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2019届二轮复习书面表达专题第三讲 并列句和复合句
并列句
并列句由两个或两个以上的独立分句并列在一起构成。其基本结构为：分句＋并列连词＋分句。
并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲，所谓“并列”、“对等”是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意思，谁也不从属于谁。尽管如此，这些主谓结构在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系。否则，它们就可能被分别写成简单句，而没有必要写在一起构成并列句了。在并列句中，要使两个或几个主谓结构(或者说分句)连接在一起，就要用并列连词。并列连词用来连接平行对等(即互不从属)的分句。
在并列句中，除了使用并列连词外，还可使用并列连词词组或连接副词来连接分句。有时甚至不用并列连词，只用逗号、分号、冒号等把分句隔开。
常用的并列连词有：and，but，or，for，so，neither，nor等；并列连词词组有：either...or，neither...nor，both...and，as well as，not only...but also等；连接副词有：besides，furthermore，moreover等。
1．表示联合关系
常用and，neither...nor，not only...but(also)等连词。如：
There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down.
后半夜来了一场暴风雨，大雨倾盆而下。
I can neither write songs nor play the guitar.
我既不会创作歌曲也不会弹吉他。
Not only did he speak correctly，but he spoke easily.
他不仅讲得对，也讲得轻松。
2．表示选择关系
主要由连词or(或者；否则)，either...or...(要么……要么……)，neither...nor...(既不……也不……)，otherwise(要不然)等连词连接，前后两个分句为选择关系。如：
Either you didn’t understand this problem，or you were not careful enough.
要么你不懂这个问题，要么你不够细心。
Seize the chance，otherwise you will regret it.
要抓住机会，否则你会后悔的。
Neither does he smoke，nor does he drink.
他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
3．表示转折关系
多用连词but，yet，however，nevertheless，while，whereas连接两个分句，前后两个分句在语意上为转折关系。如：
I have failed，yet I shall try again.
我失败了，但我还要尝试。
He must be over sixty，whereas his wife looks about thirty.
他一定有60多岁了，而他妻子看起来大约30岁。
John has his shortcomings；however，that doesn’t mean he is not qualified for the job.
约翰有缺点，但这不等于说他不胜任这份工作。
4．表示因果关系
多用连词for，so，therefore连接，前后两句为因果关系。如：
He must have been in a hurry，for it was getting dark.
天色不早了，他一定很匆忙。
He told me to do it，so I did it.
他让我这样做，于是我就这样做了。
It was raining；therefore we had to stay at home.
天下着雨，我们只好待在家里。
5．表示条件或结果
常用and，or等连词。在这类并列句中，and意为“(只要)……就”，or意为“否则”。如：
Simply raise your hand，and a taxi will appear in no time.
只要你招招手，出租车就会立刻过来。
Don’t drive too fast or you’ll have an accident.
别开得太快，不然会出车祸。
一句多译：快点，否则你就会迟到。
①Hurry up，or you will be late.
②Hurry up，or else you will be late.
③Hurry up，otherwise you will be late.
④If you don’t hurry up，you will be late.
⑤You will be late unless you hurry up.
6．表示递进关系
常用besides，furthermore，moreover等连接副词。如：
Television is entertaining；besides/furthermore/moreover，it is instructive.
电视给人们提供娱乐，而且还有教育性。
复合句
1．主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。如：
When we should start is still a question.
2．表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的句子，它位于主句中的系动词之后。如：
That is why he did not come to school yesterday.
3．宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。如：
They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.
4．同位语从句：在句子中作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。如：
The news that our team won is exciting.
5．定语从句：在复合句中作定语用来修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：
This is the missing boy(that/who/whom)we have been looking for these days.
6．状语从句：在复合句中作状语，其位置可以在主句前或主句后。
①时间状语从句通常由when，as，while，after，before，since，as soon as，till(until)，whenever等引导。如：
When you finish the work，you may go out to play with Sam.
②地点状语从句通常由where，wherever等引导。如：
Wherever I went，the dog followed me.
③原因状语从句通常由because，since，as等引导。
④目的状语从句通常由so that...，such...that...，in order that...等引导。
⑤结果状语从句通常由so that...，so...that..., not as (so)．..as...等引导，放在句尾。
⑥比较状语从句通常由as，than，as...as等引导。
⑦让步状语从句通常由though(although)，as，even if(even though)，however，whatever等引导。
⑧条件状语从句通常由if，unless，as long as等引导。
[即时演练]
一．判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句
1．We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.简单句
2．The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.复合句
3．There is a chair in this room，isn’t there？简单句
4．My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.简单句
5．He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.并列句
6．He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.复合句
7．Not only did he teach school，but he wrote novels.并列句
8．What he said at the meeting is very important，isn’t it？复合句
9．The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.简单句
10．Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.简单句
二．从方框中选择恰当的并列连接词填空
1．I don’t agree with you，________ does my partner.
2．Find out where they are going this evening ________ ask if we may join them.
3．He shook his head ________ he thought differently.
4．She can’t hope to pass the exam in December，________ she’ll have to wait till June.
5．He broke the rules of the school；________ he had to leave.
6．I thought those figures were correct.________， I have recently heard they were not.
7．It’s true that he is young，________ he is experienced and responsible.
8．________ will help be given to disabled people to find jobs, ________ medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.
9．You must work harder，________ you will be put into the class of a lower level.
答案：1.neither/nor 2.and 3.for 4.so 5.therefore
6．However 7.but 8.Not only；but also 9.otherwise
三．请根据每组两个句子之间的逻辑关系，加上恰当的并列连词，将两个句子合并为一个并列句
1．He would have won the game easily.He fell and broke his leg.
________________________________________________________________________
2．Shakespeare was a writer.Shakespeare was also an actor.
________________________________________________________________________
3．He had failed many times.He was confident that he would succeed in the end.
________________________________________________________________________
4．Donna was not satisfied with her own achievement.
Donna was not satisfied with the team’s performance.
________________________________________________________________________
5．Girls are jealous of Mary.Mary is very beautiful and successful.
________________________________________________________________________
6．The chance is slim.They never give up hope.
________________________________________________________________________
答案：1.He would have won the game easily；however，he fell and broke his leg. 2.Shakespeare was not only a writer but also an actor. 3.He had failed many times，but/yet he was confident that he would succeed in the end. 4.Donna was neither satisfied with her own achievement nor with the team’s performance. 5.Girls are jealous of Mary，for she is very beautiful and successful. 6.The chance is slim，but/yet they never give up hope.
四．按要求改写下列各句
1．I will be dedicated to my academic work to make my parents more settled mentally.(使用状语从句)
________________________________________________________________________
2．I have lots of hobbies.Listening to the English music is my favorite hobby.(使用定语从句)
________________________________________________________________________
3．To his surprise，the little girl knows so many things.(使用名词性从句)
________________________________________________________________________
4．The computer is helpful，but some still hold the opinion that not everything on the Internet is good for us students.(使用倒装句)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：1.I will be dedicated to my academic work so that my parents can be more settled mentally. 2.I have lots of hobbies，among which listening to the English music is my favorite. 3.What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things. 4.Helpful as the computer is，some still hold the opinion that not everything on the Internet is good for us students.
