2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（3） 12页

‎2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（3） ‎ Passage six(Dropouts for Ph. D. s)‎ ‎  Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.‎ ‎  The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.‎ ‎  Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’‎ ‎  “The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”‎ Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.‎ Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.‎ Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.‎ ‎  Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.‎ ‎  As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. ‘s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.‎ ‎  As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.‎ ‎1.The author states that many educators feel that ‎[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.‎ the fropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.‎ ‎[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.‎ ‎[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.‎ ‎2.Research has shown that ‎[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. ‘s in financial attainment.‎ the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.‎ ‎[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.‎ ‎[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.‎ ‎3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.‎ ‎[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.‎ is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.‎ ‎[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.‎ ‎[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.‎ ‎4.After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that ‎[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.‎ a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.‎ ‎[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.‎ ‎[D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.‎ ‎5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in ‎[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.‎ academic requirement too high.‎ ‎[C] salary for dropouts too high.‎ ‎[D] 1000 positions.‎ Vocabulary dropout                  辍学者，中途退学 well-rounded            全面的 attrition                  缩/减员，磨损 drain                  枯竭 bracket                  一类人，（尤指按收入分类的）阶层 lagging behind other fields      落后于其它领域 glum                  阴郁的 难句译注 Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s.‎ ‎【参考译文】教育工作者严重关注博士生辍学的高比率；这对迫切需要博士生的国家是一个人才方面的严重损失。‎ It was base on 22,000questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.‎ ‎【结构分析】sent过去分词，修饰questionnaires。Who定语从句修饰students。‎ ‎【参考译文】这份全面调查报告是以22000份调查表分送给以前在24所大学就读的博士生为基础的。这份全面调查报告似乎说明过去许多担心害怕是没有根据的。‎ Attrition at the Ph. D. lever is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity.‎ ‎【结构分析】被动句。To capacity满额，全力。‎ ‎【参考译文】博士水平的人员的缩减被认为是宝贵的教授时间的浪费和已经被使用到极限的大学资源的枯竭。‎ This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.‎ ‎【结构分析】the fact的同位语that从句中的where是定语从句，修饰academic fields。‎ ‎【参考译文】这也可能表明这样一个事实：在博士能挣到最高工资的学术领域中，高工资仍然落后于其它领域。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 ‎  这是一篇论及“博士生辍学”的文章。采用对比和因果手法。文章一开始就提出教育工作者严重关注博士生辍学达50％的问题。而调查报告证明，只有31％。辍学造成不良后果，有人建议中途退学者回炉再念博士学位学业。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。‎ 答案详解 ‎1.A. 许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习，特别是有些学科。这在第三段最后一句话：“有些人建议高级专家和大学教师短缺现象可以通过劝说辍学者返回校园完成博士学位来减少。”‎ B. 辍学者应回到稍第几的学校去完成学业。  C. 有博士学位的人一般比辍学者具有较好的适应性。 D. 高辍学率主要原因在于教师方面缺乏刺激鼓励。这三项文内没有提。‎ ‎2.D.约三分之一开始就读博士学位的人没有完成学业取得学位。第二段第一句：“辍学率为31％。大多数情况下，辍学人不能完成博士学位学业，就去从事生产性工作”。‎ A. 辍学者的经济收入比博士生低许多。这是错的。见倒数第二段：“作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表说明2％人文学科的辍学者年收入为20000多没劲，没有一个同样背景的博士生达到这个数字。7000至15000美元年收入水平为博士生的78％，辍学者仅为50％。” B. 在博士学习中刺激因素较小。 C. 博士预备生如果中途退学很可能改变其专业领域。 ‎ ‎3.C.‎ ‎ 博士生应达到外语要求的水平是许多博士生课程的一个基本组成部分。这在第四段有所表示：“约75％的退学者说，他们决定退学并不是处于学术的原因，而处于学术原因的退学者提出：难以通过资格考试，难以完成研究，通不过外语考试”。这里看出外语是博士生课程的基本组成部分。‎ A. 它是退学最频繁的原因。 B.  它对理科博士生比文科博士应考生更难。 D. 它在大学中的难度并没有不同。‎ ‎4.A. 读完这篇文章，人们不会有这种结论。这在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末：“我们研究的结果并不支持这些一件（包括返回校园之意见）：⑴缺乏动力是退学的主要原因。⑵大多数退学者在博士课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。⑶大多数退学者现在从事的工作和他们所受教育和动机相一致。”最后一段：“至于返回校园的可能性，前景不乐观。至少有25％的退学生可能考虑返回研究生院就读，条件是保证他们保留现有的收入水平，有些还要保留他们目前的工作。”‎ B. 博士生退学者，大体而论，并不具备得到学位所需要的一切。 C. 学院和大学雇佣了许多退学生。 D. 博士生在非学术岗位上没有挣到他们应得的钱。B.、C.两项文内没提。D.不对，参见难句译注4。‎ ‎5.A. 博士生的工资太低。见第四题A.的译注和难句译注4。‎ B. 学术要求太高。这只是某些因学术原因辍学者之强调点。 C. 辍学者工资太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。见第二题D项注释。 D. 职位低。文内没有提。‎ ‎ ‎ Passage seven(Stricter Traffic Law can Prevent Accidents)‎ ‎  From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor-car ! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.‎ ‎  It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man’s very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when ‎ they are behind a steering-wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-years-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.‎ ‎  The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behaviour. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy tragic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.‎ ‎  It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of some the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be mad much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as to severe if tit results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not motor-cars.‎ ‎1.The main idea of this passage is ‎[A] Traffic accidents are mainly caused by motorists.‎ Thousands of people the world over are killed each year.‎ ‎[C] The laws of some countries about driving are too lax.‎ ‎[D] Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.‎ ‎2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?‎ ‎[A] Society smiles on the motorists.‎ Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.‎ ‎[C] Victims of accidents are nothing.‎ ‎[D] Society condones their rude driving.‎ ‎3.Why does the author say:’ his car becomes the extension of his personality?’‎ ‎[A] Driving can show his real self.‎ Driving can show the other part of his personality.‎ ‎[C] Driving can bring out his character.‎ ‎[D] His car embodies his temper.‎ ‎4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?‎ ‎[A] Build more highways.‎ Stricter driving tests.‎ ‎[C] Test drivers every three years.‎ ‎[D] raise age limit and lay down safety specifications.‎ ‎5.The attitude of the author is ‎[A] ironical ‎ critical ‎[C] appealing ‎[D] militant Vocabulary ‎1.immunise                        使免疫，使免除      ‎ ‎2.expectation of life = life expectancy      平均寿命 ‎3.versus = against                       对顶，反对 ‎4.mutilate                        伤害 ‎5.wilful                        任性的，固执的 ‎6.benign                        宽厚的，仁慈的 ‎7.condone                        宽容 ‎8.desecrate                  亵渎，玷污 ‎9.code                        法规，规定，惯例 ‎10.stringent                  严格的，紧急的，迫切的 ‎11.performance                             演出，成品，这里是指 ‎                                           car’ s behavior such as speed, ‎ ‎                                           function etc.可译成行为，‎ ‎                                           汽车行为、功能等。‎ 难句译注 ‎1.Man versus the motor-car ! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.‎ ‎【参考译文】人和汽车对抗！这是一场人类永远是输家的无休止的战斗。‎ ‎2.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.‎ ‎【参考译文】应当禁止所有强调力量和表现行为的广告。‎ 写作方法与文章大意 文章论述“交通事故”，采用因果、对比手法。从人的平均寿命增加和交通事故率成正比谈起，触及事故率上升的原因，要求制定更严格的法规予以制止种种造成事故的不良行为。‎ 答案详解 ‎1.D 只有更严格的交通法规才能制止交通事故。这在最后一段的结论中体现的最清楚。前面几段只是讲造成事故的种种原因。其目的就是：“是制定世界交通法规以减少无谓的生命浪费的时候了。对于开车，有些国家的法规太松弛，甚至最严格的国家也不够严格。世界公认之法律只可能对交通事故率起大大降低的作用（有非常好的效果。）”这里列出几件要干的事：“驾驶测试应当标准化，比现在的要严格；所有死机每三年考核一次；年轻人驾车的允许年龄应提高到21岁；全部机动车每年都应经过严格的安全测试（测定其安全性）……这些步骤可能听起来异常严厉，可是，如果其结果事减少每年死伤人数的话，就不存在什么太严格的事了。”‎ A. 主要是机动车死机造成的交通事故。 B. 全世界每年有几千人丧生。 C. 有些国家的交通法规太松弛。这三道答案都是文中谈到某一点，不能作为中心目的。‎ ‎2.D ‎ 社会宽容这种野蛮开车行径。答案就在第三段：“令人惊讶的是社会对司机宽厚地笑笑，似乎宽容他们的行为。一切都为他们的方便而干。人们允许城市由于交通拥挤而几乎不能居住了，大型停车场把城镇“弄得”丑陋不堪，公路网玷污了乡村，每年大量的杀伤仅仅成为统计数字，被很容易地忘记。”‎ A. 社会对司机笑容可掬。B. 大型停车场建在市和镇上。C. 交通死难者等于零。这三项都只是第三段的一个个具体事实。社会正是通过这一件件事来宽容司机野蛮开车，而造成事故。‎ ‎3.A “他的车就是他个性的外延”这句话就体现了“开车表现他真正的自我，真实的个性”。第二段讲的很清楚：“这么说完全正确：当一个人坐在方向盘后，他的车就成为他个性的外延。毫无疑问，汽车常常表现了人之最坏的品质。平常很安详愉快的人一坐在方向盘后可能就变得难以认识。他们咒骂、行为差劲、好斗、固执、任性得就像两岁的孩子。他们所有隐藏的失落、失望和忌妒感，似乎都在开车中暴露出来”。‎ B. 表现他个性的另一面。 C. 表现了他的性格。 D. 他的车体现了他的脾气秉性。只是表现自我中的某个事实。‎ ‎4.A 只有建更多高速公路。没有提。‎ B. 更难的测试。C. 每三年对司机进行一次考察。 D. 提高年龄段和制定安全条例。都提到。见第一题译注。‎ ‎5.B 批评的态度。文章第一、二、三段指出了造成交通事故的原因，呼吁各国制定严格的交通法规，批评现有的交通法规松弛不严格，最后指出世界是人类的，不是摩托车的等等，都说明作者对上述种种都具批评的态度。‎ A. 讽刺的。 C. 哀求的、呼吁的。 D. 富有战斗性的。‎ Passage Eight(The Development of Cities)‎ ‎  Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every ‎ major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.‎ ‎  Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.‎ ‎1.With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?‎ ‎[A] Types of mass transportation.‎ Instability of urban life.‎ ‎[C] How supply and demand determine land use.‎ ‎[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.‎ ‎2.Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?‎ ‎[A] To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.‎ To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.‎ ‎[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.‎ ‎[D] To contrast their rate of growth.‎ ‎3.According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?‎ ‎[A] It was expensive.‎ It happened too slowly.‎ ‎[C] It was unplanned.‎ ‎[D] It created a demand for public transportation.‎ ‎4.The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city,‎ ‎[A] that is large.‎ that is used as a model for land development.‎ ‎[C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.‎ ‎[D] with an excellent mass transportation system.‎ Vocabulary ‎1.revise                  改变 ‎2.fabric                  结构 ‎3.catalyze                  催化，加速 ‎4.sort out                  把……分门别类，拣选 ‎5.omnibus                  公共汽车/马车 ‎6.trolley                  （美）有轨电车，（英）无轨电车 ‎7.periphery            周围，边缘 ‎8.sprawl                  建筑物无计划延伸，蔓延，四面八方散开 ‎9.lot                  小片土地 ‎10.underscore            强调，在下面划横线 ‎11.transit lines            运输线路 ‎12.subdivision            （出售的）小块土地，再划分小区 写作方法与文章大意 文章论述了“公共交通从三方面改变了城市的社会和经济结构。”采用分类写法。文章一开始就提出三方面：第一，促进城市实质性的扩展；第二，把人和土地分民别类加以利用；第三，加速了城市生活的不稳定性。然后就是三方面的具体内容。‎ 答案详解 ‎1.D ‎ 公共交通运输对城市扩展的影响。文章开门见山提出这一点“公共交通运输从三个根本方面改变了美国城市的社会和经济结构。”后面文章内容就是三方面的具体化。‎ A. 公共交通运输类型。 B. 城市生活的不稳定性。 C. 供需如何决定土地利用。这三项文中作为具体问题提到，并不是文章涉及的主要题目。‎ ‎2.C 说明公共交通改变了许多城市。答案箭第一段第四句“举例说，1850年，波士顿市界离老的商业地区几乎不到2英里，到了这世纪末，其半径扩至10英里。现在供得起的人们可以住得很远，远离老的城市中心，仍然来回去那里上班、购物和娱乐”。第七句，“举例说，在1890至1920年期间，据记载，芝加哥市界内有约250，000个新的住宅楼区大多数设在郊区。经过同样这段时期，市区外，但仍在芝加哥大都市地区内，又计划建造了550，000个住宅楼区。”‎ A. 表示成长的正反两方面效果。B. 举有无公共交通运输的城市为例。 D. 对比两者成长率；都不是本文中举两城市例子的目的。‎ ‎3.C 没有计划。见第二段第三句起“城市扩展蔓延根本无计划，好几千个小的投资商进行扩展，毫不考虑相互协调配合利用土地，也不考虑未来土地利用。”‎ A. 太贵 和 B.太慢，两个选项，文内没有提。D. 它创造了对公共交通运输的需求。这不是住宅扩展的一个缺点，而是三个根本改变城市的一个方面。见第一段第三句：“通过大量开发未占土地扩建住宅，公共汽车、马车、铁路、来回火车，有轨电车把已有人定居的居住区向外扩展了三四倍，比他们先现代时期的市中心更远。”‎ ‎4.C（第二段中以芝加哥城市例子说明）土地开发超过人口增长速度。答案详见第二段“这些购买和置备土地建设住宅，特别是购置临近城市或就在市界外的土地，抢在交通线路和中产阶层的居民进去之前。他们这样做的目的是创造一种需求，也是响应这种需求。芝加哥就是这种过程的典型例子。那里的房地产小块土地比人口增长快得很多很多。”‎ A. 城市大。B. 用作土地开发的样板。 D. 具有优越的公共的交通系统。‎