject of your choosing such as Chemistry, Literature, or Political Science.
How important is my major?
The major you choose will neither predict nor guarantee your future. Many graduates find jobs that have nothing to do with what they studied in college. If you intend to earn a professional degree after college, you will probably need certain courses.2.________
When do I choose a major?
This varies widely across schools and programs. 3.________ Others require that you decide upon a major by the time that you set foot inside your first class.
4．________
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Definitely. One of the most exciting aspects of college life is that it introduces you to new subjects and arouses new passions. However, keep this in mind: every major has necessary coursework. If you change your major late in the game, it may take more than the traditional four years to earn a degree.
What are minors and double majors?
If one field of study doesn’t satisfy your intellectual appetite, consider a minor. A minor is similar to a major in that it’s an area of academic concentration. 5.________ A double major provides you with an understanding of two academic fields. It allows you to become familiar with two sets of values and views while it also requires you to fulfill two sets of requirements.
A．Can I change my mind?
B．Is my major timeconsuming?
C．It’s your specialized area of study in college.
D．Most students find one major is more than enough.
E．Some schools may give you one year or more to decide.
F．Many future science doctors major in nonscience related fields.
G．The only difference is that it doesn’t require as many classes.
【解题导语】 我们知道选择一个大学的专业是很难的，但不要害怕，你选择的专业不会让你只能从事特定的职业。本文介绍了大学选专业前应了解的几个方面，包括专业是什么，专业的重要程度，选专业的时间，是否能换专业以及什么是辅修课程和双学位等。
1．C 解析：根据该段的标题可知，空处应是对标题的问题作出了回答，故C项“它是大学里你学习的专业领域”符合语境。
2．F 解析：该段主要谈到专业并非那么重要。空前一句谈到“如果你打算在大学毕业后获得专业学位，你可能需要某些课程”，由此可推知，F项承接上文，再次说明专业并非那么重要。故F项符合语境。
3．E 解析：根据空后的“Others require that you decide upon a major by the time that you set foot inside your first class.”可知，其他的学校要求你第一次走进教室就决定你选择的专业，空处应是说明一些学校的做法，故E项“一些学校可能给你一年或更多的时间决定”符合语境。
4．A 解析：此处考查段落小标题。由该段中的“Definitely.”及“If you change your major late in the game, it may take more than the traditional four years to earn a degree.”可知，该段应是谈到可不可以改变主意(换专业)，故选A项。
5．G 解析：空前一句谈到辅修与主修的相似之处，空处应是讲两者的不同之处，故G项“唯一不同的是，辅修不需要那么多的课程”符合语境。
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语法填空
(2020·合肥高三调研)
A Relay Event Brings Diverse Cultures Together
When Herman Kambugu received the good news he was expecting, he did something unusual. He ran for 32km in 1.____________(celebrate). Kambugu, who works for the Standard Chartered Bank(StanChart) in Uganda, was among the over 86，000 employees around the world who had attempted 2.____________(take) part in a relay across Belt and Road countries as a way to see how the Belt and Road Initiative is developing. Kambugu and seven more of his coworkers in StanChart’s offices around the world visited 44 destinations along the Belt and Road routes, 3.____________ helped them understand the initiative better.
Kambugu 4.____________(witness) how the Belt and Road Initiative is changing life for 5.____________ better in East Africa so far.“The MombasaNairobi Railway has not only shortened transportation time, but also created over 20，000 jobs for local people in Kenya，” he said. Serena Leung from the Hong Kong office said 6.____________ she had seen during her journey impressed 7.____________(she). In some places, people greeted them in Mandarin. They spoke it 8.____________(fluently) than some people from Hong Kong, she said jokingly.
“By running together, we run further，” added Therese Neo, a customer manager from the Singapore office. As she saw it, the countries 9.____________ (participate) in the Belt and Road Initiative were like the 10.____________(runner). When they join forces, they have a better shared future.
【解题导语】 为领略“一带一路”倡议的发展，银行职员Herman Kambugu和他的同事参加了穿越“一带一路”沿途国家的接力赛。通过这项活动，他们深刻体会到“一带一路”倡议让参与国的人民的生活更美好。
1．celebration 解析：考查词性转换。介词后常接名词或动名词，根据空前的介词in可知，空处应填名词celebration。句意：他跑了32公里以示祝贺。
2．to take 解析：考查固定用法。attempt to do sth.为固定用法，意为“尝试做某事”。
3．which 解析：考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，先行词为空前的整个主句，故用which引导该定语从句。
4．has witnessed 解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语“so far”可知，该句应用现在完成时；由该句主语Kambugu可知，主语为第三人称单数，故用has witnessed。
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5．the 解析：考查冠词。此处表示使生活变得更好，for the better“有所好转”为固定搭配，故用定冠词the。
6．what 解析：考查主语从句的引导词。分析该句结构可知，空处引导主语从句，作从句中had seen的宾语，表示“……的事物”，故用what引导该主语从句，表示“她所看到的”。
7．her 解析：考查代词。空处作及物动词impressed的宾语，故用宾格代词her。
8．more fluently 解析：考查副词的比较级。根据该句中的“than”可知，空处用其比较级，修饰动词spoke，故可知答案。
9．participating 解析：考查现在分词。分析该句结构可知，the countries和动词participate之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用其现在分词形式。
10．runners 解析：考查名词的单复数。runner为可数名词，又因主语the countries为复数，故此处表示多个奔跑者，应用复数形式。
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