2020届二轮复习语法专题高中全部英语语法课件（437张） 437页

2020 届二轮复习语法专题 第一章 时态 与 语态 一 . 动词 时态 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时 现在 Write writes Am Is writing are has written have Has been writing have 过去 wrote Was writing were Had written Had been writing 将来 Shall write will Shall be writing Will Shall have written will Shall have been writing will 过去将来 Should write would Should be writing Would Should have written would Should have been writing would 1. 一 般 现 在 时 1 ） 表示 现在 经常 / 反复发生的动作 / 存在的 状态 信号词 ： often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, once a week 等 Eg ； 我一般 / 经常 / 通常 /6 点起床。 门是关着的。 我每天下午去游泳。 2 ）一般现在时可用来表示主语的特征，性格，能力， 客 观事实 / 普遍整理， 表示安排好 / 计划好的将来发生的动 作。 Eg ；他喜欢吃鱼。 太阳东升西落。 (rise ,set ) 展会星期六开，下个星期五结束。 3 ）还可以用来 表示 如电影的剧情介绍，新闻标题，小说章节题目，图片解说等。 2. 一 般 过 去 式 1) 表示 过去发生 的而 现在已结束 的情况，也可以表示 过去的习惯动作 ，或表示 客气的。询问。 信号词： yesterday ， last week, just now, in 19 99, ago( 带有 ago), when 引导的表示过去的时间 状语从句。 Eg ； 我昨天晚上上床很迟。 3 天前天气不是很热。 我们小时候一起去学校 。 3 ， 一 般 将 来 时 1 ） 表示将要发生的情况。 2 ）构成； shall, will+ 动词原形 be going to + 动词原形 be about to + 动词原形 be to + 动词原形 Eg; 我打算在这里再呆 5 分钟。 4. 现 在 进 行 时 1) 说话时正在进行的动作或表示为将来安排好的活动和事件，常用的动词有 go, come, start ,stay, leave, arrive, fly Eg; 老师正在讲课。 她正在过来。 2 ）与 always, constantly, repeatedly 等连用表 示不断重复的动作。 Eg ； 你总是把钥匙忘在家里 。 5. 过去进行时 1 ）过去的某个时间正在进行的动作。（信号词为句中的 表示过去的时间状语。） at that time, while, just as 等 Eg ； While I was working, my wife was looking after the baby. 2) 过去进行时常用来表示 背景 。 Eg ； The sun was setting and the wind was blowing. 6. 将来进行时 1 ）什么叫将来进行时？ Eg ；我明天这个时候正在家里看电视。 7. 现在完成时 表示过去某时间发生与 现在有联系 ，或开始于过去并持续到现在的动作， 不能和表示过去的副词连用， 常和下列明确表示过去和现在联系的短语和结构连用。如： before ， already ， yet ， recently ， never ， so far ， up to now, It is the first (second) time … , It is (has been) … since 等 Eg; 我的作业已经完成了。 他退休已经很长时间了。 8. 过去完成时 过去某一时刻已经完成的动作。常用的句型 No sooner … than, hardly/rarely/scarcely … when 从句中常用一般过去式，主句中用过去完成时 Eg ； He had hardly got up when the telephone rang. I had no sooner began my speech than he got to his feet and asked for leave. 过去完成时表示 过去的过去 。 9. 现在完成进行时 1) 表示动作从 过去开始，一直持续到现在 ，可能还要持续，常与表示 一段时间 的时间状语连用。 如 for hours , since this week Eg; I have been working on this paper since this morning. 完成时态中由于 come ， become ， enter ， get up, leave ,die ,buy 等动词只表一个短暂的动作，在以这些词为动词的完成时的句子中，不能出现 for 引导的时间状语，这 时用 be 来表示延续的状态 。 He has left Beijing for a long time.(×) He has been away from Beijing for … His father has died for ten years.(× ) His father has been dead … 基本概念 主语（ subject): 句子叙述的主体。 谓语（ verb): 说明主语发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。 表语：是谓语的一部分，说明主语的身份，特征，属性或状态。 宾语 (object): 动作的对象或承受者。 定语：在句中修饰名词或代词的成分。 状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分。 补语：补充说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作。 第二章 从句 主句（ main clause ； principal clause ）即句子的主体，能单独使用或出现的句子。 从句（ surbordinate clause ）是复合句里的一个句子成分。它不能独立成句，但是它也有自己的主语部分和谓语部分。就是句子一样，所不同的是，它必须由一个关联词来引导。 从句的种类：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句） , 副词性从句（状语从句 ), 形容词性从句（定语从句）。 一 . 主语从句（ subject clause) 1 ）定义（ definition ）：在复合句中用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 That the earth is round is true. ( 地球是圆的是真实的。） 2 ）引导主语从句的关联词（ connective ）：连词（ that whether ）， 连接代词（ who ， whom, whose, what, which,) 连接副词（ when, where, why ,how) 复合词（ whatever, wherever, whichever, however). 3)that 引导的主语从句 ①that 在主语从句中 无任何意义，也不承担任何成分，只起连接作用。不可省略。 That he passed the final exam made his mother happy. That Taiwan is a part of China is well known. ②that 引导主语从句时，可用 it 作形式主语 ，而 that 从句至于句尾。 It made his mother happy that he passed the final exam. It is well known that Taiwan is a part of Chiana. 4)whether 引导的主语从句 whether 在句子中 不承担任何的句子成分 。 作‘是否’讲，引导主语从 句的语序用陈述句。位于句首时，只能用 whether 引导主语从句， 位于句中可与 if 互换。 Whether Tom will come is uncertain. It is not known whether/if they will come today. 5) 用哪一个“ wh-” 词取决于从句中缺少或所需要的句子成分。 What he needs is that book. When Tom will come back is not known. 6 ） -ever 引导的主语从句 whatever, whoever , whomever, whenever, wherever, 比 what, who, whom, when, where 等语气强烈。 Whatever I have is yours. Whoever is tired may rest. 连接代词，连接副词和复合词引导主语从句时，本身有词义，在从句中充当主语，宾语，表语，定语，或状语等。从句的语序用陈述句语序。 What he needs is a book. When Jack will come is not known. 主语从句需注意的问题 (1) 主语从句中用陈述语序 What she is afraid of is their taking her to Paris. ( What is she afraid of … Wrong ) (2) 主语从句后谓语动词用第三人称单数 That they haven’t phoned is strange. (3)that 引导的主语从句中， that 不可被省略 That price will go up is certain. what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区 别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而 that 则不然。例如： 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation. What 在此引导主语从句 , 又做 said 的宾语 That 只起连接作用 , 不做成分 1.Where shall we spend the holiday isn’t decided. 2.You have made a mistake is a fact. 3.That is certain that we can win. 4.No matter who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. we shall That you have It is Whoever 改错练习 宾语从句 从句在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。 （ 1 ）由 that 引导的宾语从句（ that 通常可以省略） I know (that) Henry must be worried about what will happen to him. （ 2 ）由 what ， whether (if), how ,why 等引导的宾语从句 I can’t yet tell you whether I like this play or not. Henry must be worried about what will happen to him. （ 3 ）介词后面的宾语从句 The teacher is pleased with what she has said. 否定的转移 ： 若主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine 等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把 否定词转移到主句谓语上 ，从句谓语用肯定式。如 ： I don’t think this dress fits you well. Roderick don’t believe that a man can survive in the city for a month with only a million pound bank-note in his possession I don’t suppose you will finish the work today. I hope he won’t give up. 宾语从句注意点： 注意！ It 作形式宾语： it 常可以放在动词 think, find, consider, believe, feel, make 等后作为形式宾语 . 结构为： 主语 +hear/think..+it+adj./n.+ 宾语从句 We heard it that she would get married next month. We think it important that every student should obey school rules. 宾语从句的时态特点： 宾语从句的时态主要取决于主句的时态。主句是 一般现在时 时，从句允许使用 任何时态 。当主句时态为 过去时 时，从句时态除表示“ 真理、格言、谚语、客观存在、科学事实”用一般现在时外 ， 一律用过去范畴的相应时态 ，根据具体情况作相应的变化。如： My teacher told me that light travels faster than sound does. I didn’t think he was wrong yesterday. Whether, if 以及 whether, if 和 that 动词后面的宾语从句中 whether 和 if 可以通用 ， 但 介词后 的宾语从句只用 whether , 不用 if . He asked whether/if I would attend the meeting. He was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. ⑤ 宾语从句的语序 从句中用陈述语序。 He asked me how much I paid for the book. Can you tell me how I can get to the bus stop? 特殊疑问词做主语时，次序不能再变化。 Please tell us who will give us a talk this afternoon? I don’t know what has happened to her. 特殊疑问词 +do you think (suppose, believe, imagine…)+ 陈述句语序的从句（ 插入语句式 ） Who do you think is the best students in our class? Why do you think Mary was in such a hurry? ⑥ that 在宾语从句中的省略情况 That 在宾语从句中常可省略，但在下列情况下 不省略： 当宾语从句被 形式主语 代替时 We thought it strange that Mike didn’t come yesterday. 2. 当宾语从句中含有 两个或两个以上的 that 引导 的宾语从句时，只有第一个 that 可以省略。 Mr. smith told the workers ( that ) John worked very hard and that he wanted him to stay. 1.--What did your parents think about your decision? --They always let me do___ I think I should. A. when B. that C. how D. what 2.-- Could you do me a favor? -- It depends on ____ it is. A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever 3. The way he did it was different _____ we were used to. A: in which B: in what C: from what D: from which 1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等 。 引导 表语从句 的 that 不可 省略。 表语从句 表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句 , 放在系动词之后 , 一般结构是 “主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句 ”。 The fact remains that we are behind the other classes. The fact is that I don’t know English at all. It looks as if it’s going to rain. See the flags on top of the building? That was what we did this morning. 2.because, why 及 that 引导表语从句，表示因果的不同。 另外 , 常用的还有 the reason why … is that … 和 It is because … 等结构。 This is why we can’t get the support of the people. --He was absent from the meeting yesterday. -- That was because he was seriously ill. The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the bus. ( 强调结果 ) ( 强调原因 ) 3. that 和 what 引导表语从句的不同 ( 注意 : that 引导 表语从句 时一般 不能省略 ) Money is what he cares about most. The news is that the two brothers have gone aboard. 4. whether 和 if 引导表语从句时用 whether 不用 if. The problem is whether he has signed the contract. What they want to know is whether Henry have any money on him or not. 不做任何成分 做宾语 5. 连接副词引导的表语从句如 : when, where, how, why This is where Lu Xun once lived. The trouble is when he’ll come to help us. 6. as if/ as though 引导表语从句时通常置于 seem, look, sound 之后 It sounded as though someone was crying. It looks as if Henry is the best man to do the job. Exercises: Choose the best answer Can you tell me the railway station ? A. how I can get to B. how can I get to C. where I can get to D. where can I get to 2. He asked me his story. A. I liked B. did you like C. whether I like D. if I liked 3. Tim told his teacher that he born in 1986. A. was B. had been C. is D. has been 4. A computer can only do you have instructed it to do. A. how B. after C. what D. when 5. Mother asked the kid with his toy car. A. what the matter was B. what was the matter C. what the matter is D. what the matter is 6. She told me that she ___ you in London a year before. A. had met B. met C. would meet D. has met 7. This depends on the weather will be fine. A. if B. whether C. that D. how 8. Parents are taught to understand important education is to their children’s future. A. that B. how C. such D. so appositive clause 同位语从句 The appositive clause is a clause used as an appositive. The clause is an explanation to the noun before. 同位语从句属于名词性从句，大多由从属连词 that 引导，常常跟在 fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark, hope, belief 等名词后面。同位语从句一般用来解释或说明这些名词的具体含义或内容，在逻辑上表现为同为关系。 同位语从句，即从句在句中作主语或宾语的同 位语，是对句子主语或宾语的解释、说明。 e.g. We heard the news that our team had won. The fact how our team won the game is a mystery. The reason why our team won the game is obvious. 上面句子划红线的部分在句中作名词的同位语从句，对名词 进一步解释，说明名词的 具体内容。 你能找出它们所解释 的名词吗？ 1. The news that we won the game is exciting. 　 2. I have no idea when he will come back home. 3. Word came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 4. They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. The news idea Word the question 巩固性练习： 1.The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all. 　 A.that B.what C.why D.which 2.The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability. 　　 A.that B.what C.which D.why 3.The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly. 　　 A.what B.that C.why D.when 4.His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down. 　　 A.which B.that C./ D.it 5.I have no idea ____ he will start. 　　 A.when B.that C.what D./ 6.I've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow. 　　 A.if B.that C.whether D.which 　　 综合练习 定语从句 Attributive clause 放在 名词 或 代词 后面，由 关系代词 或 关系副词 引导的 修饰该名词或代词 的从句叫 定语从句 。 被修饰的词叫 先行词 。 一 . 定语从句的基本定义 The boy who is reading is Tom. 先行词 关系代词 Hospital is a place where a doctor works . 先行词 关系副词 关系代词 2. 关系副词 关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，常用的关系代词有： 关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副词有： 二 . 关系词的分类 that, which, who, whom, whose when, where, why 三 . 关系代词的基本用法和注意点 1. 关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 指代的先行词 充当从句的成分 who whom which that whose 人 人 主语、宾语 宾语 物 主语、宾语 主语、宾语、表语 人或物 人或物 定语 ① who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。 The man I talked with is our teacher. A person steals things is called a thief. ② whom 指人 , 在定语从句中作宾语，可省略 。 The man I nodded to is Mr. Li. who, whom ( who) who (whom) ③ which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。 These are the trees were planted last year . This recorder he is using is made in Japan. which which （ which ） He is the man I told you about . ④ that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。 A plane is a machine can fly . that that (that) ⑤ whose 指人或物 , 在定语从句中作定语 。不可省略。 We live in a house windows face south . This is the little girl parents were killed in the great earthquake . whose whose whose (1) that 和 which 都可以指物，但以下 5 种情况只能用 that 不能用 which 。 ① 当先行词中有 人 又有 物 时。如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about ? 2. 关系代词用法注意点 只能 用 that 不能 用 which 的 5 种情况 ② 当先行词为不定代词 等时。如： ③ 当先行词被 等修饰时。如： all, one, few, little, no, some, any, everything , nothing, nobody, none only, just, very, right, last This is all that I want from the school . This is the very book that I am looking for these days . ④ 当先行词被最高级修饰时。如： The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city . ⑤ 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如： The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten . (2) that 和 who 都可以指人，但下面两种情况，多用 who 。 用 who 不用 that 的情况 ① 先行词为 all, anyone, one, ones 等时。如： All who heard the news were excited. ② 先行词为 those, he 和 people 时。如： Those who want to go please sign your names here. He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. (3) whose 引导的定语从句注意点 ①whose 引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。 ② whose 与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如： The boss in whose department he worked had heard the news. 他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了这个消息。 ④whose 的先行词指物时，可用 of which 代替，但语序不同，即 whose+ 名词 = the+ 名词 +of which ，或 = of which + the + 名词。如： The novel whose title (= the title of which 或 of which the title) is Red and Black is very interesting. ③ whose 引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。 ⑤ whose的先行词指人时，可用of whom代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词 = the+名词+of whom，或= of whom + the + 名词。如： The boy mother (= 或 ) is a doctor is my friend. whose the mother of whom of whom the mother (4) 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。 如： Those who are against the plan put up your hands. Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday . Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday . The scientist we met yesterday is very famous in the world. (2) The dress is new. She is wearing it. The dress she is wearing is new. (1) The scientist is very famous in the world.  We met her yesterday. 巩固练习： 1. 用定语从句合并句子 巩固练习 1 ：用定语从句合并句子 who whom that Ø which that Ø (3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him. (4) This is the best film. I have ever seen this film. He is the kind person I have ever worked with . This is the best film I have ever seen . who whom that Ø that Ø 1.The girl __________is standing next to our teacher is her daughter. 2. The girl _________________ our teacher is talking with is a famous singer. 3. The girl________ mother is a teacher can speak English very well. 4. I can’t find the book ____________is borrowed from the library. 5. I can’t find the book ________________you lent to me. who/that （ who/whom/that ) whose which/that ( that/which ) 巩固练习： 2. 用适当的关系词填空 巩固练习 2 ：用适当的关系词填空 1. 介词的选用原则： 根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。 This is the book on which I spent 8 dollars. This is the book for which I paid 8 dollars. 四 . 介词 +which/ whom 引导的定语从句 (2) 根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。 I remember the day on which I joined the Party. I remember the days during which I lived there. 2. 当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用 whom( 指人 ) 或 which( 指物 ) ，且关系代词不能省略。 The man with you talked just now is my neighbor. I can’t find the pen with I was writing . 介词位于关系代词前，关系代词的使用 whom which 3. 当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用 which/that( 指物 ), who/whom/that( 指人 ) 作从句中介词的宾语 . 而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。 (whom/who/that) (which/that) Dad is a person ________________ I can easily talk to . Is this the play ___________ you were talking about just now ? 介词位于句末，关系代词的使用 4. 在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如： This is the watch (that/ which) I am looking for . The babies (who/ whom/ that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. 含介词的固定搭配动词短语的使用 5. 先行词是 the way ，意为“方式，方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词用 I didn't like the way _______________ she talked to me. The way _________________he teaches English is interesting. （ that/in which ） （ that/in which ） 先行词为 the way ，关系词的使用 that/ in which 或省略。 五 . 关系副词 when, where 和 why 的用法 关系副词的基本用法 关系副词 指代的先行词 充当从句的成分 when 表时间的名词 / 名词词组 时间状语 where 表地点的名词 / 名词词组 地点状语 why 表原因的名词 原因状语 用关系副词 when 时，先行词指时间， when 在定语从句中作时间状语， when 可换成“介词 + 关系代词”。如： I still remember the day when (= on which) I first came to Nanjing . My father was born in the year when (= in which) World War Ⅱ broke out . 1. when 用关系副词 where 时，先行词指地点， where 在定语从句中作地点状语， where 可换成“介词 + 关系代词”。如： This is the farm where (= on which) we worked when we were young . The school where (= in which) his mother teaches is in the west of the city. 2. where 用关系副词 why 时，先行词指原因， why 在定语从句中作原因状语， why 可换成“介词 + 关系代词”。如： There are several reasons why (= for which) the boys should be punished . Tom couldn’t give the teacher the reason why (= for which) he was late for school . 3. why 4. 关系副词的用法注意点 (1) 当先行词为 time ，表示“次数”时，应用关系词 that 或省略。如： This is the first time (that) the president has visited the country. (2) 当 point, situation, case 等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合”等意思时，其后常由 where 引导定语从句， where 在句中作状语。如： Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used? 巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空 1) October 1, 1949 was the day ______ (__ ______) China was founded. 2) Beijing is the place ______ (____ ______) I came. 3) Is this the reason ____ (___ _____) he didn’t want to see me? when on which where from which why for which 4) Is this the room ______(__ ______) we were living last winter? 5) The days are gone _____ (______ ______) we used “foreign oil”. 6) Yesterday, we had a meeting ______ (__ ______) we discussed many problems. where in which when during which at which where 对比练习：用适当的关系词填空 1. The room ___________________ he once lived is still there. The room ___________________ I have to clean every day belongs to my mother. where/in which (that/which) 对比练习：用适当的关系词填空 2. I will never forget the day _______________ I met you . I will never forget the day ______________ we spent together. when/on which (that/which) The reason _____________ I don’t know is known to him . (that/which) why/for which 3. The reason ________________ I don’t know the thing is that I was not there at that time. 六 . 非限制性定语从句 1. 非限制性定语从句的定义 非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号隔开。 My watch, which is very old , stopped again. 2. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 (1) 限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。试比较： This is the best book that I have read . This is a good book, which is easy to understand . (2) 限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一般用关系代词 as 或 which 引导。 (4) 在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。 (3) 限制性定语从句可以用关系代词 that 引导，而非限制性定语从句则不能。 (5) 关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如： (6) 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。 He has two daughters, the elder of whom is married . He is ill, in spite of which he keeps on studying . 3. 关系代词 as, which 引导非限制定语从句时的区别 (1)as 和 which 都可指主句的整个意思，而不是主句中的某一个词。 as 引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句一般置于主句之后。如： The weather turned out to be very good , which was more than we could expect. As is known to all, the moon travels round the earth . (2) as 多用于下列习惯用语中 as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那样 as is well known = as is known to all 众所周知 as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样 as often happens 正如经常发生的那样 as has been said before 如上所述 as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 定语从句练习 同位语从句与定语从句区别 1. 从词类上区别 同位语从句前面的名词只能是 idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order 等有一定内涵的名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。 He told me the news that he would come home from aboard soon . Word came that he had been abroad . 据说他已经出国了。 Our team has won the game, which made us very happy . 我们的队赢了 , 这让我们很高兴。 ( 同位语从句 ) ( 定语从句 ) 2. 从性质上区别 定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或 限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同 位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进 一步的说明和解释，属于名词性从句 的范畴。如 : The news that our team has won the game is true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 ( 同位语从句 , 补充说明 news 到底是一个什 么消息 ) The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。 ( 定语从句 , news 在从句中作 told 的宾语 ) 3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别 有些引导词如 how, whether, what 可以 引导同位语从句 , 但不能引导定语从句。 如 : That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。 ( 同位语从句 ) 引导词 that 引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语 ( 指物时还可以用 which 代替 ) ，并且作宾语时常常省略， that 在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用 which 来代替。如 : The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的 命令昨天收到了。 ( 同位语从句 , 是对 order 的具体解释 that 虽不作成分 , 但不能省略 ) The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个 人去帮助别的几个小组。 ( 定语从句 , 是名词 order 的修饰语 , that 在从句中作 received 的宾语 , 可以省略 ) The news that we had successfully sent up another communication satellite spread throughout the world. 2. That’s the best piece of news I’ve heard. 3. I’ve no hope that my parents have been expecting to me. 判断下列哪些含有 同位语从句 ，哪些含有 定语从句 。 定语从句 定语从句 同位语从句 4. Is there any hope that he will be home at 7:30? 5. The possibility that you referred to doesn’t exist at all. 6. The fact that we talked about is very important. 7. There is a strong possibility that we may be in France for the next week. 定语从句 定语从句 同位语从句 同位语从句 六、 that 引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别： 同位语从句 定语从句 语法角度 （ that 功能 ) 连词 关系代词 连接作用 连接作用 不充当成分 充当成分（主宾） 语义角度（与前面名词关系） 同位关系 所属关系 说明名词具体内容 限定名词范围 逻辑上主表关系 修饰与被修饰关系 That 省略角度 一般不能省略 作宾语时可以省略 不可用 which 指物时可用 which 替 比较： 1.We expressed the hope (that/which) they had expressed. （定语从句） We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again. （同位语从句） 2.The news (that/which)he told me just now is true . （定语从句） The news that I have passed the exam is true . （同位语从句） 3.The advice (that/which)he gave was supported by us all . （定语从句） 4.The advice that we(should) set out at once was supported by us all. （同位语从句） 状语从句 在复合句中用从句表示状语称作状语从句。它可以用来修饰谓语，定语或状语，或是整个句子。 1.Adverbial Clauses of Time: （时间状语从句） Different Kinds of Adverbial Clauses: 2.Adverbial Clauses of Reason( 原因状语从句） 3.Adverbial Clauses of Conditions( 条件状语） ） 4.Adverbial Clauses of Place ( 地点状语从句） 5.Adverbial Clauses of Purpose ( 目的状语从句） 6.Adverbial Clauses of Result （结果状语从句） 7.Adverbial Clauses of Comparison （比较） 8.Adverbial Clauses of Concession( 让步） 9.Adverb Clauses of Manner( 方式状语从句 ) 1 、时间状语从句： 引导时间状语从句的从属连词有： when, while, as, whenever, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, once… 等引导。如： When he was still a young man , he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons. It has been 15 years since he left. I’ll tell him the news as soon as I see him. Once you have got used to it, you will like it. I waited till he had finished his work. 注意： （ 1 ） when, as, while when 即可引导持续性动作，又可引导短暂性动作。它可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。如： When I was a boy , I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. （同时） When the lesson was over , we began our writing. （从句动作在前） as 引导持续性动作，侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went. I saw your sister as she was getting on the bus yesterday. He sang as he walked. While ：指的是“在某一时间里”，“在 … 期间”，从句里的动作必须是 持续性的，它也强调主句和 从句动作的同时发生，往往 侧重主句和从句动作的对比。 如： While he was in London , he studied music. While we were watching TV , he was writing a composition. while 也可做并列连词，表示对照的意思。如： He is tall while his brother is short. 当 when, as, while 表示“在 … 一段时间里”，主从句的动作同时发生时，可以换用。如： While (When 或 As) we were discussing, Mr. Smith came in. （ 2 ）如果 when 和 before 引导的从句位于主句之后，有时不能译成“当 … 时候” 和“在 … 之前”，而要译成“就”、“才”、“这时”等。如： The struggle lasted four years before the North won in the end. He almost knocked me down before he saw me. She had not been married many weeks when the man saw her and was struck by her beauty. I was walking in the street when I saw him. (3) by the time, each time, every time, immediately, the moment, the instant, the minute, soon after, shortly after 都可以作为连词，引导时间状语。如： By the time he was fourteen , he had taught himself advanced mathematics. Each time he came , he would call on me. You must show him in immediately he comes. I recognized him the moment I saw him. (4) till 和 until ① 如果主句谓语动词是持续动词，通常用肯定式的主句，表示“直到 … 为止”。如： I worked till (until) he came back. ② 如果主句谓语动词是瞬间动词， 则用否定式的主句表示“直到 … 才”。如： I didn’t go to bed until (till) he came back. ③ 放在句首表示强调时一般用 until 。如： Until he returns , nothing can be done. （ 5 ）时间状语从句中谓语动词 不能用任何一种将来时， 只能用现在时和过去时表 示将来时。 2 、地点状语从句： 通常由连词 where 和 wherever 引导。如： Go back where you came from. Wherever you go , you must write to your parents. Where there is a will , there is a way. Where there is too much , the poison and waste may do great harm to the things around us. 3 、原因状语从句： 通常由连词： because, as, since, now that 引导。区别是 : because ：表示“因为”，直接而明确的原 因和理由，语气最强， why 提 问的句子，一般都用 because 回答。 He didn’t come because he was ill. since ：表示“既然”，语气比 because 弱。 Since you are here , you must do it. as ：表示“因为”语气比 because 轻，引 导从句可放主句前也可放主句后。 You needn’t go with me, as you are busy . As I was afraid , I hid myself. now that 意思与 since 相似，表示“既然”。 Now that you are in High School, you will probably spend more in reading. Now that all the guests have arrived, let’s have our dinner. 注意： ① 在强调句中强调原因状语从句， 只能用 because 引导，不可用 as 或 since ，如： It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us. ② because 可以引导表语从句 , 而 as, since 不可以，这时状语一 般都是 it, this, that It’s because he is too lazy. ③ for 也表示“因为”，但是并列 连词，它连接的不是状语从 句，语气比较强。 It must be morning, for the birds are singing. 4 、目的状语从句： 通常由 that, so that, in order that, so…that, lest, in case （以防、免得）等引导： He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus. She married him so that she might tend and comfort him. I explained again and again in case he should misunderstand me. lest ( 以免，免得 ), for fear that I hid the book lest (=for fear that) he should see it. ※ 目的状语从句中谓语动词常含有 may (might), can (could) should, will 等情 态动词。 5 、结果状语从句： 由 that, so that, so…that, such…that 引导： It was very cold, so that the river froze. The book is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of the facts. There were so many people (=such a lot of people) in the room that we could not get in. He made such an excellent speech that every one admired him. 6 、条件状语从句 : 由 if, unless, as long as (=so long as) ( 只要 ), in case (that) ( 如果，万一 ) 等引导： If plastics and rubber are burned , they give off poisonous gases. Unless you work hard , you will fail, You can go out, as long as (so long as ) you promise to be back before eleven. In case I forget , please remind me about that. 注意：条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态不可用将来时，只能用现在时态或过去时态表示将来时。 7 、方式状语从句： 由连词： as, as if, as though 引导： The teacher told the students to do as he did. Leave it as it is. He heard a noise, as if someone was breathing. I saw the man looking about him as if he wished to impress upon his mind everything. as if 和 as though 意义和用法大致一样，引导的从句多用虚拟语气，但也可用陈述语气。 He treats me as if I were his own son. He walked as if he were drunk. 8 、比较状语从句： 由连词 as…as, not so(as) …as, than 等引导： I hope it was as good as the one you lent me. Actually the ocean floor are almost as irregular as the exposed land area. No one can be more fit for his office than he is. He can’t run so fast as she. 注意：“ the+ 比较级 ( 接从句 ) ， the+ 比较 级 ( 接主句 ) ，这一句型也归在比 较状语从句内。如： The more you study, the more you know. The harder we work, the happier we feel. 9 、让步状语从句： 由 though, although, as ( 虽然尽管 ), even if, even though, wh-ever, no matter-wh, whether 引导 . whatever whoever whichever whenever wherever however wh - ever no matter who no matter what no matter which no matter when no matter where no matter how no matter wh- Though he is old, yet he is active. Although most of the people agreed, some were not willing to accepted. Proud as the nobles are, he is afraid to see me. We wouldn’t lose heart even if we should fail ten times. Whenever (=no matter when) you call on me, you are always welcome. Wherever (no matter where) you work, you can always find time to study. Take the one you like best, whichever (no matter which) it is. No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong. Whether he comes or not , we’ll discuss the problem this afternoon. 注意： （ 1 ）让步状语从句在句中的位置可放前也可放后，有时还可以插在主句中间，前置时，强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。 （ 2 ） though 与 although 同义，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化；后者较正式，多放于句首，不能与 but 连用，但可以与 yet, still 等连用，用来加强语气。 Though ( Although ) he was tired, yet (still) he went on working. （ 3 ） as 引导让步状语从句时从句部分 语序要部分倒装。如： Young as he is , he can read and write in several foreign language. （表语提前） Child as he was, he had to support the family. （表语名词提前并常省去冠词） Surrounded as we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. （表语名词提前并常省去冠词） 句子的结构 1. 句子的成分：构成句子的基本成分叫做句子成分。句子的成分可分为主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，同位语。它们可以由单词来承担，也可以由词组，以及句子来承担。 2. 主语：是一个句子所要表达，所要描述的人或物，是句子的主体。 Eg ； Two and two is four. Smoking is bad to health. when to begin is not known yet. 3. 谓语：是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。谓语由动词来承担， Eg ； She speaks English very well. 4. 表语：是用来说明主语的性质，身份，特征和状态。表语一般和连系动词一起构成复合谓语。 Eg ； I am all right. My work is teaching English. 宾语：是谓语动词动作所涉及的对象，它是动作的承受者。 I saw a cat in the tree. I want to go shopping. 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，即双宾语，其中一个指人，另一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 My father bought me a book. Give the rubber to me . 有些及物动词除了跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语，它们一起构成复合宾语。宾语和后面的补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系。 We call him Lao Wang. Please color it red. 定语：用语描述名词，代词，短语或定语从句的性质。 This is a beautiful flower. The TV set made in that factory is very good. Our country is a developing country. 状语：说明事物发生的时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，方式，条件，或伴随情况。 We went to the countryside last year. We study hard for our country. I am late because I missed the bus. The passive voice 被动语态 在被动语态的句子中 , 谓语部分的结构是 be + 过去分词。被动语态的句子的时态变化反映在 be 动词上。也就是说 , 把一个句子做成被 动语态的句子 , 只需要写出 be 动词 的所需时态 , 再加上所给动词 的过去分词就行了。当然 , 这只是指谓语部分而言。我们知道 , be 动词作为一个独立的谓语动词有自己现在分词 (being) 和过去分词 (been) 。那么 , 下面我们来看看 be 在各种时态中的变化形式： 一般现在时 am / is / are 一般过去时 was / were 一般将来时 shall / will + be 过去将来时 would / should + be 现在进行时 am / is / are + being 过去进行时 was / were + being 现在完成时 have / has + been 过去完成时 had + been 1. 世界上许多国家都讲英文。 English is spoken in many countries all over the world . 　 　 　 2. 纸是中国发明的。 Paper was invented in China. 3. 这栋大楼是去年建造的。 The building was built last year. Make sentences 4. 他父亲不会让他娶玛丽为妻的。 He won’t be allowed, by his father, to marry Mary. 5. 他们结束训练时将被派往部队。 They would be sent to the army when they finished the training. 　 6. 这个计划正在执行中。 The project is being carried out. 　 主动语态变被动语态的几点特殊变法： １．如果宾语是 that 从句，变为被动结构时可用 it 作为被动句的形式主语，或把宾语从句的主语变为被动句的主语，从句的谓语动词变为不定式短语。 如 : They know that he is a teacher. 2. 双宾语变为被动语态时，把一个宾语变为主语另一个不变，如果将直宾变为主语时，间宾前要加 to 或 for 。 He told her a long story. 　 　　　　　　　　　　　　 It is known that he is a teacher. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 He is known 　　　　　　　　　　　　 that to be a teacher. A long story was told to her. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 I was bought a new coat. A new coat was bought for me. She was told a long story. Mother bought me a new coat. 3 . 复合宾语变为被动语态时 , 只将宾语变为被动结构中的主语 , 宾语补足语不变。 I found him lying on the floor. 十个动词的宾语补足语后面是不带 to 的动词不定式变为被动语态时要带 to 。 有些不及物动词可以表示被动意义 , 这种不及物动词有下列几种情况： 1. 某些连系动词如： smell 、 taste 、 sound 、 feel 等 。 The flowers smell sweet. The food tastes nice. 2. 某些 与 can’t 、 won’t 等连用的不及物动词如： move 、 lock 、 shut 、 open 等 。 It can’t move. The door won’t shut. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 He was found lying on the floor. 3. 某些可和 well 、 easily 等副词连用的不及物动词如： read 、 write 、 wash 、 clean 、 draw 、 burn 、 cook The cloth washes well. This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind . 被动语态与系表结构的区别 1. 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作．系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表状态．前者可用 by 短语表动作的执行者，后者则一般不用 by 短语． These articles are sold quickly . ( 被动 ) These articles are all sold out . ( 系表 ) 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时和一般过去时，被动语态可用于任何时态，系表结构中的过去分词，可被 very 修饰，被动语态中的过去分词可用 much 修饰 ． He was very excited . ( 系表 ) He was much excited by the news . ( 被动 ) 练 习 The passive voice 被动语态 在被动语态的句子中 , 谓语部分的结构是 be + 过去分词。被动语态的句子的时态变化反映在 be 动词上。也就是说 , 把一个句子做成被 动语态的句子 , 只需要写出 be 动词 的所需时态 , 再加上所给动词 的过去分词就行了。当然 , 这只是指谓语部分而言。我们知道 , be 动词作为一个独立的谓语动词有自己现在分词 (being) 和过去分词 (been) 。那么 , 下面我们来看看 be 在各种时态中的变化形式： 一般现在时 am / is / are 一般过去时 was / were 一般将来时 shall / will + be 过去将来时 would / should + be 现在进行时 am / is / are + being 过去进行时 was / were + being 现在完成时 have / has + been 过去完成时 had + been 1. 世界上许多国家都讲英文。 English is spoken in many countries all over the world . 　 　 　 2. 纸是中国发明的。 Paper was invented in China. 3. 这栋大楼是去年建造的。 The building was built last year. Make sentences 4. 他父亲不会让他娶玛丽为妻的。 He won’t be allowed, by his father, to marry Mary. 5. 他们结束训练时将被派往部队。 They would be sent to the army when they finished the training. 　 6. 这个计划正在执行中。 The project is being carried out. 　 主动语态变被动语态的几点特殊变法： １．如果宾语是 that 从句，变为被动结构时可用 it 作为被动句的形式主语，或把宾语从句的主语变为被动句的主语，从句的谓语动词变为不定式短语。 如 : They know that he is a teacher. 2. 双宾语变为被动语态时，把一个宾语变为主语另一个不变，如果将直宾变为主语时，间宾前要加 to 或 for 。 He told her a long story. 　 　　　　　　　　　　　　 It is known that he is a teacher. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 He is known 　　　　　　　　　　　　 that to be a teacher. A long story was told to her. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 I was bought a new coat. A new coat was bought for me. She was told a long story. Mother bought me a new coat. 3 . 复合宾语变为被动语态时 , 只将宾语变为被动结构中的主语 , 宾语补足语不变。 I found him lying on the floor. 十个动词的宾语补足语后面是不带 to 的动词不定式变为被动语态时要带 to 。 有些不及物动词可以表示被动意义 , 这种不及物动词有下列几种情况： 1. 某些连系动词如： smell 、 taste 、 sound 、 feel 等 。 The flowers smell sweet. The food tastes nice. 2. 某些 与 can’t 、 won’t 等连用的不及物动词如： move 、 lock 、 shut 、 open 等 。 It can’t move. The door won’t shut. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 He was found lying on the floor. 3. 某些可和 well 、 easily 等副词连用的不及物动词如： read 、 write 、 wash 、 clean 、 draw 、 burn 、 cook The cloth washes well. This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind . 被动语态与系表结构的区别 1. 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作．系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表状态．前者可用 by 短语表动作的执行者，后者则一般不用 by 短语． These articles are sold quickly . ( 被动 ) These articles are all sold out . ( 系表 ) 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时和一般过去时，被动语态可用于任何时态，系表结构中的过去分词，可被 very 修饰，被动语态中的过去分词可用 much 修饰 ． He was very excited . ( 系表 ) He was much excited by the news . ( 被动 ) 练 习 倒装句 Inversion 全部倒装是只将句子中的 谓语动词全部置于主语之前 。此结构通常只用与 一般现在时和　一般过去时 。常见的结构 有： 一、完全倒装 1. 在以 here 、 there 、 now 、 then 、 up 、 down 、 in 、 out 、 off 、 away 等表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首以示强调，句子要全部倒装，谓语动词常用 come,go, be, lie,run,rush 等 (1) The birds flew away.   Away flew the birds. 2) 以 here, there, now, then 等副词或 out, in, up, down, away 等表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首以示强调，句子要全部倒装，谓语动词常用 come,go, be, lie,run,rush 等 铃响了。 公车来了。 There goes the bell. Here comes the bus. 那个男孩走开了。 Away went the boy. 小孩子冲了出来。 Out rushed the children. 他走开了。 她来了。 Away he went. There she comes. 当主语是人称代词时主谓不倒装 . 2. 表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。 注意： 在上述句子中，如果主语为人称代词，则主、谓不需要倒装。     In he came and back he went again. At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. A beautiful lake lies at the foot of the hill 一只小狗坐在房间外。 A little dog sits outside the room . Outside the room sits a little dog. 我们学校江边有一个“希望之星”的雕塑。 A statue , the star of hope lies on the riverside . On the riverside lies a statue , the star of hope. 一座碉楼座落在山顶上。 A watchtower stands on top of the hill. On top of the hill stands a watchtower. 高考真题再现： Look over there. ______! （ 2007 年安徽， 22 ） A. Around the corner is walking a policeman. B. Around the corner is a policeman walking. C. Around the corner a policeman is walking. D. Around the corner policemen are walking. A 1 、 In front of our house ____ with a history of 1000 years. （ 2006 上海春季， 34 ） A. does a tall tree stand B. stands a tall tree. C. a tall tree is standing D. a tall tree stands B 2. At the foot of the mountain ____________. ( 四川， 28) A. a village lies B. lies a village C. does a village lie D. lying a village B 3 某些表语位于句首 1) 表语为介词短语 Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. 2) 表语为形容词 Present at the meeting were Mr White and many other guests. 4) 表语为进行时态中的现在分词 Lying on the floor was a boy. Standing beside the desk was a teacher. 3) 表语为过去分词 Seated on the ground are a group of young people. 二、部分倒装 把 be/ 助动词 / 情态动词 提前到主语的前面 Is am are was were do does did can could would may will might 等 1.only 所修饰的 副词 、 介词短语 或 状语从句 放在句首时 , 要进行部分倒装，如： Only then did I realize the importance of learning English. Only in this way can you hope to improve the situation there. Only after he came back was I able to see him. 注： only 修饰主语，仍用自然语序 ，如： Only socialism can save China. 高考真题再现： Only then ____ how much damage had been caused. （ 2006 陕西， 16 ） had she realized B. she realized C. did she realize D. she had realized C Only in this way ____ do it well. A. must we B. we could  C. can we D. we can 我从没见过如此美丽的地方。 2. 否定副词及介词短语的否定词位于句首时。 高考常考的这类词或词语有： never , not, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, by no means, in no time 等 。 I have never seen such a beautiful place. Never have I seen such a beautiful place. * 我很少去看电影． I seldom go to the cinema. Seldom do I go to the cinema. 我从来没有看过这样的表演． I have never seen such a performance. Never have I seen such a performance. 高考真题再现： 1. I’ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means _____ with my progress. the teacher is not satisfied is the teacher not satisfied the teacher is satisfied D. is the teacher satisfied D 5. Only when class began ____ that he had left his book at home. A. will realize B. he did realize C. did he realize D. should he realize 6. Not a single mistake ____ in the dictation yesterday. A. did he make B. made by him C. he made D. he had made 9. Not only __ a promise, but also kept it. A. had he made B. he had made C. did he make D. he makes 10. I finally got the job. Never in all life___ so happy. A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt 典型例题　 1) 　 Why can't I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room A. is smoking permitted 　　 B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted 　 D. does smoking permit 答案 A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time. (3)not until 引导的从句位于句首引起的主句部分倒装 直到他的妈妈回来，他才完成作业。 He didn’t finish his homework until his mother came back. Not until his mother came back did he finish his homework. 主倒从不倒 等到孩子睡着了，妈妈才离开房间． The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep . 当 Not until 引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 4 、 as/ though ( 虽然，尽管）引导的让步状语从句 名词 形容词 副词 动词 分词 +asthough+ 主语 + 其他 Although I am ugly, I am gentle. Ugly as I am, I am gentle. Though he is a child, he has to make a living. Child as he is, he has to make a living. 注意：从句的表语是名词，其名词前 不加任何冠词 Though I like you much, I will never marry you . Much as I like you , I will never marry you . Although she might try, she could not pass the exam. Try though she might , she could not pass the exam. Though he was surrounded by the enemy, he was not afraid. Surrounded though he was by the enemy, he was not afraid. _______, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. [2007 重庆 ] A. Strange as might it sound B. As it might sound strange C. As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound 5. 用于 so nor neither 开头的句子 此类倒装用于重复前句部分内容 前句是肯定句用 SO 某人 / 某事也是 前句是否定句用 neither nor 某人 / 某事也不是 倒装句中的谓语应与前句的谓语时态形态一致 He has been to Beijing. So have I. Tom can’t answer the question. Neither /Nor can I . So +be/ 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 某人也是如此 Nor/neither +be/ 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 某人也不是如此 So + 主语 +be/ 助动词 / 情态动词 某人确实如此 Betty is a nice girl. So she is . 2. 他喜欢读书，我也是． He likes reading very much. So do I . 3. 我从来没有去过广州大学，他也是． I have never been to Guangzhou University, neither/ nor has he. 1. ---Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? ---I don’t know, _______. A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I care C. I don’t care neither D. I don’t care also 配套练习 Ⅰ . Multiple choices. 高考真题再现： (1) --I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible. --______! （全国卷， 32 ） Nor I am B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I B 易错题： 1 、 I wonder if your wife will go to the ball. If your wife _____, so _____ mine. does , will B. will, does C. will, would D. does, do 2 、 --I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot. -- _____. So do I B. Neither do I C. So I have D. So it is with me. A D 6. 在 hardly/scarcely/…when ； no sooner…than; not only … but also ； so...that; such…that 的倒装句中，前倒后不倒 . hardly/scarcely/ no sooner 后句子的谓语用 had done , when/than 后句子的谓语用 一般过去时 (3 ) Not only is he interested in football but also he plays it well. (1) Hardly / Scarcely had he fallen asleep when a loud knock at the door awaked him. (2) No sooner had I reached the station than train moved . (4 )So hard does he work that he has made great progress in English. 典型例题： No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began 　　　　　 B. has the game begunC. did the game begin 　　　 D. had the game begun 答案： D 7. If 虚拟条件从句中 . 从句有 (were/should/had) （ 1 ） If I were you, I would work hard. （ 2) If it should rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting. （ 3 ） If he had followed my advice, he would have succeeded. Were I you, I would work hard. Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting. Had he followed my advice, he would have succeeded.   Were it not for his teacher’s help, he would never graduate from this high school. 注意： 我们可以说 Were it not... 或者 Had it not been..., 但 不 可以说 Weren’ t it... 或者 hadn’t it been... If it were not for his teacher’s help, he would never graduate from this high school. _______five minutes earlier, you could have seen them off. A. If you should arrive B. If you arrive C. Had you arrived D. Should you arrive C （ 3 ） May 置句首，表示祝愿。 May you succeed. 祝你成功！ 练 习 Non-finite Verbs 非谓语动词 练习 非谓语动词 动名词 gerund 不定式 infinitive 分词 participle 非谓语动词 1 ．性质 ：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。 不定式 动名词 过去分词 一般式 一般式 完成式 完成式 进行式 被 动 主 动 to do doing to be doing to have done having done to be done being done to have been done having been done done 现在分词 表 1: 非谓语动词的时态、语态             A 动词 -ing 形式的一般式（ doing ） 3 1 动词 -ing 形式的一般式可用来 泛指一个动作 ，没有特别的时间意义。 Swimming is her favorite sport. 　　游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。　　 Learning is important to modern life. 　　学习对现代生活很重要。 2 动词 -ing 形式的一般式可用来表示与 谓语动词同时发生的动作。 　　 They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing . 　　他们有说有笑地走出教室。 3 动词 -ing 形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的 动作之前或之后 发生的动作。 I remembered sending him an e-mail last week . 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。 He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday . 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。         B 动词 -ing 形式的完成式（ having done ） 动词 -ing 形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 　　 Having lived in this city for three years , she knows it very well. 点　津　坊 在现代英语中， 作宾语 的动词 -ing 形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。 I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture . 　错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。 (=I rally regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.) We remembered seeing the film . 我们记得看过这部电影。 　 (=We remembered having seen the film.)           C 动词 -ing 形式的被动形式（ being done, having been done ) 动词 -ing 形式的被动形式表示它的 逻辑主语 是动词 -ing 形式表示的动作的 承受者 。 (being+-ed) The question being discussed is very important. 　　正在讨论的问题很重要。 I can‘t stand being kept waiting . 　　我不堪久等。 Having been shown the lab , we were taken to see the school library. 　　在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。         D 动词 -ing 形式的否定形式 动词 -ing 形式的否定形式由 not 加动词 -ing 形式构成。 　　 His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. 　　他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。 Δ 动词 -ing 的用法         A 动词 -ing 形式作主语 1 动词 -ing 形式可直接置于句首作主语。 Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。 2 为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词 it 作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。 It is no use crying over spilt milk . 　　作无益的后悔是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it . 　　争论这事是浪费时间。 必　背 　 动词 -ing 形式作主语的几个常用句型。 　 It‘s no good talking to him . 和他谈话是没有用的。 It is useless telephoning him . He is not willing to come. 　给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。 It‘s worth making an effort . 努力一下是值得的。 There is no saying when it will stop raining . 　无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。 There is no joking about such matters . 这种事开不得玩笑。          B 动词 -ing 形式作表语 1 表示主语的内容 　　 Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible . 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。 2 表示主语具有的特征 　　 The problem is quite puzzling . 这个问题很令困惑。 1. Her work is ______( look )after the children. 2. My aim is ______( go ) to Tsinghua University. 3. One of my bad habit is ______(bite ) nails （指甲） .          C 动词 -ing 形式作宾语 动词 -ing 形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。 1 能用动词 -ing 形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用动词 -ing 形式作宾语，另一类是既可用动词 -ing 形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。 ① 只能用 -ing 形式作宾语的动词 ( 这类动词只能用 -ing 形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。 ) Fancy meeting you here ! 　　想不到在这儿见到你了！ I suggest doing it in a different way . 　　我建议用另一种方法做这件事。 必　背 　　 只接动词 -ing 形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有： admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 put off 推迟 keep 保持　 consider 考虑 delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist 抵制 mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind 介意 fancy 想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成 risk 冒险 include 包括 　 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设想 cannot help 情不自禁 ② 既可用动词 -ing 形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语 　　这类动词虽然既能用 -ing 形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况： 　　 ☆ 有些动词，如 attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer 等，后面接动词 -ing 形式或不定式区别不是很大。　　 They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。　　 I intend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary. 我想买一本英汉词典。 提　示 　应尽量避免接连出现两上动词 -ing 形式。　 I am starting to learn Russian. 我开始学俄语。避免说： I am starting learning Russian. 我开始学俄语。 ☆ 有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。 come to do★ 表示一个渐渐发展的过程 I hope we shall be friends and come to understand one another . 我希望我们会成为朋友并互相了解 come doing★ 表示陪衬性的动作 It was already two o'clock when she came hurrying in . 她急急忙忙跑进来时已经两点了。 go on to do★ 做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事 Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit . 做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。   go on doing★ 继续做同一件事。 Though it was raining heavily, they went on working , 尽管天下着大雨，他们仍然继续工作。 mean to do★ 想要做某事 I didn't mean to hurt you . 我并不想要伤害你。 mean doing★ 意味着要有一个结果 Missing the train means waiting for another hour . 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。 regret to do★ 对即将要做的事表示遗憾 I regret to say I must leave tomorrow . 很遗憾，我明天必须离开了。 regret doing★ 对所做的事感到后悔 I regret not having told her earlier . 没能更早地告诉她，我很后悔。 　 remember to do ★ 讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记” Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时记得要锁门。 remember doing ★ 讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来” I remember posting that letter . 我记得寄了那封信。 　 forget to do★ 忘记要做某事 She nearly for got to give the porter a tip for his service . 她几乎忘记给行李搬运工付小费。 forget doing★ 忘记以前曾做过的事 I'll never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time . 我永远忘不了和我小学校长初次见面的情景。 stop to do★ 停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事 While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times . 工作的时候，他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。 stop doing★ 停止正在做的事 When the teacher came into the classroom, the pupils stopped talking . 教师走进教室的时候，小学生们停止了说话。 try to do★ 设法做某事 I must try to get everything ready before he arrives. 在他到来之前，我必须尽力把一切都准备好。 try doing★ 试验做某事 Would you please try doing that again ? 请你再试一次好吗？ ☆ need, require, want 作“需要”解时，后面接动词 -ing 形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式 ，意义上并无差别，但用动词 -ing 形式比较普通。 　　 Your composition needs correcting / to be corrected . 　　你的作文需要修改。　　 His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned . 　　他的外套需要洗了。　　 The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully . 　　这个老大娘需要细心地照料。 2 作介词宾语 　　动词 -ing 形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。          D 动词 -ing 形式作宾语补足语 1 动词 -ing 形式可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find 等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。 We heard the children shouting upstairs . 　　我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。 I felt my heart beating violently . 　　我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。 2 动词 -ing 形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别 。　　在 see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等感官动词后，既可用动词 -ing 形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词 -ing 形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。 He saw a girl getting on the bus . 　　他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。 He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off. 　　他看见一个女孩上公共汽车后开走了。 3 动词 -ing 形式也可用在 have, get, leave, keep, set, catch 等表示 " 致使 " 的动词后作宾语补足语。 　　 They should not leave us wondering what they will do next . 　　他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。　　 I won't have you running about in the room . 　　我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。　　 We kept the fire burning all night long . 　　我们让火整夜燃烧着。 点　津　坊 　 如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词 -ing 形式 。　 I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette. 　我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。         E 动词 -ing 形式作定语 1 单个的动词 -ing 形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。 　　 ① 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。 a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室 running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋 a working method =a method of working  工作方法 必　背 　　 a drawing board 画板 a sewing machine 缝纫机 a swimming pool  游泳池 a waiting room  候车室 a dining car 餐车 a driving permit 驾驶许可证 a singing competition  歌咏比赛 a walking stick  手杖 　 ② 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家 an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子 a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题 2 作定语的动词 -ing 形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。 The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去 They lived in a house facing south . 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。 3   某些情况下，动词 -ing 形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。 ① 作定语的动词 -ing 形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。 【误】 The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. 　　 【正】 The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. 　　　　　昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。 ② 动词 -ing 形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。 【误】 The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 　　 【正】 The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 　被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。          F 动词 -ing 形式作状语 动词 -ing 形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词 -ing 形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 　　 　　 Having made full preparations , we are ready for the examination. 我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。 (= After we have made full preparations...) 2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill , he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。 (= Since he was ill...) 3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 　　 His father died, leaving him a lot of money . = and left him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱 . 4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard at your lessons , you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons... 如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。 5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 　　 Knowing all this , they made me pay for the damage. = Although they knew all this... 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 e.g.________a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter. A. Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Having not received e.g. Having finished my homework,I went to watchTV. C 没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用 having done ; 此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为 not doing/not having done; 故选 c 6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 　　 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time . = ...and stared at the sky for a long time 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。 -ing 形式 -ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作 定语 和 状语 的用法 European football is played in 80 countries, ___ it the most popular sport in the world. （ NMET1998 ） A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 解析 A He rushed to the train station, only ____ the train had gone. A. finding B. found C. finds D. to find D 解析 Making it the popular sport in the world 为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面 ,v-ing 表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如： His parents died, leaving him an orphan. He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed 　 动 词 -ing 形 式 的 逻 辑 主 语　          A 作主语的动词 -ing 形式 动词 -ing 形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。　　 Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。　　 (Reading aloud 的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来 ) 点　津　坊 　　如果作主语的动词 -ing 形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格 ( 即名词后加‘ s) His father’s falling ill worried him greatly. 　　他父亲生病使他很着急。　　 (his father 是 falling ill 的逻辑主语 )            B 作表语的动词 -ing 形式 动词 -ing 形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的 -ing 形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。 What worries me most is her staying too late every night . (staying too late every night 的逻辑主语是 her)         C 作定语的动词 -ing 形式 动词 -ing 形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。　　 an interesting book 一本有意思的书 = a book that interests its readers 　　 a running stream 一条奔流的小溪 = a stream that is running           D 作宾语的动词 -ing 形式 　动词 -ing 形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在 -ing 形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。 比　较 He insisted on doing it himself . 　他坚持要自己做。 (doing it 的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他” ) 　 He insisted on my doing it . 　他坚持要我做。    (doing it 的逻辑主语是“我” ) Would you mind opening the window ? 　请你把窗子打开好吗？    (opening the window 的逻辑主语是“你” ) 　 Would you mind my opening the window ? 　你介意我把窗子打开吗？    (opening the window 的逻辑主语是“我” )         E 作宾语补足语的动词 -ing 形式 　 动词 -ing 形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。 　　 We often hear her singing this song . 　　我们经常听见她唱这首歌。   (singing this song 的逻辑主语是“她” ) 　　 We often hear this song (being) sung . 　　我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。　　 ( 逻辑主语 "this song" 和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词 -ing 形式的被动式或 -ed 分词。 )          F 作状语的动词 -ing 形式 1 动词 -ing 形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 　　 Entering the classroom , I found nobody in it. 如动词 -ing 形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的 -ing 形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。 【误】 Looking out through the window , the garden was beautiful. 　　 (looking out through the window 的逻辑主语是 the garden ，显然不对 ) 【正】 Looking out through the window , we saw a beautiful garden. 　　 【误】 Reading the evening newspaper , a dog started barking. 　　 ( 逻辑主语是 dog ，它不会看晚报 ) 　　 【正】 I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking. 2 如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词 -ing 形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。 　　 The last bus having gone , we had to walk home. Weather permitting , the football match will be played on Friday. 　　 必　背 　　 高中阶段有一些固定的动词 -ing 形式短语，如 generally speaking, judging from...,considering..., talking of..., supposing... 等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种动词 -ing 短语可当作一个插入语。 Generally speaking , boys are more interested in science than girls. 一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣 . Judging from his accent , he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大 . Considering how poor he was , we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。 Supposing it rains , what will you do? 假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？ B) 关于逻辑主语的问题 1. ______to the meeting surprised all of the boards. A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mike’s coming 2. It’s no use _______ that you didn’t know the rules. A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your pretending D. your pretend Change the following into the simple sentences. That Peter didn’t attend the meeting made it put off. 分词练习 不定式 1 ．不定式作主语： 1) change the following into the infinitive 1. ______( die ) for people is a glorious thing. 2. ______( talk ) with him is a great pleasure. 3. ______( help ) others is our duty. 2) change the sentences above into the ones using “it” as inform 3)A: 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由 for 引起的短语。 It is easy for the students to read. It will be a mistake for us to help you. 在 "It is + 形容词 + of sb + 不定式 " 结构中 ，形容词往往表示 人物的性格和特征 ，如 kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty 等。 在“ It is + 形容词 + for sb + 不定式”结构中 ， 形容词通常表示事物的性质 ，如 important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable 等。 比　较 　 It is good of you to help me with my English. 　你真好，帮助我学英语。　 ( 强调 you 的特征 =You are good to help me.) 　 It is good for you to give up smoking. 　戒烟对你有好处。　 ( 强调的是 give up smoking 这一行为 = For you to give up smoking is good.)            It is + 形容词 + for / of sb + 不定式结构 2 ．不定式作表语 1. Her work is ______( look )after the children. 2. My aim is ______( go ) to Tsinghua University. 3. She seemed ______( think ) about the problem. 3 ．不定式作宾语： 有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有： want, demand, like, hate, hope, begin, seem, fail, help, offer, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, expect, agree, determine, prefer, intend, etc. They wanted ______( get ) on the bus, didn’t they? He said he wished______(be )a professor. I agreed______ (go ) there with the doctor. My daughter preferred ______( dance ) when she was in her twenties. He had promised ______(give) me a hand. 比　较 　 一般说来，动词 -ing 形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。 　 Smoking is forbidden here. 　这里禁止吸烟。 ( 泛指 ) 　 It‘s not good for you to smoke so much . 　吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。 ( 具体 ) 　 They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold . 　天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。 ( 泛指 ) 　 Would you prefer to stay at home this evening ? 　今晚你想待在家里吗？ ( 具体 ) I like singing ,but I don't like to sing this night . 4. 不定式作宾语补足语 A)1. I didn’t want my parents ______(help ) me. 2. We’d prefer you _______( take ) the job instead of Zhang. 3. The school ordered all the classroom ______( clean ). 4. My parents expect me _______( go )to a ideal university. 5. Joan promised the dinner ______( cook ) before we returned. 6. The doctor advised the patient ______( take ) two pills every four hours. 7. He determined me_______( tell ) everything. 　　不定式作定语通常放在其 修饰的名词名代词之后 ，与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。 1 主谓关系 　　 The future to greet us will be bright. 　　我们的未来会十分美好的。 The next train to arrive was from New York. 　　下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。 2 动宾关系 　　 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write . 　　星期天，他总是有许多信要写。 He can find no one to make friends with . 　　他找不到可交朋友的人。 3 同位关系　　　　 We students should have the courage to face any difficulty . 　　我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。           动词不定式作定语 4 修饰关系 　　 Now it is time to begin our class . 　　现在是上课的时间了。 点　津　坊 　 由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式的动词是 不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。 　 She has a child to take care of . 　她有一个孩子要照看。　 There is nothing to worry about . 　没什么可担心的。　 He has no friend to depend on . 　他没有可依靠的朋友。　 I've got a lot of things to see to this morning. 　今天上午我有许多事情要处理。 不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 1 表示目的　　 I‘m saving up to buy a computer . 　　我在存钱买电脑。 点　津　坊 　 有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用 in order (not) to do, 和 so as (not) to do 结构 (so as to do 不可以置于句首 ) 。 　 He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. 　为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。　 I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 　我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记           动词不定式作状语 2 表示结果　　 He got to the station only to find the train had gone . 　　他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。 必　背 ： 不定式表示结果常见于下列句型 　　 1) so...as to do 　　 Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 把你的自行车借给我好吗？ 　　 2) such...as to do 　　 We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步。 　　 3) enough to do 　　 He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。 　　 4) only to do 　　 He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。 　　 5) too...to do 　　 His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 他的视力太差了，看不清这么小的字。 “be + 不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况： 1  表示命令和指示　　 The room is to be locked . 　　这房间要上锁。 2 表示计划或安排　　 We are to begin the work next month . 　　我们下月开始这项工作。 比　较 　 be to do 表示计划和安排将要发生的动作。 　 Another new railway is to be built in my hometown next year . 　明年我家乡又要修建一条铁路了。　 be about to do 表示最近即将要发生的动作。不能和具体的时间状语连用。 　 The manager was about to leave when his secretary called him back. 　经理正要离开时，他的秘书叫住了他。              be+ 不定式结构 "with/without + 名词 + 不定式“结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。 　　 With so much work to do , I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you. 　　有这么多工作要做，我不能和你去看电影了。　　 With him to stay in the house , I feel quite safe. 　　有他呆在家里，我感到十分安全。　　 Without anything to eat , he died of hunger. 　　由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。           with/without + 名词 + 不定式结构         用作独立成分的不定式 有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。　　 To be honest , we are not sure to find the girl in the forest. 　　说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。 He is very honest, to begin with . 　　首先，他很诚实。 必　背 to tell you the truth  说老实话 to begin with 首先 to say nothing of 姑且不说 so to speak 可以这么说 to be sure 诚然，固然 to be exact 精确地说 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be frank 坦率地说 to be brief  简言之 to conclude  总而言之          用主动式表示被动含义的不定式 1 不定式做后置定语，与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。 　　 Do you have anything to say on this question ? 　　针对这个问题，你有什么要说的吗？ 2 不定式作形容词的宾语，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。 　　 The book is difficult to understand . 　　这本书很难理解。 3 There be 结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。 　　 There is nothing to worry about . 　　没什么可担心的。 比　较 　　 She has two letters to type . 　 她有两封信要打。 ( 自己打 ) 　 She has two letters to be typed . 　 她有两封信要打。 ( 别人打 )        用于感叹句 不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色彩。　　 To think that he should do this! 　　想想，他竟然干出这等事！  ( 表示惊讶 ) 　　 Oh, God, to see her dance ! 　　哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈！ ( 表示赞美 ) 　　 To think that all the money has been wasted. 　　想想，所有的钱都被浪费掉了！ ( 表示不满 )         不带 to 的不定式 1 在口语中，动词原形 come 和 go 后可接不带 to 的不定式。 　　 Go tell her . 去告诉她吧。　　 Come have a glass . 　来喝一杯。 2 在 why 引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或 "not + 动词原形 " 。 　　 Why make so much noise ? 为什么发出这么大的噪音？　　 Why not join us ? 为什么不加入我们？ 3 在 had better, had best, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner, would sooner...than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but 等结构后直接跟动词原形或 "not + 动词原形 " 。 　　 You'd better listen to your teacher's opinion . 　　你最好听一听老师的意见。　　 We had best call for the doctor at once . 　　我们最好马上就请医生来。 4 如不定式前有行为动词 do ，那么在表语中的不定式或者介词 except/but 之后的不定式可不带 to 。 　　 The only thing I could do was go home . 　　我能做的惟一一件事就是回家。 5 两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号 to 可省略。 　　 The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry . 　　这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。　　 Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.? 　　你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？ 6 在一些固定搭配中用不带 to 的不定式。 　　 He let go the rope. 他松开了绳子。　　 I hear say there will be an earthquake soon. 　　我听说不久就要有一次地震。　　 She made believe she was innocent. 她假装清白。 7 在感官动词 see, hear, watch, feel, notice 以及使役动词 make, let, have 等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带 to 。 必　背 　　 常见的带不定式的短语： 　　 be supposed to do 应该做某事 be determined to do 决心要做某事 fail to do 未能做某事 go all out to do 全力以赴做某事 have the nerve to do 有胆量做某事 have a great mind to do 很想做某事 make up one's mind to do 决定做某事 make a point to do 坚持做某事 prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事 take the trouble to do 不辞辛苦地做某事 　 必　背 　　 常见的带介词 to 的短语： 　　 be used to 习惯 be related to 与 …… 有关 get down to 着手做 be given to 沉溺于 put one‘s mind to  全神贯注于 give rise to 引起 be equal to 胜任 devote oneself to 献身于 lead to 导致 be opposed to 反对 look forward to 盼望 object to 反对 stick to  坚持 pay attention to 注意 不定式练习 动词－ ed 形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足等。 动词－ ed 形式的特征  1 动词－ ed 形式表示已完成的动作。 　　除了作形容词用的动词 -ed 形式外，动词 -ed 形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。　　 Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 　　由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。　　 One of the glasses was found broken . 　　有人发现其中一个杯子破了。 The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 　　鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。 2 及物动词的－ ed 形式一般表示被动的意思。 　　 Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 　　要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。　　 ( 句子的主语 I 和动词 give 之间是被动关系。 ) 　　 When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood . 　　你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。　　 ( 宾语 yourself 和宾语补足语 understand 之间是被动关系。 ) 　　 The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 　　在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。 3 不及物动词－ ed 形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。 an escaped prisoner 逃犯 = a prisoner who has escaped a retired worker 退休工人 = a worker who has retired a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 = a guest who has just arrived People should pay attention to the changed situation. 　　人们应该注意到变化了的形势。 A 动词－ ed 形式作表语 1 动词－ ed 形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。 　　 The students are fully prepared . 　　学生们已做好了充分的准备。　　 When we got there, the shop was closed . 　　我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。 比　较 　  2 同一动词的－ ed 形式与－ ing 形式作表语时的区别。 　　动词 -ed 形式作表语，主要表示 主语的心理感觉或所处的状态， 含有被动的意思，而动词 -ing 形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。 They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 　　他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。　　 At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved . 　　看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。 比较 ： amusing  使人高兴的   amused 开心的 encouraging   鼓舞人心的   encouraged 受鼓励的 disappointing   令人失望的   disappointed   失望的 exciting  使人激动的   excited  激动的 puzzling  迷惑人的   puzzled  迷惑的 satisfying  令人满意的   satisfied  感到满意的 Worrying   令人烦恼的   worried 烦恼的  tiring  引起疲劳的   tired  疲劳的 pleasing  令人愉快的   pleased 高兴的 astonishing  令人惊讶的   astonished 惊讶的 B 动词－ ed 形式作宾语补足语 当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词 -ed 形式作宾语补足语。 1 在感觉动词 see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find 等后作宾语补足语。 　　 I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 　　昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。　　 We found all the rivers seriously polluted . 　　我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。 比　较 　 动词 get 后也可接动词不定式或动词 -ing 形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系 。　 I couldn't get the car to start this morning. 　今早我无法把汽车发动起来。　 He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 　他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。　 It is not hard to get him talking ; the problem is stopping him! 　让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。 2 在使役动词 get, have, make, leave, keep 等后作宾语补足语。 　　 ① 动词 -ed 形式作 get 的宾语补足语 。　　 Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 　　多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。　　 I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 　　我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。　　 ② 动词 -ed 形式作 make 的宾语补足语。 　　 He raised his voice in order to make himself heard . 　　他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。　　 You should make your views known to the public. 　　你应该让公众知道你的观点。 ③ 动词 -ed 形式作 keep 或 leave 的宾语补足语。 　　 They all went home, leaving all the work undone . 　　所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。　　 The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 　　侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房。 ④ 使役动词 have 后既可接动词 -ed 形式，也可接动词不定式和动词 -ing 形式作宾语补足语。三者之间有一定的区别。 　　 have   　不定式动作由宾语发出，表示让某人做某事 　  *I'm going to have the teacher answer this question after class. 　　我打算课后让老师回答这个问题。   　 1. 让某人做某事或让某种情况发生。   　  *He had the car waiting outside. 　他让小汽车在外面等着。   　  2. 常用于否定结构，表示“不容忍”、“不能让”。    　 *We won‘t have the child talking to his mother like that. 　　我们不能容忍那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。   　 1. 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，表示某事由别人做。    　 *Where did you have your hair cut ? 　你在哪儿理的发？   　 2. 表示主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。    　 *The house had its roof blown off . 　房子的屋顶被吹掉了。   　 3. 完成某事 ( 自己也可能参与 ) 。    　 *He has had one thousand yuan saved . 　他已存了 1000 元。   　 4. 否定式表示“不允许”。    　 *I won't have anything said against her. 　　我不允许别人说反对她的话。 3 动词－ ed 形式也可用在 with (without) 结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。 　　 With everything well arranged , he left the office. 　　一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。　　 She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books . 　　她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。 Without any more time given , we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 　　如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。 4 某 些动词后 ( 如 want, need, prefer, would like 等 ) ，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“ to be” ，就成了动词－ ed 形式作宾语补足语。 　　 I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 　　我希望这事立即得到解决。 The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on . 　　农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。         C 动词－ ed 形式作定语 1 前置定语 　　单个动词 -ed 形式作定语一般放在被修饰的 名词之前 ，作前置定语。　　 A watched pot never boils. 　　心急锅不开。　　 All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 　　所有的坏门窗都修好了。 When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 　　我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。 提　示 　如要表示强调，单个动词 -ed 形式也可作后置定语。　 Money spent is more than money earned . 　入不敷出。 2 后置定语 　　作后置定语的动词 -ed 形式一般都 带有修饰语或其他成分 ，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。 We have read many novels written by this author. 　　我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。 (= that are written by this author) Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。 (= who had been invited to the reception) The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。 (= which was attended by one thousand students) 　 A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。 (= who was dressed like a lawyer)  3 动词－ ed 形式作定语和－ ing 形式作定语的区别 　　 动词 -ed 形式作定语表示动作已完成，而动词 -ing 形式作定语表示动词正在进行。 the risen sun  升起了的太阳  the rising sun  正在升起的太阳 boiled water  开水  boiling water  正沸腾的水 fallen leaves  落叶  falling leaves  正在飘落的叶子 changed condition  改变了的情况  changing condition  变化着的情况 developed countries  发达国家 developing countries  发展中国家          D 动词－ ed 形式作状语 动词 -ed 形式作状语和动词 -ing 形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 1   表示时间 　　动词 -ed 形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。 (= When the city is seen from the tower...) Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。 (= After we had been shown the lab ...) Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。 (= After he was completely examined...) 2 表示原因 　　动词 -ed 形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。　　 Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 　　孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。 (= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...) 　　 Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 　　因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。 (= As it was written in haste ...) 　　 Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 　　我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。 (= Because we were excited by...) 3 表示条件 　　动词 -ed 形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Heated , water changes into steam. 　加热，水就能变成蒸汽。 (= If water is heated...) Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。 (= If he was given more time ...) Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 　与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。 (= If she was compared with other protessors...) 4 表示让步 　　 动词 -ed 形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个 though/although 引导的让步状语从句。 Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。 (= Although they were exhausted by the running ...) Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。 (= Even if he was laughed by many people ...) 5 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明 　　 动词 -ed 形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。 　　 The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 　　老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。　　 (= and he was surrounded by the students) 　　 He went into the office, followed by some children. 　　他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。　　 (= and he was followed by some children) 点　津　坊 　 动词的 -ed 形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。 【误】 I cannot stand laughed at. 　 【正】 I cannot stand being laughed at. 　　　我不能容忍被人嘲笑。 【误】 Invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 　 【正】 To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 判断下列对或错： 1. Seeing from the hill, the city looks more beautiful. 2. Leaving at home, the little girl felt much afraid. ( 动词－ ed 形式的逻辑主语 ) A 动词－ ed 形式作状语或表语时 1 动词 -ed 形式在句中作状语或表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，动词 -ed 形式和主语之间是被动关系。 Locked up , he had no way to escape. 他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。 Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。 She became discouraged at the news. 听到这个消息，她泄气了。          B 动词－ ed 形式作定语时 当动词 -ed 形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。　　 The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 　　第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是 16 世纪出版的。 C 动词－ ed 形式在句中作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. 　　薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。 　 (trapped 的逻辑主语是句子的宾语 fingers) The valuable vase was found stolen . 　　那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了 (stolen 的逻辑主语是句子的主语 vase) 　 We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down . Thieves obviously had broken in. 　　我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟，很明显小偷闯进来了。 (turned up side down 的逻辑主语是句子的宾语 house) D 动词－ ed 形式有时可有独立的逻辑主语 　 动词 -ed 形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语 Everything done , we went home. 　　一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。　　 All our money run out , Henry had to find another job. 　　钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。 E 动词－ ed 形式作独立成分 　 动词 -ed 形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。 　　 Put frankly , I don't agree with what he said. 　　坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。　　 Given the general state of his health , it may take him a while to recover from the operation. 　　考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。 高考题 Most of the artists to the party were from South Africa. (MET 90) A.invited B. to invite C.being invited D. had been invited 2) The first textbooks for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. (NMET 94) A. having written B.to be written C. being written D. written 3) The Olympic games, in 776 BC, didn't include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 4) Prices of daily foods through a computer can be lower than prices in stores. (2002 年全国春） A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying 5) Mr. Smith,____ of the speech, started to read a ____ novel. (2003 北京春 ) A. tired, boring B. tiring, bored C. tired, bored D. tiring, boring 作表语的 -ed 形式可被 much, very, quite 等所修饰。 I was very pleased at the news ． 听了这消息我很高兴。 He grew much tired of the work ． 他十分厌倦这工作。 He seemed quite delighted at the idea. 听了这想法他似乎很高兴。 分词练习 虚拟语气 The Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气   1 ） 概念 　　 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。 2 ） 在条件句中的应用 　　 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 1 真实条件句   　　真实条件句用于陈述语气， 假设的情况可能发生 ，其中 if 是如果的意思。 　　时态关系句型： 条件从句　　 主句　　 一般现在时　 shall/will + 动词原形　 If he comes, he will bring his violin. The volleyball match will be put off if it ___. A.will rain 　 B. rains C. rained D. is rained 　 答案 B 。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。 注意： 1 ） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用 be going to 表示将来，该用 shall, will. ( 错 ) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. ( 对 ) If you leave now, you will never regret it. 2 ） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用 shall (will) + 动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。 2 非真实条件句   1 ）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是 时态退后 。 a. 　 同现在事实相反的假设 。句型 ： 条件从句　　　　　主句 　　　　一般过去时　　　 should( would) + 动词原形 　 If they were here, they would help you. b. 　 表示于过去事实相反的假设 。句型： 条件从句　　　　　 主句　　　　　　　　过去完成时　　　 should(would) have+ 过去分词 　 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded . 　 The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. 　 　 If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 　 含义： He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it. If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress. 　 c. 　 表示对将来的假想 　句型：　 条件从句　　　　　　 主句 一般过去时　　　　　 should+ 动词原形　 were+ 不定式　　　　 would + 动词原形 should+ 动词原形 If you succeeded , everything would be all right. 　 If you should succeed , everything would be all right. 　 If you were to succeed , everything would be all right. 3 混合条件句   主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间 ，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。 If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） If it had rained last night ( 过去 ), it would be very cold today ( 现在 ). 注意：　 在虚拟语气的从句中， 动词 'be' 的过去时态一律用 "were" ，不用 was ， 即在从句中 be 用 were 代替。 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 　　 如果我是你，就会去找他。 If he were here, everything would be all right. 　　 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。 典型例题　 _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A. If were I 　　 B. I were 　 C. Were I 　 D. Was I 　 答案 C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有 were, should, had 这三个词 主语提前 , 变成 were, should, had + 主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中， 省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式 。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do. if 引导的虚拟条件句 If + 主 + did(were) , 主 + would/should/could/might + 动词原形 If I were you, I would try it again. 1. 如果我是你，我会再试一次。 2. 如果我有一百万美元，我会买下这架飞机。 If I had one million dollars, I would buy the plane. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句 If +主 + had done sth , 主 + would/should/could/might + 动词完成式（ have done ） If he had worked hard, he would have passed the examination. 1. 如果他努力学的话，他就通过这次考试。 If I had married her, I would have been unhappy. 2. 要是当时我和她结了婚的话，那我是很不幸的。 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句 与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句 ( 通常有时间状语 ) If he came here tomorrow, I would tell him about it. If he were to come here tomorrow, I would tell him . 1. 如果他明天来的话 , 我会告诉他这件事 . 2. 如果他明天来的话 , 我会告诉他 . If + 主 + did(were to /should do) , 主 + would/should/ could/might + 动词原形 If you __________tomorrow, you _________ find the new manager working in the office. A. should come; would B. would come; would C. will come; should D. comes; might If the parents ______at the hospital earlier after the accident, the child would have been saved. A. arrives B. arrive C. had arrived D. has arrived If he _________he ___________that food. Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warned; would not have taken B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she __________, she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come If my lawyer _______here last Sunday, he _______ me from going . A. had been; would have prevented B. had been; would prevent C. were; would prevent D. were; would have prevented 倒装的 If 虚拟句 条件状语的倒装： 如果条件状语中有 were, had, should 时 , 可以倒装成： Were / Should / Had + 主 + 其他 Were I you, I would try it again. Had he been there yesterday, he would have seen the film. Should it snow tomorrow, we wouldn’t go out. If I were you, I would try it again. If he had been there yesterday, he would have seen the film. If it should snow tomorrow, we wouldn’t go out. _________the exam, he would have attend a college. A. If he passed B. Had he passed C. Were he passed D. If he should pass _______five minutes earlier, you could have seen them off. A. If you should arrive B. If you arrive C. Had you arrived D. Should you arrive ________it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the visit to the Science Museum. A. Were B. should C. would D. will wish 引导的虚拟句 I wish I remembered the address. 我要是记得地址就好了。（真可惜我忘了） How I wish he had not left . 要是他没有离开这里就好了。（他已离开） I wish it would rain tomorrow. 要是明天下雨就好了。（说话人以预料明天不会下雨） wish + that How I wish If only did/were 现在 had done 过去 would / might /would do 将来 5. If only (1) … 要是就好了 = I wish If only I knew his name now ! If only we had followed your advice last time ! If only I could see him again next year ! 要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。 If only our parents could live with us! If only I hadn’t missed the train! 要是我没错过火车就好了 . Exercises: “ Have you visited the Science Museum?” “ No, but I really wish I _______.” A. had B. did C. have D. will I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____there. A. was B. were C. had been D. went I wish I _________ you yesterday. A. see B. did see C. had seen D. were to see -----He is a brave man. -----Yes, I wish I _________his courage . A. Have B. had C. will have D. would have Tom can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he _____me how. A. teaches B. will teach C. has taught D. would teach The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I ___________to it. A. hadn’t gone B. haven’t gone C. didn’t go D. could not have gone How I wish I __________that! Everybody present was angry with me. A. didn’t go B. hadn’t done C. wouldn’t do D. wasn’t doing as if /though 区别： { He speaks English as if/ though he is from the USA. 陈述语气 He speaks English as if/ though he were from the USA. 虚拟语气 2. as if /though + Clause 现在： 过去： 将来 : did /were( 现在 ) had done( 过去 ) She loves the baby as if it were her own son. He speaks as if he had been to the United States. would+ 动词原形 ( 将来 ) 虚拟语气 Subjunctive Mood 时间 条件从句 if 主句 过去 had done would/should/could/ might have done 现在 did/were would/should/could/ might do 将来 1.should do 2.were to do 3.did 退一步 海阔天空 even if/ though, wish,, if only 等从句的虚拟与它相同。 名词性从句中要求用虚拟语气的动词 如果我是你，我就听从他的建议。 If I were you, I would have taken his advice . 从句表示现在，主句表示过去 如果你听我的话，现在就不会这么糟糕了。 从句表示过去，主句表示现在 如果这些天一直没下雨，我们现在可以进行工作了。 从句表过去进行，主句表现在进行 If you had listened to me, you might not be in such trouble now. If it hadn’t been raining those days, we should be going on with the works. 注意 : 主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气 ( 混合条件句 ): 有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。 If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now. 如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。 （从句说明过去，主句说明现在。） If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. 如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。 （从句说明现在，主句说明过去。） If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now. 假若你不借钱给我， 我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。 （从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。） suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, advice etc. 引 导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，以 ( should) + v 原 的形式出现。 We all suggest that he ( should ) finish his homework first. The captain commanded that all the sailors ( should ) get down to work at once. It’s suggested ( ordered, demanded, proposed, commanded, requested, desired, insisted, required ) that … 后面的主语从句中要使用 虚拟语气，也以 ( should )+ v 原 . 的形式出 现。 It’s ordered that only German ( should ) be taught at schools in Alsas and Lorin. It’s requested that all the students ( should ) wear school uniforms at school. 以上这些动词的 名词形式 后面的 表语从句 和 同位语从句 中也要用虚拟语气，也应以 (should) + v 原 . 的形式出现。 My suggestion is that you ( should ) go home first before coming here. His request that his cost ( should ) be paid by the hour is completely reasonable. The order came that the work (should) be finished two days ahead of time My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible 注意 : 当 suggest 表示“暗示” ;insist 表示“坚持认为”时不用虚拟！ His accent suggests he comes from Hunan . I insist that he was wrong His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health. 虚拟语气特殊句型： 1. would rather that 现在： 过去： 未来： 过去时 过去完成时 过去时 I would rather you paid me now. I would rather you had gone , too. Don’t come. I would rather you came tomorrow. 注意 : 在主语＋ would (had) rather ＋ that 宾语从句中，从句谓语一般 用过去 式表示虚拟形式。例如 : 我真希望你告诉我真相。 I’d rather you told me the truth. 我宁愿不再见着你。 I’d rather I didn’t see you again. 我倒希望他们和我一起去。 I would rather they went with me. (1) 对现在的虚拟 , 谓语动词用过去时 ( 系动词用 were), 意指主从句谓语表示的动词同时发生 . 例如 : 他看起来好象病了 . He looks as if he were ill. 他感到他应该独自对发生的 事情承担责任 . He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. (2) 对过去的虚拟谓语动词使用 had+ 过去分词 , 意指从句谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之前 . 例如 : 她英语说的很好就象是在英国学习的一样 . She spoke English well as if she had studied English in England. 我记得整件事情就象是昨天发生的一样 . I remember the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday. (3) 对未来的虚拟谓语动词使用 would+ 动词原形 , 意指从句谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之后 . 例如 : 史密斯太太哭得心都快碎了 . Mrs. Smith sobbed as if her heart would break . When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it __________. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken The actor is 58 years old. But he acts as if he _______ a young man. A. is B. will be C. am D. were The clouds are getting darker and darker. It looks as if it _______rain. A. is going to B. will C. was going to D. would 注意： 如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。 It looks as if you are tired. 3. It’s (about/high) time +that --- 过去时 should +V. 你该走了。 It’s high time that you went. It’s high time that you were going. It’s high time that you should go. 我们该去睡觉了。 It’s time that we went to bed. It’s time that we should go to bed. 4. without 和 but for 构成虚拟。 but for 要不是 Without sunlight, people’s life would be different from today. But for your help, I wouldn’t have finished the work. Without your help, I would have failed. But for water, it would be impossible to live in the desert. 5. If only (1) … 要是就好了 = I wish If only I knew his name! If only we had followed your advice! If only I could see him again! 要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。 要是我没错过火车就好了！ If only our parents could live with us! If only I hadn’t missed the train! (2) = as long as 常用陈述语气 . 如果我们紧密团结就一定能战胜一切困难 . We can surely overcome these difficulties if only we are closely united. 6. It’s necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that---Clause 从句中的动词要用虚拟， 即（ should ） + 动词原形 It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language. It is strange that she refuse to come to the party. It’s necessary that we should study hard. 7. otherwise 和 supposing 也可以引导虚拟语气。例如： The storm stopped, otherwise the sailors would have fallen into the sea. I’m getting cold, otherwise I would keep her. Suppose(supposing) your friends knew how you are behaving here, what would they think? 8. so that 与 in order that 二者引导的目的状语从句谓语部分应该用 may /might/can /could /etc.+ 动词原形 She stayed at home for a few days so that she might have more time to study it. She listened carefully in order that she minght discover exactly what he wanted. He went to the station in a taxi so that he should not miss the train. 9. 用 “ may+ 动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时 may 须置于句首 May good luck be yours! 祝你好运！ May you be happy! 祝你快乐！ May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就 Long live the people! 人民万岁！ “ God bless you,” said the priest. 牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！” 含蓄条件句 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做 含蓄条件句 。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况 : 1. 条件暗含在短语中 。如： W hat would I have done without you? ( 条件暗含在分词短语 without you 中 ) It would be easier to do it this way. ( 条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way 中 ) But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment. ( 暗含条件是 but for your help ) This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. ( 条件暗含在分词短语 happening in wartime 中 ) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. ( 暗含条件是连词 or ) Alone, he would have been terrified. ( 暗含条件是 alone ) 2. 条件暗含在上下文中。如： You might stay here forever. ( 可能暗含 if you wanted to ) We would have succeeded. ( 可能暗含 if we had kept trying ) Your reputation would be ruined. ( 可能暗含 if you should accept it ) I would appreciate a little of your time. ( 可能暗含 if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time ) 3. 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。 如： You wouldn’t know. 你不会知道。 I would like to come. 我愿意来。 I wouldn’t have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。 He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样 1 He suggested that the meeting           put off. A. not be     B. should not   C. wouldn’t        D. be not   2 It is strange that he           so.   A. thinks   B. think          C.thought        D. will think 3 I wish I           my uncle yesterday.   A. met         B. have met   C. would meet    D. had met 4 The old professor gave orders that the experiment           before 6. A. was finished   B. will finish  C. be finished    D. shall be finished 5. She says she’d rather he ____tomorrow instead of today. A. had B. should leave C. leaves D. left 6. It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time____ ? A. we are going home B. if she leaves C. we went home D. if she had left 7 It’s high time he           home.   A. goes    B. went        C. will go       D. is going to go 8           you succeed and           you be healthy.   A. May…may  B. Wish…wish  C. Hope…hope      D. Should…may 9 Galileo insisted that the earth           round the sun.   A. should move  B. move  C. moves      D. A or B 10 If only I ____ to my parents’ advice!   A. listening          B. listen                         C. am listening     D. had listened 11 ---Why didn’t you come to the party yesterday?    ---I ____ , but an unexpected visitor came to see me.   A. did                     B. would                   C. had                    D. was going to 12 I’d rather you ____ me the news.   A. not tell             B. not to tell                  C. didn’t tell         D. hadn’t told 1. The boy who went swimming in the No- swimming Zone drowned in the river. If the boy hadn’t gone swimming in the No-swimming Zone, he wouldn’t have drowned in the river. Had the boy not gone swimming in the No-swimming Zone, he wouldn’t have drowned in the river. 2. Billy was badly bitten by mosquitoes because he forgot to use the mosquito net last night. If Billy had remembered to use the mosquito net last night, he would not have been bitten by… Had Billy remembered to use the mosquito net last night, he would not have been bitten by… 3. The mother carelessly put the knife within the baby’s reach, and the baby cut herself while playing it. If the mother had carefully put the knife out of the baby’s reach, the baby wouldn’t have cut herself. Had the mother carefully put the knife out of the baby’s reach, the baby wouldn’t have cut herself. 4.The students got food-poisoning after eating the potatoes in the dining-room. If the students had not eaten the potatoes in the dinning-room, they wouldn’t have got food-poisoning. Had the students not eaten the potatoes in the dinning-room, they wouldn’t have got food-poisoning. 5. The parents put the thermos on the ground. Their son kicked it and got burnt. If the parents had put the thermos in a safe place, their son wouldn’t have kicked it and got burnt. Had the parents put the thermos in a safe place, their son wouldn’t have kicked it and got burnt. 练 习 主谓一致 Agreement 所谓主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间 , 即主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应的形式。 语法详解： 三项原则 英语句子中，主语的“人称”和“数”要限制，决定谓语动词的形式变化，这就叫“主谓一致”关系。它通常依据三项原则： 1 ） 语法一致 ； 2 ） 意义一致 ； 3 ） 就近一致 。 语法一致原则 人称 数 And / both … and 表数量的修饰语 语法一致原则（ 1 ） I . 主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。 e.g.I love / She loves music . II . 主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。 1.“ 不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）”或“从句”等作主语，用单数谓语形式。 e.g.①The work is important . ②To serve the country is our duty . ③How and why he left was a sad story . 语法一致原则（ 2 ） 2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。 e.g.①The children are taken good care of . ②They have gone to Chengdu . III. 以“ and ” 或“ both… and” 连接的并列主语： 1. 通常作复数用 。 e.g.①Plastics and rubber never rot . ②What he says and what he does do not agree. ③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 语法一致原则（ 3 ） 2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人（事、物、抽象概念），作单数用。 e.g.①The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。 ②A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。 ③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。 语法一致原则（ 3 ） 3. “and” 前、后的单数词语都有“ each,every ,many ,a ,no” 等修饰时，仍作单数用。 e.g.①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here. 这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。 ②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity . 没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。 语法一致原则（ 4 ） Ⅳ. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时： 1. a ）“ many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语： “ a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。 e.g.①Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。 ②A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。 语法一致原则（ 4 ） b ）“ a / an + 单名 + or two ” 大多接单数谓语： "one or two + 复名 " 接复数谓语。 e.g.①Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。 ②One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。 语法一致原则（ 4 ） c ）“ a / an + 单名 + and a half” 常接单数谓语； “ one and a half + 复名”多接复数谓语。 e.g.①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。 ②One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。 语法一致原则（ 4 ） d ） "more than one + 单名 " 大多接单数谓语。 e.g.①More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。 "more + 复名 + than one " 接复数谓语。 e.g.②More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。 "more than two (three, … )+ 复名 " 接复数谓语。 e.g.③More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。 语法一致原则（ 4 ） 2 . 主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“ a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre / … )of” 等时，表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。 e.g.a ） There is only a small quantity of paper (books ) left . b ） This kind of apple is sweet ./ These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . 但 :Apples of this kind are sweet . （总作复数用） 语法一致原则（ 4 ） 3. 主语后接“ with … ” 等构成的短语修饰成分时：谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用“ with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but , besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than , more than ” 等。 e.g.①A woman with two children has come . 一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。 ②I as well as they am ready to help you . 不仅他们，我也愿帮助你。 语法一致原则（ 4 ） 4. "one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句 " ： 1 ）定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”，因此从句的谓语用复数形式。 e.g.①This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . 这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。（关系词“ that” 代“ novels” ） ②He was one of the boys who were praised . 他是受表扬的男孩之一。 语法一致原则（ 4 ） 2 ）若“ one” 前加“ this, the ,the only ” 等时，定语从句的关系词指代 one ，作从句主语时，接单数谓语。 e.g.He was the only one of the boys who was praised . 他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。 ( 关系词 who 代 the only one ) 意义一致原则 集合名词作主语 代词作主语 数词、数量、单位等词语作主语 单复数同型或易混的词语作主语 The+ 形容词 / 分词作主语 专业名词作主语 What 从句作主语 集合名词作主语 1. 有些通常作复数用（不变词形）。如：“ people , police , cattle ( 牛，牲口 ) ， folk , youth , militia ( 民兵 )” ，等。 e.g.The police have caught the murderer . 警方已捕获凶手。 集合名词作主语 2. 有些指“整体”时作单数，指其中的“成员”时作复数（不变词形）。如 "army , audience( 听众 ),class ,club （俱乐部） ,company( 公司 ), committee( 委员会 ) ,crew ,crowd ,staff( 员工 ) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple ,population ,team ." 等。 e.g.Our family is a happy one . 我们有个幸福的家庭。 The family are early risers . 这家人都起得早。但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如： families , two classes . 等。有些变复数形式后意义不同。如： peoples 多个民族。 youths 男青年。 folks 亲友。 代词作主语 1. 不定代词 "each ,one , much, (a)little ,elther ,neither ,another ,the other(+ 单名 )" 等常作单数用。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。 e.g.①Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。 ②Neither plan suits me .③Neither of the plans suits / suit me. 两个计划都不适合我。 代词作主语 2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用：“ someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ” 等。 e.g.①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗？ ②There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。 代词作主语 3. 下列不定代词作复数用：“（ a ） few ,many ,several ， both” 等。 e.g.①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个（客人）是我们熟识的。 ②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。 代词作主语 4 下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数： 1 ）“ what ,which ,who ,whose ” 等。 e.g.Who is your brother ? 你兄弟是谁？ 2 ） "all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of )," 等。 e.g.All (of the students ) are working hard . 3 ） "half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of ) 余下的） " ，等。 e.g.Half of the apples are bad . 苹果中有一半是坏的。 数词、数量、单位等词语作主语 1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。 e.g.Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。 2. 表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。 e.g.①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴，弹指一挥间。 ②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。 数词、数量、单位等词语作主语 3.“ 分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。 e.g.①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十 / 五分之二值得读。 ②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday . 昨天只干完了百分之六十 / 五分之三的工作。 数词、数量、单位等词语作主语 4. "a number of ( 许多 )/ a varlety of ( 各式各样 ) "+ 复数名词，常作复数用。 e.g.①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。 ②There are a variety of toys in this shop. 这家商店有各种各样的玩具。但是，“ the number( 数目 )/ the variety( 种类 )”+ of + 复数名词，作单数。 e.g.①The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。 ②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。 单复数同型或易混的词语作主语 1. 以“ -ics” 结尾的学科名词：指教育、科研的某一学科，作单数。 e.g.Mathematics seems easy to me . 但是，表“具体的学业、活动”等时，多用作复数。 e.g.Her mathematics are weak . 她数学差。（指“学业成绩、能力”） 单复数同型或易混的词语作主语 2. “works 工厂， means 方法， series 系列， species 物种， aircraft 飞机”等名词单、复数同形，要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。 e.g.This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。这类名词通常还有“ fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters ( 总部驻地 ),bellows( 风箱 ), plastics, gallows ( 绞架 ), manners( 礼貌 ) ,whereabouts ( 行踪 ), ” 等。（但 news （消息）是不可数名词，通常只作单数用。） The+ 形容词 / 分词作主语 1. 指“一类”人或事物时，常用作复数用。 e.g.①The English speak English. ②The rejected were heaped in the corner . 废品堆在角落里。 2. 指“某一个”人，或“抽象的”事物时，作单数用。 e.g.①The deceased was his father . ②The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。 ③The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。 What 从句作主语 1. 大多作单数用。 e.g.①What we need is more practice . 我们需要的是更多的实践。 ②What he says doesn't agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。 2. 若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时，谓语动词用单数或复数两可。 e.g.①What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。 ②What he bought was /were some books . 他所买的是几本书。 就近一致原则（ 1 ） 在正式文体中： 1. 由下列词语连接的并列主语： "or ; either … or ； nor; neither … or ； whether … or ； not … but; not only … but also" ; 等。 e.g.①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。 ②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。 ③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。 ④Not only you hut(also) he is wrong . 不仅你错了，他也错了。 就近一致原则（ 1 ） 2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。 e.g.①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。 ②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk . 桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 就近一致原则（ 2 ） 非正式文体：有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。 e.g.Neither she nor I were there ( 意义一致 ) 我和他当时都不在那儿。（非正式） Neither she nor I was there . （就近一致）（译文同上句）（正式）但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符规范的。 练 习 情态动词 （ model verbs ） 基本概念 情态动词和助动词一样，是英语中的一种特殊动词，不可以在句中独立充当句子成分，而是与不带 to 的动词不定式一起使用，表示说话人对所谈及的动作和事物的态度及看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。 一、情态动词的基本用法 can / could 1) 表示能力。“能、能够、会” He could play the piano at the age of 6. 他在六岁时就会弹钢琴了。 A computer can't think for itself. 计算机不会独立思考。 The biggest problem for most plants, which ________ just get up and run away when threatened, is that animals like to eat them. A. shan’t B. can’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t 2 ）表示客观的可能性 Anybody can make mistakes. 任何人都会犯错误。 Driving on the snowy roads can be very dangerous. 在积雪的路上开车可能会有危险。 It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it _____ be rather cold sometime. A. must B. can C. should D. would can 在否定和疑问句中表达可能性时，有 惊讶、怀疑、不相信 之意，这时 can 与 could 没有时间上的差异，只是 could 比 can 语气更委婉、客气。 How can it be true? I can’t believe my eyes. 这怎么可能是真的？我简直不敢相信我的眼睛。 It couldn’t be Dad. He won’t be back this time of evening. 那不大可能是爸爸，他不会在晚上这个时候回来。 3 ）表示许可 You can go with them if you like. 如果你愿意，你可以跟他们一起去。 --- Can I have a look at your new design? --- Yes, of course you can . 我可以看一下你的新设计吗？ 当然可以。 2. may / might may / might 可以表示 “许可”“可能性”“祝愿” 1) 表示许可时， may 和 might 没有时间之分，只是 might 比 may 更加委婉，更没有把握。 May / Might I trouble you to pass me the book? 能不能麻烦你把那本书递给我？ --- May I listen to music while doing homework? --- No, you mustn’t. 做作业时我能听音乐吗？ 不，不行。 2 ）表示可能性 may 和 might 常用来表示将要发生或可能正在发生的可能性。 might 不是 may 的过去式，它所表示的可能性小一些。 We may go camping this Saturday. 本周六我们可能去宿营。 John is absent. He might be ill. 约翰没来，他可能病了。 --- Excuse me. Is this the right way to the Summer Palace? --- Sorry, I am not sure, but it ____be. A. might B will C. must D. can 3. must 1 ）表示“必须”“一定要”，指说话人的主观语气，强调说话人的主观意志。 You must cut down on smoking. 你必须少抽点烟。 --- Must I come back before ten? --- Yes, you must . 我必须十点前回来吗？ 是的，你必须回来。 2 ）表示推论，用在肯定句中表示有把握的推测，意为“一定、准是”。在疑问句或否定句中，用 can 和 can’t . You must be kidding. I know you know nothing about it. 你一定在开玩笑，我知道你对此一无所知。 ( It can’t be Mum. She is at work now.) 那肯定不是妈妈，她现在正在上班。 You ____be tired---you’ve only been working for an hour. must not B. won’t C. can’t D. may not 3 ）在疑问句中 must 可用来征询对方的愿望，表示“偏要、偏偏”。 Why must you find another job while you have got one? 你已有一份工作，为什么偏偏再找一份？ John, look at the time. _____ you play the piano at such a late hour? A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need 4. will / would 1 ）表示意愿或意志、决心。 will 指现在 , would 指过去。 I will finish my lesson even if I have to stay up all night. 即使我整夜不睡觉我也一定要把功课做完。 He said he would do anything for her. 他说他愿意为她做任何事。 2 ）用于第二人称表示请求、建议等， would 比 will 语气委婉、客气。 Will you come this way? 请这边走好吗？ Would you please open the window? 请你打开窗户好吗？ 3 ）表示习惯性动作或特性。 will 表现在 , would 表过去，带有主观性。 This old man is strange. He will sit for hours without doing anything. 这位老人真奇怪，他常坐着几个小时都不说话。 Whenever I was not at home, my child ___ watch TV. A. will B. would 　 C. were to 　 D. were going to 5. need 1 ）表示“需要、必要”时作情态动词，常用于否定句和疑问句。 --- Need I tell him everything that has happened to his parents? --- No, you needn’t . / Yes, you must . 我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？ 不，没有必要。 / 是的。 2 ） need 作实义动词时，有人称和数的变化，后面常跟带 to 的动词不定式，其否定式、疑问式都要通过助动词构成。 I need to go to Beijing this Sunday to attend a book fair. 这个星期天我要去北京参加一个书展。 Do I need to leave my telephone number and address? 我需要留下电话号码和地址吗？ 6. dare 1 ）表示“敢、敢于”，作情态动词用多用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中，其过去式为 dared 。 You will be punished if you dare break the rule. 如果你敢违反规定，你会受到惩罚的。 2 ） dare 作实义动词时，有人称和数的变化，肯定式中其宾语要跟带 to 的不定式，而在否定和疑问句中的不定式符号 to 可要可不要。 The student doesn’t dare (to) raise any question in class. 在课堂上这个学生不敢提任何问题。 7. shall 1 ） shall 用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。 Shall we put off the sports meet until next week? 我们能否将运动会推迟到下个星期？ Henry is waiting outside. Shall he come in, sir? 先生，亨利正在门外等着，可以让他进来吗？ 2 ） shall 用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方的许诺、命令、警告、威胁等。 You shall get an answer from me by tomorrow. 明天我就会给你答复。 Tell Jack he shall get a gift if he is nice. 告诉杰克如果他表现好的话，他就会得到一份礼物。 3 ） shall 用于第三人称，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或表示“应该、必须”。 Those belonging to our club shall wear uniforms. 我们俱乐部的成员都应该穿制服。 --- What does the sign over there read? --- “No person ________ smoke in this area.” A ． will B ． may C ． shall D. must It has been announced that candidates ______ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. A. can B. must C. should D. shall --- Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report. --- You ____ have my computer if you don’t take care of it. A. shan’t B. might not C. needn’t D. shouldn’t 8. should 1 ）表示义务、职责等，往往表达说话者的观点。 I think today’s children should learn to respect their elders. 我认为现在的孩子应当好好学习尊敬长辈。 I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I ______report it to the police? A. should B. may C. will D. can 2 ）表示说话人惊奇、愤怒、失望等特殊情感。 It’s surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack. 真是奇怪，玛丽竟然爱上像杰克这样的人。 It’s terrible. The car ________ break down just as we were going on our holiday. A. should B. would C. could D. must 3 ）表示很大的可能性，译作“可能”“应该”“照理说应该”。 It’s already 10. She promised to come by 10. She should be here at any moment. 已经 10 点了，她答应 10 点前来的。她随时都可能到。 --- Shall I go and buy more fruits for the party? --- No, I have already bought 3 baskets. That ____ be enough. A. can B. should C. may D. might 二、常用情态动词的用法比较 can 与 be able to can 表示“能力”时，与 be able to 相当，许多场合可以互相替换。但当叙述过去经过一番努力才能完成的事情，只能用 was (were) able to. He could ( = was able to ) swim when he was six years old. 他六岁时就会游泳了。（叙述一般的能力） Even though I had my leg hurt, I _____ finish the whole distance. A. could B. had to C. might D. was able to be able to 可用于多种时态。 Will you be able to camera the lecture tomorrow? 你明天能把讲座录下来吗？ I’m sorry I haven’t been able to answer your letter in time. 真对不起我没能及时给你回信。 2. must 与 have to must 多表示说话人主观意志， have to 多强调客观条件。 You must go to bed early every night. 你每晚必须早点睡觉。 I have to go now. My friend is waiting for me downstairs. 现在我得走了，朋友在楼下等我。 3. would 与 used to would 和 used to 都可以表示“过去常常 …” ，但 would 表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，与现在无关； used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。 He would come to see us on Sundays. 过去星期天他常常来看我们。（ 现在情况如何不明确 ） Our company used to do business with theirs. 我们公司过去和他们公司常有业务往来。（ 现在已经没有了 ） 三、“情态动词 +have done” 的用法 must have done 表示对 过去 的一种 肯定 推测，意为“肯定” “一定”。 仅用于肯定句 。 When I called her, there was no answer. She must have been out. 当我叫她时，没有回应。她肯定出去了。 The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 地面是潮湿的，昨晚一定下过雨。 --- Guess what! I have got A for my term paper. --- Great! You ______ read widely and put a lot of work into it. A. must B. should C. must have D. should have He _____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside. A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t 2. may / might have done 表示对已经发生的事情把握性不太大的肯定推测，相当于“大概”“可能”。 He may / might have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 他可能在这起车祸中受了重伤。 --- Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday. --- You it in the wrong place. A. must put B. should have put C. might put D. might have put 3. should (ought to) have done 在 肯定句 中表示过去没有发生但却应该发生的事；在 否定句 中表示过去发生了本不应该发生的事。 You should have come to the lab if you were really serious about your experiment. 如果你真的对你的实验负责的话，你本该来实验室的。 They shouldn’t have given him so much money because he asked for. 他们本不应该仅仅因为他要就给他这么多钱。 --- I’m sorry. I ______ at you the other day. --- Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself. A. shouldn’t shout B. shouldn’t have shouted C. mustn’t shout D. mustn’t have shouted 4. can (could) have done 用来对过去可能发生的事情进行猜测，多用于 疑问句和否定句 中。 could have done 还可表示本来可以做但却没有做。 He can’t have gone to Shanghai. I saw him only a while ago. 他不可能到上海去了。我刚才还看见他呢。 My mother came here by bus, but she could have taken a taxi. 我妈妈坐公交车来的，但她本可以打车来的。 He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he          it differently. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed --- Do you know where David is ? I couldn’t find him anywhere. --- Well. He _____have gone far – his coat is still here. A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t D. wouldn’t 5. needn’t have done 表示不必要做的事情却做了。 You needn’t have bought that dictionary. I have a spare one. 你实际上没有必要买那本词典。我有一本多余的。 --- Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you. --- Thanks. You ____ it. I could manage it myself. A. needn’t do B. needn’t have done C. mustn’t do D. shouldn’t have done 练 习